Peasants, Brokers and the State: Competition and Dividends in Familist Local Politics in Two Villages in the Northwest of Portugal
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mar 29, 2019
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Resumen
To explain the peasants ‘conservatism’ in Northwest of Portugal, as well the obstacles to rural local development, the author, in addition to underline elsewhere the specificity of the peasant economy and several strategies of rural dwellers (marriage, inheritance and migration), in this article stresses the relevance of the political factor, namely the dependency of most residents facing the old or new local patrons (caciques). These, in a strategy of reproduce the local power on a familist base, subject those now by moral imperative, now by the gift, financial and administrative favor, converting these favors in family benefits or economic and political dividends.
Keywords
campesinado, conservatismo, desarrollo rural, patronazgo, Portugalpeasantry, conservatisme, rural development, patronage, Portugal
References
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Boissevain, J. (1978). Friends of friends, networks, manipulators and coalitions. Oxford: Basil Blakwell.
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Bourdieu, P. (1980). Le sens pratique. Paris: Minuit.
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Camarero, L., Sampedro, R., & Oliva, J. (2012). Foreigners, neighbours, immigrants: Translocal mobilities in rural areas in Spain. In Ch. Hedberg and R. M. do Carmo (eds.), Translocal ruralism. Mobility and connectivity in European rural spaces (pp. 143-162). London and New York: Springer.
Campanhola, C., & Graziano da Silva, J. (2000). Desenvolvimento local e democratização dos espaços rurais. Cadernos de Ciência & Tecnologia, 17(1), 11-40. Retrieved from https://seer.sct.embrapa.br/index.php/cct/article/view/8860
Campbell, J. K. (1964). Honour, family and patronage: A study of institutions and moral values in a Greek mountain community. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Capela, J. V. (1989). A câmara, a nobreza e o povo do concelho de Barcelos. Barcelos-Revista, 2(1).
Cardoso, A. (2012). Território e desenvolvimento. Populações no concelho de Barcelos (1960-2011). Vila Nova de Famalicão: Húmus.
Cardoso, F. H., & Faletto, E. (1970). Dependência e desenvolvimento na América Latina. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
Christian, J. R. (1972). Person and God in a Spanish valley. New York and London: Seminar Press.
Cutileiro, J. (1977). Ricos e pobres no Alentejo (uma sociedade rural portuguesa). Lisbon: Sá da Costa.
Dahrendorf, R. (1959). Class and class conflicts in industrial society. London: Routledge; Kegan Paul.
Descamps, P. (1935). Le Portugal: la vie sociale actuelle. Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie.
Dubois, A., Copus, A., & Hedström, M. (2012). Local embeddedness and global links in rural areas: Euclidean and relational space in business networks. In Ch. Hedberg and R. M. do Carmo (eds.), Translocal ruralism. Mobility and conectivity in European rural spaces (pp. 103-124). London and New York: Springer.
Foster, G. (1965). Peasant society and the image of limited good. American Anthropologist, 67(2), 293-315. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/668247
Frank, A. G. (1976). Sociologia do desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento da Sociologia. Coimbra: Centelha.
Furtado, C. (1961). Desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvimento. Rio de Janeiro: Fundo de Cultura.
Gellner, E. (1977). Patrons and clients. In E. Gellner and J. Waterbury (eds), Patrons and clients in Mediterranean societies (pp. 1-6). London: Duckworth.
Gilsenan, M. (1977). Against patron-client relations. In E. Gellner and J. Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and clients in Mediterranean societies (pp. 167-183). London: Duckworth.
Giménez, M. M. G. (1996). La red social como elemento clave del desarrollo local: el caso de los programas Leader de Castilla y León. In Actas do III Colóquio Hispano-Português de Estudos Rurais. Lisbon: Sociedade Portuguesa de Estudos Rurais.
Goffman, E. (1974). Les rites d’interaction. Paris: Minuit.
Goldey, P. (1981). Emigração e estrutura familiar: estudo de um caso no Minho. Estudos Contemporâneos, 2/3, 111-127.
Grammont, H. C., & Martínez Valle, L. (2009). Introducción. In H. C. de Grammont and L. Martínez Valle (coords.), La pluriactividad en el campo latinoamericano (pp. 9-18). Quito: Flacso.
Hedberg, Ch., & do Carmo, R. M. (2012). Translocal ruralism. Mobility and connectivity in European rural spaces. In Ch. Hedberg and R. M. do Carmo (eds.), Translocal ruralism. Mobility and connectivity in European rural spaces (pp. 1-12). London and New York: Springer.
Hobsbawm, E. (1974). Rebeldes primitivos: estudio sobre las formas arcaicas de los movimientos sociales en los siglos XIX y XX (J. Romero Maura, trans.). Barcelona: Ariel. Retrieved from https://latinoamericanos.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/eric-hobsbawm-rebeldes-primitivos.pdf (Original work published 1959).
Hoselitz, B. F. (1982). The sociological aspects of economic growth. Chicago: Free Press of Glencoe.
Huizer, G. (1969). The role of patronage in the peasant political struggle in Latin America. Sociologische Gids, 16, 411-419. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/429a/9f8f8be578a75024a05b21c954ac66ac1ac1.pdf
Long, N. (1977). An introduction to the sociology of rural development. Wageningen.
Lowe, P., Murdoch, J., & Ward, N. (1997). Redes en el desarrollo rural: más allá de los modelos exógenos y endógenos. Agricultura y Sociedad, 82, 13-43. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=83038
Luhmann, N. (1982). The differentiation of society (S. Holmes and C. Larmore, trans.). New York: Columbia University Press. (Original work published 1970).
Marini, M. (1991). Dialéctica de la dependencia. México: Era. (Original work published 1973).
Marx, K. (1974). O Capital. Lisbon: Delfos.
Moore Jr., B. (1966). Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. Boston: Beacon Press.
Myrdal, G. (1970). The challenge of world poverty. London: Allen Lane.
Myrdal, G. (1979). Teoría económica y regiones subdesarrrolladas. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Newby, H. (1975). The deferential dialectic. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17(2), 139-64. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/178001
Pareto, V. (1968). The rise and fall of elites. New York: Bedminster Press. (Original work published 1901).
Parkin, F. (1979). Marxism and class theory: A bourgeois critique. London: Tavistock.
Parsons, T. (1988). El sistema social. Madrid: Alianza.
Parsons, T., & White, W. (1961). The link between character and society. In S. M. Lipset and L. Lowenthal (eds.), Culture and social character: The work of David Riesman reviewed (pp. 89-135). New York: Free Press.
Pitt-Rivers, J. A. (1961). The people of the Sierra. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Prebisch, R. (1963). Dinâmica do desenvolvimento latino-americano. Rio de Janeiro: Fundo de Cultura.
Rau, H. (2012). The ties that blind? Spatial (im)mobilities and the transformation of rural-urban conections. In Ch. Hedberg and R. M. do Carmo (eds.), Translocal ruralism. Mobility and conectivity in European rural spaces (pp. 35-54). London and New York: Springer.
Ravis-Giordani, G. (1976). L’alta pulitica et la bassa pulitica: valeurs et comportements politiques dans les communautés villageoises corses (XIXe-XXe siècles). Études Rurales, 63-64, 171-189. Retrieved from https://www.persee.fr/doc/rural_0014-2182_1976_num_63_1_2174
Reis, J. (1994). O desenvolvimento local é possível? In M. B. Moreira (ed.), O desenvolvimento local é possível? (pp. 3-16). Lisbon: Sociedade Portuguesa de Estudos Rurais.
Ricardo, D. (1975). Princípios de economia política e de tributação (vol. I). Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (Original work published 1817).
Riegelhaupt, J. (1979). Os camponenses e a política no Portugal de Salazar: o Estado Corporativo e o ‘apoliticismo” nas aldeias. Análise Social, 15(59), 505-523. Retrieved from http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1223990117D7wBA3az5Ab81GL4.pdf
Rostow, W. W. (1974). Las etapas del crecimiento económico. Un manifiesto anticomunista. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. (Original work published 1960).
Scott, J. (1977). Patronage or exploitation? In E. Gellner and J. Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and clients in Mediterranean societies (pp. 21-39). London: Druckworth.
Scott, J. (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Scott, J. (1990). Domination and the arts of resistance: Hidden transcripts. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Seers, D. (1969). The meaning of development. International Development Review, 2, 2-6.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sevilla-Guzmán, E. (2003). El desarrollo rural de la “otra modernidad”: elementos para recampesinizar la agricultura desde la agroecología. In J. Encina, M. A. Ávila, M. Fernandez and M. Rosa (eds.), Práxis participativas desde el medio rural (pp. 89-116). Madrid: Iepala; Cimas.
Shucksmith, M. (2012). Class, power and inequality in rural areas: Beyond social exclusion? Sociologia Ruralis, 52(4), 377-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2012.00570.x
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Cómo citar
Silva, M. C. (2019). Peasants, Brokers and the State: Competition and Dividends in Familist Local Politics in Two Villages in the Northwest of Portugal. Cuadernos De Desarrollo Rural, 16(83). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.cdr16-83.pbts
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