Introduction
The individualized prescription of supplemental oxygen (O2) is of utmost importance (1,2); for this reason, it is essential to dose it in an adequate way taking into account its adverse effects. In addition, in the city of Bogotá, normal values of oxygen saturation (SpO2) at 2,640 meters above sea level should be considered (3).
The flowmeter is an instrument that regulates the liters of O2 supplied per minute. The most used in the hospital setting is the cylindrical one, which, with a graduated scale, contains a sphere inside, whose center is aligned with the scale and allows knowing the liters of O2 administered per minute (4,5). The supplemental O2 aims to treat hypoxemia, defined as levels below the normal O2 arterial tension. O2 is necessary to maintain aerobic metabolism in the mitochondria; in addition, it is used to reduce both respiratory and cardiac work. Therefore, in children it is part of the management established for conditions such as prematurity, pneumonia, asthma, meningitis, sepsis, heart failure, anemia, trauma, cardiac arrest, among others (6,7,8).
A low O2 supply during prolonged periods can produce chronic hypoxemia, which has been related to pulmonary hypertension, alterations in neurodevelopment and alterations in growth, especially in children with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. On the other hand, prolonged use of O2 increases the O2 free radicals, inactivates the pulmonary surfactant and generates absorption atelectasis (9,10), resulting in diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in newborns and in premature babies (6,7). In the same way, during the hospital stay, the use of supplemental O2 in children when it is not indicated may prolong the hospitalization and increase the costs for the health system (11).
Additionally, for prescribing O2 it should be considered that SpO2 goals vary according to age, history of prematurity, altitude above sea level (3) and waking state, sleep or crying of the patient (12). Studies such as the Therapeutic Oxygen Supplementation for the Prevention of Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity (STOP-ROP) and the Benefits of Oxygen Saturation Targeting (BOOST) (13,14) have tried to elucidate the SpO2 goal in the preterm neonatal population; it has been recommended to achieve SpO2 goals between 88% and 95% or a partial pressure of oxygen between 50 and 70 mmHg (1,15), with the lowest possible fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) that guarantees this SpO2 goal, since there are no findings that prove that achieving higher saturations additionally avoids complications due to prolonged use of supplemental O2.
During the clinical practice in the Department of Pediatrics of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI), the important influence of the oral tradition on the acquisition of knowledge about oxygen therapy was evidenced; in addition, there was a discrepancy in the reading of the flowmeter within the health personnel who administered the O2, which entails the possibility of systematic errors in the administration of O2 when compared to the prescription of O2 recorded in the medical history. Likewise, it was evidenced that the chronogram of review subjects in Pediatrics for undergraduate and postgraduate medical studies and for the nursing team does not usually include a specific space on oxygen therapy training. With this study we want to highlight that the changes in the in-hospital O2 requirement, ideally due to the patient’s condition or erroneously due to an inadequate interpretation of the flowmeter by the health personnel who administer the O2, allow the clinical and paraclinical decision making; in addition, they become a support criterion for discharge or permanence in the hospital, with an impact on health costs.
The administration of supplemental O2 when it is not indicated—for example, by incorrect knowledge about saturation goals for a certain age in the pediatric population—may generate a greater risk of adverse effects or discomfort in children according to the O2 supply devices used; additionally, its prescription for home administration requires that family members invest time in administrative procedures, in addition to the waiting time for the necessary implements to arrive at home, such as O2 tanks and an O2 concentrator.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the correct reading of the flowmeter and the knowledge about oxygen therapy in general, including the SpO2 variation and the goals according to age and adverse effects in the health personnel of the Department of Pediatrics of HUSI (Bogotá, Colombia).
Methodology
Cross-sectional study through a self-administered survey, carried out during 7 non-consecutive days in the personnel that worked or practiced during the day shift in the Department of Pediatrics of HUSI between December 2016 and January 2017, including the hospitalization area, emergency room, newborn and intensive care units. It was a convenience sample with voluntary participation.
The instrument included the following demographic data: age, years of clinical experience and occupation. The first section consists of 10 questions on generalities of oxygen therapy (consider whether supplemental O2 is a drug, consider whether the dose and the goal are prescribed in the medical history, SpO2 goals expected by age at the altitude above sea level in Bogotá, SpO2 variation according to wakefulness vs. sleep, adverse effects due to prolonged use of O2 and the use of higher amounts of O2 and mentioning which, equivalence between constant FiO2 and liters administered). The second section, with 7 photographs of hospital flowmeters, including a photograph called “confounding”, which showed a flowmeter sphere that did not show a specific measurement of liters of O2 per minute; the purpose was to evaluate the identification of the inadequate location of the flowmeter sphere (see Annex 1).
The study complies with the ethical principles for medical research in humans established by the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association, and was approved by the Committee of Research and Ethics of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana on 16 November 2016. All participants signed an informed consent. 200 surveys were completed. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the surveyed population.
Table 1
General Characteristics of the Population
*There are fewer answers presented because of incomplete filling of the
survey.
**There are fewer answers presented because of non-applicability for
medical student and for incomplete filling of the survey.
The instructions for use of the flowmeter were taken from the instruction manual of Pacific Hospital Supply Co., Ltd (PAHSCO), supplier of the flowmeters used at HUSI, adjusting the flow by aligning the center of the floating sphere with the graduation line of the cylindrical tube.
The answers were coded and included in a data base made in Microsoft Excel Office 2013, and Stata 2015 was used for data processing and calculation of frequencies and proportions. A descriptive analysis was carried out according to the profession of the personnel in the question that evaluated SpO2 goals in neonates and in the readings of the flowmeters.
Results
The response rate was 77% (200 volunteer participants from 259 potential participants). The majority of the surveyed population corresponded to medical students; 67% of the participants were between 20 and 30 years old, and 70% of those who were not students had 6 years or more of professional practice. Table 1 provides more information about the general characteristics of the participants.
99% of the participants considered that O2 is a drug, 91% indicated that O2 is often prescribed with its dose in the medical history, and 84% answered that the SpO2 goal is regularly prescribed in the medical history. 22% of respondents answered that SpO2 increases or remains the same when the child is asleep (Table 2). Regarding adverse effects due to oxygen therapy, 78% answered that they knew at least one complication due to prolonged use of oxygen and 67% knew at least one complication due to the use of oxygen amounts greater than necessary. The most frequently mentioned complications are shown in Table 3.
Table 2
Answers
on Basic Knowledge of Oxygen Therapy and Readings of Flowmeters
♦Correct
answer.
Table 3
Answers about complications due to supplemental oxygen use
When inquiring about the equivalence between FiO2 and the number of liters of O2 per minute through nasal cannula, 62% answered that 2 liters per minute equals 28% of constant FiO2, followed by very similar results, among which it was considered that it was equivalent to 24% of FiO2 (20%) and the remaining (18%) considering that said liters per minute did not equal a constant FiO2 (Table 2).
Additionally, regarding the SpO2 goals according to the age group (young infants, toddlers and children over 2 years), more than 88% of the respondents considered adequate goals greater than or equal to 91% at the altitude of Bogotá. When evaluating the knowledge about goals in the neonatal population, the vast majority (88%) considered SpO2 goals between 86% and 95%; 2%, goals between 81% and 85%; and 10%, SpO2 goals equal to or greater than 96% (Table 4). This last response comes in greater proportion from the nursing team and from medical students.
Table 4
Answers on the Expected Oxygen Saturation Target
According to Age Group
In reference to the readings of the images of
flowmeters, the last image was excluded because it presented extreme results,
which were not consistent with the rest of the images. The range of incorrect
answers varied between 9% and 19%, in general average (Table 2). By subgroups,
the students had the lowest frequency of incorrect readings (8% to 14%); while
Pediatric residents had a higher frequency of incorrect answers (19% to 44%).
When evaluating the responses of the respiratory therapy group, one respondent answered
incorrectly on 3 of the 6 images shown, and a neonatologist (n=4) responded
incorrectly on one occasion. The subgroups that most frequently identified the
inappropriate location of the sphere in the “confounding” image were the
pediatricians (68% of a group of 22 people) and the respiratory therapy team
(67% of a group of 9 people) (Table 5).
Table 5
Incorrect Reading of Flowmeters According to the Position Held
*Corresponds to a single respondent who answered incorrectly.
Discussion
Oxygen therapy is handled daily in the Department of Pediatrics, and its main objective is to treat hypoxemia and reduce respiratory and cardiac work (6,7). This study shows that there are gaps, failure to update and, sometimes, incorrect knowledge on the use of supplemental O2 and on the reading of the flowmeter within the health personnel evaluated, as well as on the goals of oxygen therapy according to the child’s age group and waking state.
A Canadian study made an evaluation of the medical history, the nursing transcript and the administration of oxygen to the patient, which showed that oxygen is not prescribed or administered with the same rigor as other drugs such as antibiotics (16). In the present study, 99% of the participants considered oxygen as a drug, 91%, indicated that O2 is often prescribed with its dose in the medical history, and 84% answered that the SpO2 goal is stated in the medical history
More than three quarters of the participants know at least one complication due to prolonged use of O2 or in amounts greater than necessary; however, 10% answered that high SpO2 goals should be achieved for the neonatal population, which represents the population group most vulnerable to adverse effects due to inappropriate use of supplemental O2. In 22% of the respondents, there was an erroneous knowledge regarding the variation of the saturation according to the child’s waking state. An updated concept in oxygen therapy is that there is no equivalence between the number of liters administered and a constant FiO2, since the patient’s physiological variables and the differences between the O2 supply devices influence this comparison, and it is not possible to ensure a constant FiO2; only 18% of the participants in the survey answered the question correctly. Regarding the reading of flowmeters, between 9% and 19% of the responses for the different images were incorrect, with the subgroup of residents having the highest frequency of erroneous readings. The pediatricians and the respiratory therapy team were the groups that most frequently identified the inadequate location of the flowmeter sphere in the “confounding” image, which could be related to their knowledge and years of experience.
There are some clinical studies with a good sample size that evaluate the normal saturation values in healthy children at different altitudes above sea level, according to the state of consciousness. Annex 2 summarizes the saturation values found in studies conducted at different altitudes above sea level, according to the age group up to 5 years (3,17,18,19,20,21).
One strength of the study is that we did not find evidence in the literature of similar studies that evaluate the correct reading of the flowmeter by health personnel. In addition, it allows to determine areas of knowledge about oxygen therapy that should be reinforced. The largest group of students was taken on one same occasion, simultaneously and individually, and their answers were the most correct regarding flowmeter reading, which suggests that they have a better training.
Regarding the limitations, we must assume the possibility of a “nonresponder” bias, since the survey was totally voluntary; additionally, it was delivered printed, so this could have caused the incomplete filling of the survey in some participants. We had a small sample size in the population of neonatologists and in the respiratory therapy team. The nursing and respiratory therapy staff surveyed corresponds to the group of the day shift, which could indicate that the results for the night shift staff could vary. The surveys were not answered on consecutive days; nevertheless, it was carried out for seven days to try to reduce the risk of contamination. Answers were lost in different questions of the survey because the participant did not complete them.
Although O2 is used daily, there are people from the Department of Pediatrics with incorrect knowledge regarding its proper management. Education on the correct way to read the flowmeter should be encouraged, and it is necessary to reinforce updated concepts on oxygen therapy in the health personnel of the Department of Pediatrics of HUSI, such as adverse effects, SpO2 goals by age group according to the altitude above sea level and the state of consciousness. Periodic educational campaigns are being implemented to update the knowledge about this valuable drug and to unify the language that must be handled in the hospital setting within the personnel responsible for oxygen administration.
Conclusions
This study presents a general overview of the
knowledge of oxygen therapy in the health personnel who usually administer this
drug. A considerable percentage of the respondents had errors regarding
saturation according to the waking state (22%) and the reading of flowmeters
(up to 19% were incorrect); in addition, almost a quarter of respondents do not
know the complications of prolonged O2 use. One third of the respondents is
unaware of the adverse effects of administering a FiO2 higher than
necessary, and 10% of respondents have errors about saturation goals for the
neonatal population. This allows to emphasize the need to deepen on this topic,
to make periodic educational campaigns and to recommend carrying out similar
studies in different institutions of the country to ensure the unification of
criteria and knowledge in the Pediatric units.
References
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Annex 1
Examples of photographs of flowmeters
of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio used in the
Survey
Photograh 1: Represents flow of 1.5 liters per minute (L/min).
Photograh 2: Represents flow of 2 L/min. Photograh 3: Represents flow of 0.5 L/min. Photograh 4 or “confounding” photograh:
Does not indicate a specific O2 flow.
Annex 2
Saturation values in healthy children at different altitudes above sea level
according to the state of consciousness. Obtained from literature review
>2
yr: Older than 2 years; Me (P5-95): Median
(Percentile 5 - Percentile 95); masl: Meters above
sea level;
♦: The data are presented in Average; ♦♦: The data are presented in Average ±
Standard deviation.
Author notes
a
MD, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana,
Bogotá, Colombia.
b
Pediatrician. Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at Hospital
Universitario San Ignacio-Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
c
Pediatrician. Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at Hospital
Universitario San Ignacio-Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
d
Fourth semester student of
Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
e
Biostatistician. Director of the Department
of Clinical Epidemiology
and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá,
Colombia.
f
Pediatrician, clinical epidemiologist.
Professor in the Departament of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia
Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
Correspondence: diana.estrada@javeriana.edu.co
Additional information
How to cite: Morros-González E, Estrada Cano D, Murillo Galvis M, Montes
JC, Rodríguez Malagón N, Granados CM. Evaluation
of Knowledge of Oxygen Therapy and Reading of Flowmeter among the Sanitary
Personnel in the Pediatric Unit of the Hospital Universitario
San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia. Univ Med. 2018;59(3). 1-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed59-3.oxig
