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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">1452</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original">Investigación en Enfermería: Imagen y Desarrollo</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0124-2059</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2027-128X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Colombia</country>
<email>revistascientificasjaveriana@gmail.com</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="pmc">145271089018</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.ie24.irca</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Originales</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Intervenciones para reducir el consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios: una revisión integrativa<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">*</xref>
</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Interventions to Reduce University Students’ Alcohol Consumption: Integrative Review</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="ja">Intervenções para reduzir o consumo de álcool em universitários: uma revisão integrativa</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2977-5809</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Martin del Campo Navarro</surname>
<given-names>Alicia Sarahy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>as.martindelcamponavarro@ugto.mx</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1273-9764</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Medina Quevedo</surname>
<given-names>Pablo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3798-4096</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Calixto Olalde</surname>
<given-names>Gloria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
<country country="MX">México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
<country country="MX">México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
<country country="MX">México</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="corresp1"><sup>a</sup> Autora de correspondencia. Correo electrónico: <email>as.martindelcamponavarro@ugto.mx</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Enero-Diciembre</season>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>26</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>23</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="pub" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>20</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p><bold>Introducción:</bold> el consumo nocivo y excesivo de alcohol en los jóvenes ha sido reconocido como un comportamiento de riesgo significativo, por tanto, reducir el consumo y los problemas asociados es una prioridad entre los investigadores, educadores y profesionales de la salud que trabajan con esta población. <bold>Objetivo:</bold> examinar la evidencia actual sobre las intervenciones para reducir el consumo de alcohol de jóvenes universitarios. <bold>Método:</bold> se utilizó la metodología propuesta por Toronto y Remington. Para la evaluación y selección de los artículos cuantitativos se empleó el Instrumento de Criterios de Elegibilidad para la Selección de los Artículos de Investigación (ICrESAI) y para la evaluación de los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados se empleó la lista de verificación Estándares Consolidados de Informes de Ensayos (Consort). <bold>Resultados:</bold> se encontraron trece artículos, diez de ellos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, dos cuantitativos longitudinales y un ensayo factorial. <bold>Conclusión:</bold> se encontró una gran variedad de diseños y propuestas de intervención, dentro de las cuales se demostró que las intervenciones breves entregadas de manera digital, tanto en la web, como en teléfonos inteligentes, son efectivas para reducir el consumo de riesgo de alcohol entre los jóvenes.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Harmful and excessive alcohol consumption in young people has been recognized as a significant risk behavior, therefore, reducing consumption and associated problems is a priority among researchers, educators and health professionals who work with this population. <bold>Objective:</bold> To examine the current evidence on interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in university students. <bold>Method:</bold> The methodology proposed by Toronto and Remington was used. For the evaluation and selection of quantitative articles, the Instrument of Eligibility Criteria for the Selection of Research Articles (ICrESAI) was used, and for the evaluation of randomized clinical trials the Consolidated Standards of Trial Reporting (Consort) Checklist was applied. <bold>Results:</bold> A total of thirteen articles were found, ten of them randomized clinical trials, two quantitative longitudinal studies and one factorial trial. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> A wide variety of intervention designs and proposals were found, within which it was shown that brief interventions delivered digitally, both on the web and on smartphones, are effective for reducing alcohol risk consumption among youth.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="pt">
<title>Resumo</title>
<p><bold>Introdução:</bold> o consumo nocivo e excessivo de álcool em jovens tem sido reconhecido como um comportamento de risco significativo, portanto, reduzir o consumo e os problemas associados é uma prioridade entre pesquisadores, educadores e profissionais de saúde que trabalham com essa população. <bold>Objetivo:</bold> examinar as evidências atuais sobre intervenções para reduzir o consumo de álcool em estudantes universitários. <bold>Método:</bold> Utilizou-se a metodologia proposta por Toronto e Remington, para avaliação e seleção de artigos quantitativos utilizou-se o Instrumento de Critérios de Elegibilidade para Seleção de Artigos de Pesquisa (ICrESAI) e para avaliação de ensaios clínicos randomizados. Lista de verificação de Normas Consolidadas de Relatórios de Ensaios (CONSORT). <bold>Resultados:</bold> Foram encontrados 13 artigos, sendo dez ensaios clínicos randomizados, dois quantitativos longitudinais e um fatorial. <bold>Conclusão:</bold> Foi encontrada uma grande variedade de desenhos e propostas de intervenção, dentro dos quais foi demonstrado que intervenções breves entregues digitalmente, tanto na web como em smartphones, são eficazes na redução do consumo de risco de álcool entre os jovens.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>consumo de bebidas alcohólicas</kwd>
<kwd>adulto joven</kwd>
<kwd>ensayo clínico</kwd>
<kwd>enfermería</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>consumption of alcoholic beverages</kwd>
<kwd>young adult</kwd>
<kwd>clinical trial</kwd>
<kwd>nursing</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>consumo de bebidas alcoólicas</kwd>
<kwd>adulto jovem</kwd>
<kwd>ensaio clínico</kwd>
<kwd>enfermagem</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="1"/>
<table-count count="3"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="49"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>Cómo citar este artículo</meta-name>
<meta-value>Martin del Campo Navarro AS, Medina Quevedo P, Calixto Olalde G. Intervenciones para reducir el consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios: una revisión integrativa. Investig Enferm Imagen Desarr. 2022; 24. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.ie24.irca">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.ie24.irca</ext-link>
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</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introducción</title>
<p>El consumo de alcohol constituye un importante problema de salud pública que ha ido en aumento a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>). Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) cada año se producen tres millones de muertes en el mundo debido al consumo nocivo de alcohol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>). En este sentido, las tendencias recientes sugieren que el alcohol es consumido a edades más tempranas y los jóvenes en edad universitaria son una de las poblaciones más afectadas por el abuso de esta sustancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>). Asimismo, su consumo nocivo y excesivo es reconocido como un comportamiento de riesgo significativo entre los jóvenes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>). Además, está asociado a consecuencias graves, dentro de las que se incluyen lesiones no intencionadas, agresión sexual y muertes en accidentes de tráfico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>).</p>
<p>Por otra parte, los estudiantes universitarios se encuentran en una etapa de la vida caracterizada por la independencia, lucha por sus ideales y búsqueda de reconocimiento por pares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>), por lo que los años universitarios constituyen una fase de transición en la que se experimentan ciertos comportamientos dentro de los que se incluye el consumo de alcohol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>), sumado al fácil acceso y ubicaciones de puntos de venta cercanos a los campus universitarios que dan lugar a una gran demanda de consumo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref>).</p>
<p>Por lo anterior, beber durante la vida universitaria es parte de la cultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>), por lo que reducir el consumo de alcohol es prioridad en esta población. Por tanto, encontrar formas útiles, accesibles y confidenciales para reducir el consumo de alcohol entre los jóvenes es clave para la enfermera promotora de salud. Por tal motivo la presente revisión tiene como objetivo examinar la evidencia actual sobre las intervenciones para reducir el consumo de alcohol de jóvenes universitarios.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Método</title>
<p>Durante los meses de enero a mayo de 2022 se realizó una revisión integrativa bajo la metodología propuesta por Toronto y Remington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref>) y se formuló la siguiente pregunta guía: ¿Cuáles son las intervenciones para reducir el consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios? Asimismo, se establecieron como criterios de inclusión: 1) artículos originales; 2) delimitación del idioma (español, inglés y portugués); 3) publicados entre enero de 2017 y enero de 2022; y 4) artículos relacionados con el tópico de revisión.</p>
<p>Enseguida, se efectuó una búsqueda de la literatura a partir de los Descriptores de las Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) en inglés y español: [adulto joven]; [consumo de alcohol en la universidad]; [consumo de bebidas alcohólicas]; [estudios controlados antes y después]; e [intervención], con los operadores booleanos de intersección (AND) y (OR) en los motores de búsqueda PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (BVS), y Trip medical database (Trip), así como las bases de datos The Cochrane Library, Elsevier Science Direct, Clinical Trials y EBSCOhost.</p>
<p>Para el análisis de la información se dio lectura a los artículos a doble ciego y posteriormente se clasificaron por temas. Para la evaluación y selección de los artículos cuantitativos se utilizó el Instrumento de Criterios de Elegibilidad para la Selección de Artículos de Investigación (ICrESAI) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref>) y para el análisis de los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) se empleó la lista de verificación Estándares Consolidados de Informes de Ensayos (Consort por sus siglas en inglés) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref>). De igual manera, el estudio cumplió con los criterios éticos relacionados con la propiedad intelectual.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<p>Se encontraron 856 registros, de los cuales se analizó el texto completo de 46 artículos con los instrumentos de selección, por lo que se eliminaron aquellos que no cumplían con el puntaje y los criterios. Al final se seleccionaron 13 artículos, nueve de ellos ECA, un estudio piloto de ECA, dos cuantitativos longitudinales y un ensayo factorial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf2">figura 1</xref>).</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf2">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Diagrama de flujo de la selección de estudios</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1 Diagrama de flujo de la selección de estudios</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="145271089018_gf3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de Toronto y Remington (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>)</attrib>
</fig>
</p>
<p>Por otra parte, las intervenciones utilizaron una variedad de diseños, la dosis, el seguimiento y tipo de entrega, que se pueden observar en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">tabla 1</xref>. El análisis de los artículos incluidos permitió establecer dos categorías relacionadas con la temática: intervenciones para la reducción del consumo de alcohol efectivas y no efectivas.</p>
<sec>
<title>Intervenciones efectivas</title>
<p>En relación con su efectividad para la reducción del consumo de alcohol, Sawicki et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>) informaron sobre el éxito de la entrega de una intervención breve en universitarios de Enfermería. Después de la primera y segunda medición se redujo significativamente el número de bebedores de bajo riesgo. Igualmente, Méndez-Ruiz et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>) demostraron que la intervención preventiva Salud, Educación, Prevención y Autocuidado (SEPA) tuvo efectos positivos en la reducción del consumo de alcohol entre mujeres jóvenes mexicanas. De la misma manera, Kamal, et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>) probaron la eficacia de las pruebas de detección e intervención breve basadas en el individuo; en sus resultados obtuvieron cambios en la puntuación media de AUDIT. Paralelamente, Martín-Pérez et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>) mostraron que la entrevista motivacional breve administrada en grupo es tan efectiva como la terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) breve en grupo para reducir el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios.</p>
<p>En cuanto a las intervenciones para reducir el consumo de alcohol basadas en computadora y en la web Ganz et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>) mostraron la efectividad de una versión traducida y adaptada de eCHECKUP TO GO, sus resultados indicaron que la cantidad de bebidas estándar disminuyó con el tiempo. En la misma línea, Grekin et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref>) llevarpon a cabo una intervención breve administrada por computadora la cual reveló que el consumo de alcohol en la muestra general del estudio disminuyó de una media de 1,5 bebidas por día al inicio a una media de 1,1 bebidas por día a los 3 meses de seguimiento; el número de días de consumo excesivo de alcohol disminuyó de una media de 3,80 al inicio a una media de 2,49 a los 3 meses de seguimiento. Asimismo, Braitman et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">23</xref>) reportaron reducciones significativas en el consumo, cantidad, frecuencia y pico de bebidas. Por último, Gajecki et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">24</xref>) evaluaron los efectos sobre el consumo excesivo de alcohol al ofrecer acceso a una aplicación adicional de capacitación en habilidades y mostraron reducciones significativas en la frecuencia de consumo de alcohol, el acceso al TeleCoach™ intervención afectó positivamente la cantidad y la frecuencia de los patrones de bebida.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Intervenciones no efectivas</title>
<p>El estudio de Caudwell et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">25</xref>) no pudo probar la eficacia de una intervención en línea basada en la teoría que comprende componentes motivacionales (apoyo a la autonomía) y volitivos (intención de implementación). De la misma manera, Bedendo et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">26</xref>) evaluaron los efectos de los dos componentes principales de una retroalimentación normativa personalizada, sin embargo, sus resultados no fueron concluyentes.</p>
<p>En la misma línea, Bernstein et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">27</xref>) probaron la eficacia de una intervención breve de mensajes de texto para reducir la participación en el alcohol de los 21 años, sus resultados sugieren que no hubo efectos directos de la intervención. Igualmente, O’Donnell et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">28</xref>) evaluaron los beneficios y la viabilidad de una intervención personalizada de minimización de daños por alcohol realizada a través de teléfonos inteligentes, sin embargo, los autores reconocen que no hubo una reducción significativa en la frecuencia del consumo de riesgo y los daños relacionados con el consumo de alcohol.</p>
<p>Por último, Fucito et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>) investigaron una intervención conductual del sueño para reducir el consumo de alcohol y las consecuencias relacionadas con el alcohol; no predijeron significativamente menos consumo de alcohol y sobre el número total de bebidas consumidas en una semana típica no hubo efecto de la condición de tratamiento.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Tabla 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Características de las intervenciones</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1 Características de las intervenciones</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="145271089018_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt2">
<graphic xlink:href="145271089018_gt3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt3">
<graphic xlink:href="145271089018_gt4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia</attrib>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn3" fn-type="other">
<p><italic>Nota</italic>: AUDIT=Prueba de Identificación de Trastornos Relacionados con el Consumo de Alcohol</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discusión</title>
<p>En los estudios se encontraron componentes efectivos en la reducción del consumo de alcohol en la población joven. Al respecto de las intervenciones de entrega presencial, Sawicki et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>) reportaron que la intervención y el material educativo fueron evaluados como buenos por 64,7 % universitarios, lo que demuestra que la información sobre el consumo del alcohol interfiere positivamente en el patrón de ingesta y reduce el riesgo de evolución negativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">32</xref>).</p>
<p>Igualmente, los resultados de Méndez-Ruiz et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>) en la intervención preventiva SEPA están en línea con los reportados en un estudio de 548 mujeres hispanas que viven en los Estados Unidos que ha demostrado que después de asistir a la SEPA, la frecuencia en la que las participantes informaron haber sido alcohólicas disminuyó (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">33</xref>).</p>
<p>De la misma manera, Kamal et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>), en la intervención realizada por enfermeras en el campus, agregan que para optimizar el efecto de la intervención, incorporaron los componentes de las intervenciones breves, las cuales demostraron influir positivamente en el resultado: matriz de decisiones, establecimiento de objetivos, intervención en el campus y duración de la intervención durante al menos 15 minutos, como lo dice la literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">34</xref>). Asimismo, una revisión sistémica sobre intervenciones breves en atención primaria indicó una reducción significativa en el consumo excesivo de alcohol, impactando positivamente a los usuarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>).</p>
<p>Por otra parte, en relación con el estudio realizado por Martín-Pérez et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>), aunque la TCC es el enfoque de intervención predominante en el tratamiento de adicciones y la prevención terciaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">36</xref>), los profesionales deben tener en cuenta que la entrevista motivacional puede proporcionar una ventaja adicional al impulsar la intención de los estudiantes universitarios de seguir tratamientos prolongados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">38</xref>).</p>
<p>Finalmente, vale la pena señalar que la entrevista motivacional, a diferencia de la TCC, fue diseñada para ser implementada, no solo por psicólogos sino también por otros profesionales de la salud con una formación específica adecuada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">39</xref>), lo que puede resultar en otra ventaja sobre la TCC.</p>
<p>Por otro lado, las intervenciones de alcohol basadas en computadora y en la web proporcionan una alternativa prometedora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">40</xref>). La evidencia meta-analítica reciente sugiere que las intervenciones de alcohol en colegios y universidades administradas por computadora muestran efectos modestos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">41</xref>). Además, presentan ventajas adicionales que incluyen conveniencia, costo reducido, privacidad, facilidad de difusión, distribución de amplio rango y estandarización del contenido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">44</xref>).</p>
<p>Al respecto, Grekin et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref>) mencionaron que la flexibilidad y replicabilidad de las intervenciones breves administradas por computadora las hacen ideales para abordar estos problemas. Asimismo, otros estudios han comenzado a utilizar mensajes de texto como un método de refuerzo para prolongar los efectos de la intervención breve (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">45</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">47</xref>).</p>
<p>Lo anterior da paso al uso de las tecnologías de la información para abordar esta problemática en los jóvenes universitarios. Gajecki et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">24</xref>) agregan que un enfoque adicional para futuras investigaciones sobre aplicaciones independientes sería cómo diseñarlas para captar la atención del usuario y mantenerla, tanto durante un ciclo de cambio de comportamiento como para futuras sesiones de refuerzo cuando surja la necesidad.</p>
<p>Según Kwan et al., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">48</xref>) los adultos jóvenes son usuarios de tecnología experimentados y tienen un gran acceso a la información de salud móvil, por lo tanto, los estudiantes universitarios pueden requerir estrategias más sofisticadas e innovadoras para mantenerlos involucrados mediante una determinada intervención de salud móvil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">49</xref>).</p>
<p>La literatura académica concluye que la prevención del consumo de alcohol en los jóvenes universitarios requiere de un esfuerzo integral, sistemático y continuado. En este sentido, enfermería puede ofrecer intervenciones sobre esta problemática por medio de labores educativas de salud mediante las diferentes técnicas a su alcance.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusión</title>
<p>Se encontró una gran variedad de diseños y propuestas de intervención, dentro de las cuales se demostró que las intervenciones breves entregadas de manera digital, tanto en la web como en teléfonos inteligentes, son efectivas para reducir el consumo de riesgo de alcohol entre los jóvenes, además de presentar ventajas en cuanto a rentabilidad, facilidad de difusión y privacidad. También se observó que la dosis y los referentes teóricos que sustenten el cambio de comportamiento son necesarios para logar una reducción del consumo alcohol, por lo que son elementos que deben ser considerados en el diseño de una intervención.</p>
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<fn-group>
<title>Notas</title>
<fn id="fn4" fn-type="other">
<label>*</label>
<p>Artículo de investigación.</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</article>