Introduction

For a little more than two decades, the concept of supply chain management has gained the interest of researchers and academics, and importance in the context of business management (Lopes & Pires, 2020), especially in companies that make up the automotive industry, which are under increasing pressure from consumers, government authorities, NGOs, environmental groups and society, for the adoption and implementation of green practices both in production processes and in supply chain to make them greener (Yenipazarli, 2017). In addition, the planet degradation and global climate change are forcing companies to opt out of environmental activities in their supply chains, which is why the concept of green supply chain management is emerging in the literature as an activity substantial to reduce negative impacts to the environment generated by automotive industry firms (Lopes & Pires, 2020).

In this sense, in a recent study published in environmental literature Kazancoglu, Sagnak, Kayikci et al. (2020, p. 1533) state that “organizations have started to become more conscious about the environment in their supply chain operations, and the greening process has guided supply chain practices into new ways of thinking according to green standards”. However, Silva, Gomes, & Sarkis (2019, p. 821) draw attention to the fact that “how organizations green practices become routinely embedded in supply chain remains underexplored in the literature”. Additionally, other researchers and academics have considered that there are relatively few empirical studies published in the literature that have analyzed and discussed the green supply chain management, especially in automotive industry firms in emerging economies in Latin America (Lopes & Pires, 2020).

Furthermore, for the supply chain of manufacturing firms to have a high level of competition, it is necessary for them to identify and implement green supply chain management (Vanalle, Ganga, Godinho-Filho et al., 2017). But one might ask, what is green supply chain management? According to Beamon (1999),

it is the extension of the traditional supply chain that includes various activities that allow minimization product environmental impacts throughout its life cycle, such as a more environmentally friendly design, the use resources reduction, materials, and the recycling and reuse of materials. (Beamon, 1999, p. 333)

Therefore, it is possible to establish that green supply chain management practices consist of the adoption and implementation of various activities and initiatives carried out by automotive industry firms, in order to comply with both environmental regulations and firms’ performance improvement (Qorri, Mujkic, Gashi et al., 2018).

Similarly, there are several published studies in the scientific literature that have analyzed the influence of green supply chain management practices on firm performance, obtaining mixed and inconclusive results (Qorri et al., 2018). Some studies have obtained positive relationship among green supply chain management and firm performance, especially in automotive industry, pharmaceutical, electrical-electronic and petroleum sectors (Zhu & Sarkis, 2004; Green, Zelbs, Meacham et al., 2012; Laari, Töyli, Solakivi et al., 2016; Younis, Sundarakani, & Vel, 2016; Vanalle et al., 2017), other studies have obtained negative relationship particularly in automotive industry, petroleum, chemical and electronic sectors (Richey, Chen, Genchev et al., 2005; Montabon, Sroufe, & Narasimhan, 2007; Large & Thomsen, 2011).

Other studies have obtained a non-significant relationship, especially in chemical, furniture, electrical-electronics, package printing industry, glass, paper & pulp, cement & ceramic, metal and industrial equipment sectors (González-Benito & González-Benito, 2005; Vachon & Klassen, 2006; De Giovanni & Vinzi, 2012; Lee, Tae-Kim, & Choi, 2012), and some others studies have obtained mixed relationship, particularly in automotive industry, electronics and industrial equipment sectors, paper products, cleaning products and lighting products (Pagell & Wu, 2009; Azevedo, Carvalho, & Cruz-Machado, 2011). Therefore, recognizing the existence of differences in the results obtained, Azevedo et al. (2011), Eltayeb, Zailani, & Ramayah (2011), Green et al. (2012), Kirchoff, Tate, & Mollenkopf (2016), Luthra, Garg, & Haleem (2016), and Vanalle et al. (2017), considered the need to carry out more studies on this typical to carry robust empirical evidence.

In this context, the effects of green supply chain management on firms’ performance in automotive industry companies can be considered inconclusive, therefore the main contribution od this paper is to complementing and expanding the existing knowledge in scientific literature, and provide empirical evidence on the relationship between the two constructs in automotive industry as proposed by Vanalle et al. (2017) and Chen, Guo, Feng et al. (2021), especially in Latina America as proposed by Lopes & Pires (2020). This research paper has the following research question: What are the effects that green supply chain management has on the firm’s performance of automotive manufacturing companies in Mexico?

Literature review

The exponential increase in environmental activities, as well as environmental policies regulation and standards are generating strong pressure on manufacturing companies, particularly those that make up the automotive industry, to implement environmental activities in supply chains management (Hao, Helo, & Shamsuzzoha, 2018; Rabbani, Foroozesh, Mousavi et al., 2019; Gharaei, Karimi, & Hoseini, 2019b). Thus, environmental activities combination with supply chain management in manufacturing companies, leads to the development of green supply chain management (Gupta Soni, & Kumar, 2019), which generates in organizations not only a higher level of competitiveness, but also a significant increase in business performance level in manufacturing firms (Dubey, Gunasekaran, Sushil et al., 2015).

In the scientific literature, supply chain management is considered an essential system for manufacturing firms, especially when it is directly related to the concept of green, since this is an emerging area that has to be analyzed and systematically discussed (Barbosa-Póvoa, Silva, & Carvalho, 2018). Likewise, the green supply chain management concept application is a relatively recent topic, and it is a fundamental element for the management success in manufacturing firms (Bubicz, Ferreira, & Carvalho, 2019). However, for manufacturing companies, especially those belonging to automotive industry, to have greater possibilities of achieving an increase in their competitive advantages, they must adopt environmental aspects both in production processes and in supply chain management (Gharaei et al., 2019c).

In this sense, green supply chain management in automotive industry manufacturing firms, have to be more aware of the various social impacts and environmental activities generated by their productive activities, and must adopt greater environmental practices in the different stages in supply chain management (Bubicz et al., 2019; Gharaei et al., 2019a). One of the main reasons established in the scientific literature for the adoption and implementation of green practices is the carbon emissions reduction (Sarkar, Guchhait, Sarkar et al., 2019), and the tightening of environmental regulations implemented by governments, which are forcing to all members of the supply chain for the reduction of carbon emissions (Ye, Li, & Yang, 2018; Niu, Mu, Chen et al., 2019; Song, Saen, Fisher et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2021).

Likewise, according to European Union statistics data, automobiles are the ones that emit highest pollutants emission, since they generate around 12% of the total emission of carbon dioxide CO. worldwide (EU, 2020), for which various automotive companies are making innovative changes in vehicles production that lead to a significant carbon dioxide emission reduction (Niu, Yu, & Shen, 2021). An example of this is FIAT automotive company, which in 2019 the vehicles that used gasoline combustion that they manufactured substantially reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 119.2 gr. of CO./km, which is still very far from achieving the standards established by the European Union in that same year (Automobile News Europe, 2019).

In addition, environmental pollution is one of the main problems facing global society in the current century (Balasubramanian & Shukla, 2017), which is increasingly generating strong pressure on manufacturing companies in the automotive industry for the adoption and implementation of practices that protect and improve the environment (Liu, Zhu, & Seuring, 2017). For this reason, more and more manufacturing companies in the automotive industry are incorporating environmental activities throughout their green supply chain management (Singh & Kumar, 2021). However, even with the importance of green supply chain management, relatively few studies have been published in the literature that analyze the relationship of this construct with business performance (Maditati, Munim, Schramm et al., 2018; Fang & Zhang, 2018; Singh & Kumar, 2021).

Additionally, green supply chain management emphasizes that design, purchasing, production, transportation, and logistics processes should be green activities so that automotive industry firms have a greater probability of increasing their business performance level (Huang & Zhang, 2019), since the automotive industry is undoubtedly not only the industry that generates highest environmental pollution level, but also the industry with the greatest influence worldwide (Mathivathanan & Haq, 2017), since it integrates various manufacturing companies that take part in the design, development, manufacture, marketing and sale of automobiles and auto parts, which require the adoption and implementation of sustainable and environmental activities (Masoumi, Kazemi, & Abdul-Rashid, 2019).

Similarly, automotive industry is the one with the highest contribution level to the economy world and is one of the most important sectors in developing countries economy, including Mexico, since the profits that generated are equivalent to the income of the six most industrialized countries in the world (Binder & Rae, 2017), and has a high contribution to increasing the workers and society living standards (Xia, Govindan, & Zhu, 2015). Thus, considering the substantial effects of the automotive industry on economic, social, and environmental activities worldwide, it is important that they carry out an effective productive activities management that improve the environment and sustainability (Larsson, 2002). In this sense, automotive industry must adopt and implement activities both in its production processes and in supply chain management, which allow it to significantly reduce the environmental pollution level (Mathivathanan, Kannan, & Haq, 2018).

Likewise, automotive industry manufacturing firms must integrate green practices in supply chain management, considering three substantial elements within their objectives and goals organizational (Yawar & Seuring, 2017): (1) maximize economic benefits throughout the supply chain; (2) minimize negative impacts on the environment and (3) improve the well-being of firm’s partners and society. Specifically, manufacturing companies must make an adequate balance between these three elements according to their essential activities, sector to which they belong, size, geographic location, capacities, culture, organizational structure and the different government policies (Closs, Speier, & Meacham, 2011; Chaabane, Ramundhin, & Paquet, 2012; S Spetic, Marquez, & Kozak, 2012; Meckenstock, Barbosa-Póvoa, & Carvalho, 2015).

In this context, compared to traditional supply chain management, green supply chain management involves activities implementation related to the significant improvement of the environment, as well as the adoption of strategies that improve the organization and society sustainable development level (Ivascu, Mocan, Draghici et al., 2015). In addition, the importance that this concept has acquired is fundamentally due to the environment deterioration level, inefficiency in waste management and the decrease in natural resources of raw materials (Ivascu et al., 2015). Thus, according to Zhu & Sarkis (2004), green supply chain management can be considered as an environmental innovation, since green supply chain management went from being considered as purchases of green products, to the integration of environmental activities in the entire supply chain.

In this sense, green supply chain management is increasingly gaining researchers and academics attention interested in improving supply chain practices and research (Ivascu et al., 2015; Yenipazarli, 2017). Furthermore, according to Srivastava (2007), green supply chain management literature generally converges in studies that consider reverse logistics, or that analyze its interrelation with firm in a horizontal context. Therefore, the vertical interrelationships between manufacturing firms and green supply chain management, has been little explored, analyzed and discussed in business and management literature (Yenipazarli, 2017), as well as most of published studies in current literature have been oriented on theoretical analyzes, for which studies that provide empirical evidence are needed (Maditati et al., 2018; Fang & Zhang, 2018; Singh & Kumar, 2021).

One of the few empirical studies linking green supply chain management and business performance is Ouardighia, Simb, & Kim (2016), who analyzed how the phenomenon of double marginalization affects the compensation between pollutant emissions and activities related to reducing pollutants accumulation in supply chain management and retailers manufacturing firms. The authors finding that while manufacturing companies that make innovation efforts consider investment in reducing pollution levels to a greater extent, market demand and unit costs of production are the same for both manufacturing firms and retailers, which are totally independent of pollution reduction efforts, and have similar levels of green supply chain management and firms performance.

On the other hand, Luo, Chen, & Wang (2016) analyzed price policies and pollutant emissions reduction from two highly competitive manufacturing companies, finding a significant positive relationship between both constructs and green supply chain management. Finally, Zhu & He (2017) conducted a comprehensive analysis of green product design in green supply chain management and analyzed how green product development decisions are affected by factors such as the structure of the supply chain and the types of green products, finding that green products design improves the management of the green supply chain, and this in turn improves firm’s performance level. Thus, considering the information presented above, it is possible to pose the following research hypothesis.

H1: Green supply chain management has a positive impact on firm’s performance level in automotive industry firms.

Methodology

To respond the research hypothesis, an empirical study was conducted in manufacturing companies in the Mexican automotive industry, essentially analyzing the effects of green supply chain management on firm’s performance. In a first phase of the study, qualitative research was applied in which in-depth interviews were carried out with three researchers from the ​​innovation area and five entrepreneurs from the automotive industry. The results obtained in this phase allowed the questionnaire design, which was reviewed by four academic experts in the ​​innovation area and ten entrepreneurs from the automotive industry, making minor adjustments to writing, appearance and spelling. Pilot studies are essential to ensure validity when questionnaires are self-administered or contain self-developed scales (Bryman, 2016; Hair, Celsi, Money et al., 2016).

Sample design and data collection

The process used in this study to obtain the reference framework consisted essentially of obtaining the automotive industry companies directory established in Mexico, for which the support of the Mexican Association of Automotive Industry (AMIA), obtaining a directory with a record of 909 automobile and auto parts producing companies as of November 30, 2018. Additionally, it should be noted that the companies associated with AMIA belong to various organizations, local, regional and national business chambers. Therefore, the empirical study did not focus on a particular group or business association.

Additionally, the survey was designed to collect information on green supply chain management activities and firm’s performance, which was applied to a sample of 460 companies selected through simple random sampling, with a maximum error of ±2.5% and a reliability level of 97.5%, representing 50.6% of the total population, and the survey being applied during the months of January to March 2019. In addition, the surveys were applied through a self-administered survey to 500 logistics or supply chain management managers of ​​the selected companies, receiving a response from 460 surveys. In addition, it should be noted that all of the managers interviewed are responsible from the implementation of green supply chain management practices in their respective companies, and have been working in the automotive industry for several years, allowing interviewees to provide valuable and interesting information.

Statistically, for the sample to be representative of the population, it must have at least 95% confidentiality and a maximum error of 5%. However, in order to reduce the sampling error to have a higher quality of the data, in this study calculate the probabilistic sample size with an error of 2.5% and a confidence level of 97.5%, and to ensure that the observable phenomenon is representative. Considering the statistical equation proposed by Murray & Larry (2005) to calculate a sample within a defined and known population, it is carried out according to the equation 1.

The application of the above formula to calculate the sample for a finite population (p = probability of success, q = probability of not success, Z = reliability, s = error, and N = population), shows that the number of companies to be surveyed is 626 firms in the Mexican automotive industry. However, the decision was made to increase that amount to 660 companies, to have a margin of additional surveys in case any of them do not meet the required quality, that is, it is not fully completed. In addition, it is important to establish that the value of 2.24 of Z² that appears in the formula for the calculation of the sample, was obtained from the Table of Z under the normal curve.

Measures development

Regarding the green supply chain management measurement, an adaptation was made to the scale developed by Bag (2014), who considered that the green supply chain management can be measured through 8 items. Finally, when it comes to measuring firm performance, an adaptation was made to the scale proposed by Bansal (2005) and Chan (2005), who considered that business performance can be measured through 6 items. A five-point Likert-type scale was chosen to strike a balance between complexity for respondents and accuracy for analysis (Forza, 2016; Hair et al., 2016). Tables 1 and 2 below show the items of the green supply chain management and business performance scales used.

Reliability and validity of measurement scales

The evaluation of the measurement scale’s reliability and validity used in this study was carried out through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), using the maximum likelihood method with the EQS 6.2 software (Bentler, 2005; Brown, 2006; Byrne, 2006). Thus, to measure reliability, Cronbach's alpha and the Composite Reliability Index (CRI) were used (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988) (see table 3).

According to the results obtained, table 3 show all the values ​​of the scales are greater than 0.7 for both Cronbach's alpha and CRI, which provides evidence of the reliability of the two scales used and justifies their internal reliability (Nunally & Bernstein, 1994; Hair et al., 2014). As evidence of the convergent validity, the CFA results in table 3 indicate that all the items of the related factors are significant (p < 0.001), the standardized factor loads sizes are greater than 0.60 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988), and the standardized factor loads averages of each factor exceed the value of 0.70 (Hair et al., 2014). Additionally, in table 3 suggest that the measurement model has a good fit of the statistical data (S-BX² = 772,743; df = 76; p = 0.000; NFI = 0.812; NNFI = 0.827; CFI = 0.847; RMSEA = 0.078), and the extracted variance index (EVI) was calculated for each of the constructs, resulting in an EVI greater than 0.50 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981), in Table 3 this value is exceeded in all factors.

In addition, the theoretical model discriminant validity of green supply chain management and firm’s performance was measured by means of two tests, which are presented in table 4. First, the confidence interval test is presented (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988), which establishes that with a 95% confidence interval, none of the individual elements of the latent factors of the correlation matrix has the value of 1 (0.297 – 0.393). Second, the test of the extracted variance (Fornell & Larcker, 1981), which establishes that the extracted variance of each pair of constructs (0.680 and 0.639) is less than its corresponding EVI (0.119). Thus, according to the results obtained from the application of both tests, it is possible to conclude that both tests demonstrate sufficient evidence of the existence of discriminant validity.

Results

To answer the hypothesis set out in this study, a structural equation model was applied with the support of EQS 6.2 software (Bentler, 2005; Byrne, 2006; Brown, 2006), analyzing the theoretical model nomological validity of the green supply chain management and firm performance through the Chi-square test, by means of which the results obtained between the theoretical model and the measurement model were compared, obtaining non-significant results which allows establishing an explanation of the observed relationships between latent constructs (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988; Hatcher, 1994).

Table 5 shows the main characteristics of the surveyed automotive manufacturing firms, and it can be seen that a little more than 66% of the companies have been in the market for more than 10 years, most of them (43.3%) are medium-sized companies, A little more than 73% are non-family companies, which makes it possible to establish that the supply chain of vehicle assembly companies established in Mexico are non-family medium-sized companies that have some maturity in the automotive industry. Furthermore, with respect to company managers, Table 5 shows that around 78% of managers are between the ages of 36 and 60 (adults), and 13% of them are young managers of the age of 18, between 18 and 35 years old, while 40% of managers are between 1 and 5 years old, and only 26% have between 6 and 10 years of management experience.

Table 6 presents the results obtained from the structural equations model application, and the decision was made to use this important statistical technique not only because it is at the frontier of knowledge, but also because it allows decomposing the variance and covariance of green supply chain management and business performance, based on the parameters of a system of simultaneous equations, which allows to directly analyze the direct and indirect effect between both variables (Hair et al., 2014). In this sense, in table 6 show the results obtained, β = 0.476 p < 0.001, indicate that green supply chain management has a positive impact in firm’s performance in the automotive industry companies.

The results obtained show that the cooperation and collaboration carried out by the large vehicle assembly companies, with the companies that make up their supply chain in the development of environmental programs, recycling of materials, reuse of components and the production of eco-products that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly, as part of the activities of the green supply chain, generate not only a greater impact on the level of business performance of all companies in the supply chain of the automotive industry, but also a reduction significant in the emissions of polluting gases and CO₂, which contributes to the improvement of the global environment. In summary, it can be corroborated that green supply chain management carried out by companies that make up the automotive industry in Mexico, have a strong influence on firm’s performance.

Likewise, the results obtained in this research work have different implications both for managers and for the organizations themselves. The first of the implications refers to obtaining the information, since these were obtained through the application of a survey, which allowed a general analysis of the effects of the green supply chain management at the level of firms performance in a particular industry (automotive industry), so in future studies it would be essential that both researchers and academics and industry professionals guide their studies in the analysis and discussion of these two important constructs through case studies of success or longitudinal studies, to corroborate if the results obtained are similar or not to those obtained in this research work.

A second implication derived from the results obtained is that this paper incorporates a theoretical model that directly relates the green supply chain management with firm’s performance, which provides a more holistic point of view that better explains the interrelation between these two important constructs. In addition, supply chain management allows a significant reduction in environmental pollution, by integrating a system that stimulates the sustainable life cycle of products (Yenipazarli, 2017), which allows the development of a supply chain management of greener and more sustainable supply since reducing the level of waste throughout the supply chain will reduce the costs of its operation and the creation of greater value for both consumers and the main commercial partners that participate in the supply chain (Bocken, de Pauw, Bakker et al., 2016).

A third implication of the results obtained is that green supply chain management incorporates activities that allow a significant reduction in the waste of materials, so it is not surprising that in the literature of business and management sciences researchers, academics and industry professionals accept the relationship between green supply chain management and firm’s performance (Qorri et al., 2018). Furthermore, there are two clear positions in the current literature on the effects of green supply chain management on firm’s performance, on the one hand, who argue the existence of a negative relationship (e.g., Montabon et al., 2007; Large & Thomsen, 2011), while others consider the existence of a positive relationship (e.g. Younis et al., 2016; Vanalle et al., 2017), therefore this study provides evidence of a significant positive relationship between both constructs.

Finally, a fourth implication arising from the results obtained is that the green supply chain management is highly associated with the reduction of environmental contamination (Yenipazarli, 2017), and is essential for both the development of the economy and for the Improving the level of firms performance of manufacturing companies (Qorri et al., 2018), which is why it is necessary for researchers and academics to guide their future studies in the discussion of these two important topics to provide greater empirical evidence. Thus, this research work enriches the analysis and discussion of the business and management science literature, by providing empirical evidence that determines not only the importance of green supply chain management for manufacturing companies in the industry automotive, but also for the development of a much greener and more sustainable supply chain and a higher level of firm’s performance (Bocken et al., 2016).

Additionally, this paper has various limitations that are important to consider when interpreting and discussing the results obtained. Thus, a first limitation of this study is related to the scales of measurement of the green supply chain and firm’s performance, since these two constructs were measured through various subjective indicators obtained through the application of a survey. Therefore, in future studies, the use of objective data from manufacturing companies in the automotive industry (e.g., percentage of use of renewable energy, percentage of use of treated water, percentage of recycling of raw materials, percentage of cost reduction) will be pertinent), to verify if the results obtained differ or not from those obtained in this study.

A second limitation of this study is that the relationship between the green supply chain and firm’s performance, may have better results if a moderating variable of the individual characteristics of the managers of manufacturing companies is integrated (e.g., leadership, commitment, capacity directive, experience). Therefore, in future studies it would be pertinent to add some moderating variable that significantly improves the relationship between the green supply chain and firm’s performance, in order to corroborate if the results obtained are similar or better to those obtained in this paper or replicate this same study in another sector or industry to corroborate the results.

A third and final limitation of this study is that only eight items were considered for measuring the green supply chain and six items for measuring the level of firms performance, which were the most frequently cited in the scientific literature, but were not considered any type or dimension of the green supply chain and firms performance, so in future studies it will be pertinent to consider other types of measurement scales or some of the dimensions most cited in the scientific literature to corroborate the results obtained, or apply this same survey in other Latin American countries and in other sectors of economic activity to verify if the results are similar.

Conclusions

The results obtained in this paper have various conclusions, among which, in the first place, theoretical model of the effects of green supply chain management on firm’s performance has good consistency, as it generates a high correlation between two analyzed constructs, which allowed the acceptance of the proposed research hypothesis. Secondly, the collaboration that vehicle assembly companies have implemented with the companies that make up their supply chain in the adoption of environmental activities, allow us to conclude that these types of actions have not only significantly improved the development of a supply chain greener, but also the increase in the level of business performance of all companies that make up the automotive industry.

Third, the adoption and implementation in the supply chain of companies in the automotive industry, of those activities related to the reuse, recycling and reuse of materials and electronic components of vehicles that have concluded their life cycle, have impacted on the development of an increasingly green supply chain, which has allowed a reduction in negative impacts on the environment. In addition, the implementation of the ISO 14,000 certification program developed by vehicle assembly companies, as part of the essential requirements for companies to be able to integrate into the supply chain, has generated a green supply chain among participating companies.

Fourth, the use of recycled materials and components in the development of new products, which integrate the new vehicles produced by companies in the automotive industry, generally called eco-products, have not only generated a greener supply chain among companies that collaborate throughout the supply chain but have also significantly improved the level of business performance of the participating companies, which allows to conclude that the activities that make up the supply chain are increasingly green and sustainable, which is It reflects both in the decrease in the emission of polluting gases and CO₂, as well as in the improvement of the level of business performance.

Finally, it is also possible to conclude that the results obtained in this research work are like those obtained by Yenipazarli (2017) and Qorri et al. (2018), which concluded that the green supply chain management generate significant positive effects on the level of firm’s performance. Therefore, in general terms, it is possible to conclude that the manufacturing companies that make up the automotive industry have a good implementation of green supply chain management activities, which can generate a significant increase in the level of firm’s performance, which allows organizations not only to obtain the necessary economic and financial resources to improve the activities of the green supply chain, but also to be more competitive in a highly globalized market.

Ethical considerations

The article required the ethical consideration of the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Authors' contributions

The authors participated equally in the article.

Financing

This article is part of a Research Project PIEA 17-3 funded by the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Interest conflicts

The authors do not have any conflict of interest associated with the development of the research and the presentation of the article.

References

Notes

* Research paper

Author notes

^a Corresponding author. E-mail: gonzalo.maldonado@edu.uaa.mx

Additional information

Cited as: Maldonado, G., Mojica, E. P., & Pinzón, S. Y. (2021). Green supply chain management and firm performance in the automotive industry. Cuadernos de Administración, 34. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.cao34.gscmf

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