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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">545</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">Revista Gerencia y Políticas de Salud</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1657-7027</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2500-6177</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Colombia</country>
<email>revistascientificasjaveriana@gmail.com</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="pmc">54566349022</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.rgps20.uaab</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artículos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt">Uso de álcool por adolescentes envolvidos em bullying e cyberbullying, como autores, vítimas e autores-vítimas: uma revisão sistemática da literatura<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="es">Consumo de alcohol por adolescentes involucrados en bullying y cyberbullying, como autores, víctimas y autores-víctimas: una revisión sistemática de la literatura</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Alcohol use by adolescents engaged in bullying and cyberbullying, as authors, victims and authors-victims: A systematic review of the literature</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8439-1066</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Gonçalves Alves</surname>
<given-names>Dayse Lôrrane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>dayselorranealves@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-7857</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Maia Pinto</surname>
<given-names>Francisco José</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-132X</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Stelko-Pereira</surname>
<given-names>Ana Carina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5611-5278</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Rodrigues Nunes</surname>
<given-names>Bruna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3779-0977</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Rocha da Silva</surname>
<given-names>Steffany</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5401-2195</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Carneiro Cruz</surname>
<given-names>Tayane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brasil</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Ceará</institution>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brasil</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Ceará</institution>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paraná</institution>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Ceará</institution>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Ceará</institution>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Ceará</institution>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="corresp1"><sup>a</sup> Autora de correspondência. Correio eletrônico: <email>dayselorranealves@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Enero-Diciembre</season>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>18</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="pub" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>30</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="pt">
<title>Resumo</title>
<p><bold>Objetivo</bold>. Sintetizar, mediante revisão sistemática, as evidências científicas sobre as associações entre o uso de álcool e o envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> e <italic>cyberbullying</italic> na adolescência. <bold>Materiais e métodos</bold>. A busca foi realizada em quatro bases de dados: PubMed, Medline, SciELO e Web of Science. Foram selecionados 58 artigos com base nos critérios de elegibilidade. A avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi realizada por meio de um instrumento do National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. <bold>Resultado</bold>.Os estudos que atingiram classificação de boa qualidade metodológica apresentaram os seguintes achados: vitimização e autoria por <italic>bullying</italic> ou <italic>cyberbullying</italic> foram associados ao consumo de álcool; o sofrimento psicológico mediou parcialmente a associação entre vitimização por <italic>cyberbullying</italic> e uso posterior de álcool; o <italic>bullying</italic> e a perpetração violenta mediaram a relação entre violência na família e uso de álcool e outras drogas; sintomas depressivos e uso de álcool são preditores de mais vitimização por <italic>bullying</italic>, e a vitimização relacional esteve associada ao uso precoce de álcool. <bold>Conclusões</bold>. A maioria dos estudos indicou que adolescentes envolvidos em <italic>bullying</italic> e <italic>cyberbullying</italic> têm maiores chances de fazer uso de álcool do que adolescentes não envolvidos, sendo que autores fazem maior uso de álcool em relação aos autores-vítimas e às vítimas.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p><bold>Objetivo</bold>. Sintetizar, mediante revisión sistemática, las evidencias científicas sobre las asociaciones entre el uso de alcohol y el <italic>bullying</italic> y <italic>cyberbullying</italic> en la adolescencia. <bold>Materiales y métodos</bold>. La búsqueda fue realizada en cuatro bases de datos: <italic>PubMed</italic>, Medline, SciELO y Web of Science. Fueron seleccionados 58 artículos con base en los criterios de elegibilidad. La evaluación de la cualidad metodológica de los estudios fue realizada por medio de un instrumento del National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. <bold>Resultados</bold>.Los estudios que lograron una clasificación de buena calidad metodológica mostraron los siguientes resultados: la victimización y autoría por <italic>bullying</italic> y <italic>cyberbullying</italic> fueron asociados al consumo de alcohol; el sufrimiento psicológico medió parcialmente la asociación entre victimización por <italic>cyberbullying</italic> y el uso posterior de alcohol; el <italic>bullying</italic> y la perpetración violenta mediaron la relación entre violencia en la familia y el uso de alcohol y otras drogas; síntomas depresivos y uso de alcohol son predictores de más victimización por <italic>bullying</italic>; y la victimización relacional estuvo asociada al uso precoz de alcohol. <bold>Conclusiones</bold>. La mayoría de los estudios indicó que los adolescentes involucrados en <italic>bullying</italic> y <italic>cyberbullying</italic> tienen mayores probabilidades de consumir alcohol que los adolescentes no involucrados, siendo que los autores presentan mayor consumo de alcohol en relación con los autores-víctimas y las víctimas.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p><bold>Objective</bold>. To synthesize, by a systematic review, the scientific evidence around the associations between alcohol use and adolescents’ engagement in bullying and cyberbullying. <bold>Materials and methods</bold>. A literature review was made in four databases: <italic>PubMed, Medline, Scielo</italic>, and <italic>Web of Science</italic>. 58 papers were selected following the eligibility criteria. The evaluation of the studies' methodological quality was made using an instrument of the <italic>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute</italic>. <bold>Results</bold>. The studies that achieved high methodological quality show the following results: victimization and authorship for bullying or cyberbullying were associated with alcohol consumption; psychological distress partially mediated with an association between victimization for cyberbullying and future alcohol using; bullying and violent perpetration mediated the relationship between family violence and alcohol and other drugs uses; depressing symptoms and alcohol using are predictors of more bullying victimization; and the relational victimization was associated with early alcohol use. <bold>Conclusions</bold>. Most studies show that adolescents engaged in bullying and cyberbullying have more chances of using alcohol than those not engaged. Authors use to consume more alcohol than authors-victims and victims.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
<kwd>bullying</kwd>
<kwd>consumo de bebidas alcoólicas</kwd>
<kwd>cyberbullying</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
<kwd><italic>bullying</italic></kwd>
<kwd>consumo de bebidas alcohólicas</kwd>
<kwd><italic>cyberbullying</italic></kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Adolescents</kwd>
<kwd>bullying</kwd>
<kwd>consumption of alcoholic beverages</kwd>
<kwd>cyberbullying</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="1"/>
<table-count count="7"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="91"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>Para citar este artigo</meta-name>
<meta-value>Alves DLG, Pinto FJM, Stelko-Pereira AC, Nunes BR, Silva SR, Cruz TC. Uso de álcool por adolescentes envolvidos em bullying e cyberbullying, como autores, vítimas e autores-vítimas: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Rev Gerenc Polit Salud. 2021;20. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.rgps20.uaab">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.rgps20.uaab</ext-link>
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</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec>
<title><bold>Introdução</bold></title>
<p>O uso nocivo de álcool é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública por estar associado a graves situações de morbimortalidade e desfechos sociais e econômicos negativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>). Os adolescentes estão em situação de alta vulnerabilidade com relação ao consumo dessa substância, pois esses indivíduos estão mais propensos a emitir comportamentos de risco e atos impulsivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>). Destacam-se duas características do consumo de álcool na adolescência: o consumo precoce, antes dos 15 anos, e o consumo pesado (<italic>binge drinking</italic>). Esse consumo pesado caracteriza-se pelo uso de cinco ou seis mais doses de álcool em uma mesma ocasião (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>). Quanto à prevalência de consumo de álcool nessa fase do desenvolvimento, a Organização Mundial da Saúde aponta que 26,5% de todos os adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos são bebedores atuais, o que totaliza cerca de 155 milhões de indivíduos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>).</p>
<p>Um fator que pode estar associado ao uso de álcool na adolescência é o envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> e <italic>cyberbullying</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>). O <italic>bullying</italic> manifesta-se por meio de comportamentos agressivos produzidos por estudantes em relação a outros, que ocorrem de forma repetida, intencional e em uma relação desigual de poder, o que causa dor, angústia e sofrimento. Pode ocorrer de forma direta, por meio de agressões físicas, verbais, psicológicas, sexuais ou materiais, e indireta, quando os agressores espalham rumores e excluem as vítimas dos grupos sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>). Enquanto o <italic>cyberbullying</italic>, tipificação mais recente de <italic>bullying</italic>, pode ser considerado um ato ou uma ação intencional agressiva, realizada repetidas vezes, por um grupo ou indivíduo, utilizando o meio eletrônico, contra uma vítima que não pode facilmente se defender. De forma similar ao <italic>bullying</italic> tradicional, o <italic>cyberbullying</italic> inclui características como repetição, intenção e desequilíbrio de poder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref>). Os indivíduos podem se envolver nesses dois tipos de violência como vítimas, autores, autores-vítimas e testemunhas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>).</p>
<p>Com relação à prevalência internacional de <italic>bullying</italic>, estudo realizado em 33 países e regiões da Europa e da América do Norte apontou que cerca de 30% dos estudantes na faixa etária de 11 a 15 anos de idade sofreu vitimização ocasional (uma ou mais vezes nos últimos meses), e 12%, vitimização crônica (no mínimo, duas ou três vezes nos últimos meses) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>). Enquanto uma pesquisa realizada pela Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (Unesco), com 100 mil crianças e adolescentes de 18 países, demonstrou que, em média, metade desses indivíduos sofreu algum tipo de <italic>bullying</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref>). Quanto ao <italic>cyberbullying</italic>, revisão de escopo encontrou que a cybervitimização variou de 1,6% a 56,9% e a cyberautoria variou de 1,9% a 79,3%, considerando um período de seis meses, no mundo todo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>).</p>
<p>Ressalta-se que o uso de álcool na adolescência está associado a graves consequências sociais e de saúde, como transtornos mentais e comportamentais, acidentes de trânsito, acidentes com armas de fogo, comportamentos de risco sexual, alterações neuronais, baixo desempenho escolar, abandono escolar ou do trabalho e conflitos familiares e comunitários (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>). Enquanto o <italic>bullying</italic>, na fase da adolescência, encontra-se relacionado a comportamentos depressivos e ansiosos, ideação ou tentativa de suicídio, abuso de substâncias psicoativas e baixos engajamento e desempenho acadêmico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>). Dessa forma, esses dois fenômenos resultam em custos individuais, sociais e para as políticas públicas de saúde.</p>
<p>Diante disso, torna-se relevante construir uma revisão sistemática sobre a relação entre o uso de álcool e o envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> na adolescência, com o intuito de embasar a construção de políticas públicas preventivas. Destaca-se que, no momento, não há nenhuma revisão especificamente sobre a relação entre essas duas variáveis, havendo, no entanto, somente uma mais abrangente, sobre o <italic>bullying</italic> e o uso de substâncias. Este estudo ressalta que parece clara a relação entre perpetração de <italic>bullying</italic> (autor e autor-vítima) e uso de substâncias psicoativas em adolescentes de ambos os sexos. Porém, há ainda divergências no que se refere à função de vitimização, pois há estudos que encontraram associação direta entre uso de substâncias e vitimização por <italic>bullying</italic>, e outros que indicam ausência de associação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>). Além disso, cabe investigar se essas relações apresentam diferenças quando se trata, especificamente, de drogas lícitas, como o álcool, por conta das questões sociais e culturais que influenciam esse uso.</p>
<p>Assim, esta revisão teve como objetivo sintetizar as evidências da literatura científica sobre o envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> e <italic>cyberbullying</italic> associado ao uso de álcool por adolescentes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>Materiais e métodos</bold></title>
<p>Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, a qual foi construída de acordo com as diretrizes do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Prisma) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref>) e com as orientações do Manual da Cochrane (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">23</xref>).</p>
<p>Foram considerados, nesta revisão, os estudos publicados em revistas avaliadas por pares. Os critérios de elegibilidade foram construídos a partir da estratégia Pico (população, intervenção/exposição, comparação e desfecho), bem como a pergunta de pesquisa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">24</xref>). Esta ficou assim descrita: adolescentes (população) envolvidos em <italic>bullying</italic> e/ou <italic>cyberbullying</italic> (intervenção ou exposição), comparados aos não envolvidos ou considerando as funções de autor, vítima, autor-vítima e testemunhas (comparação), apresentam maiores chances de fazer uso de álcool, uso precoce ou <italic>binge drinking </italic>(desfecho)?</p>
<p>Dessa forma, foram incluídos os artigos que investigaram a população adolescente, na faixa etária de 10 a 19 anos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">25</xref>); trataram do fenômeno <italic>bullying</italic>, tradicional ou <italic>cyberbullying</italic>, definido por meio das seguintes características: 1. ocorre entre pares; 2. ambiente escolar/acadêmico (ou virtual); 3. intencionalidade; 4. repetitividade; 5. desigualdade de poder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref>); realizaram comparações entre alunos envolvidos em <italic>bullying</italic> ou não envolvidos, ou entre as funções de autor, vítima, autor-vítima ou testemunha, de <italic>bullying</italic> ou <italic>cyberbullying</italic>; analisaram o uso de álcool, tanto o uso precoce quanto o uso pesado (<italic>binge drinking</italic>), padrões típicos da adolescência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>). O tipo de estudo não foi considerado como um critério de elegibilidade, sendo que foram incluídos todos os artigos que obedeceram aos critérios citados anteriormente.</p>
<p>Com relação à busca eletrônica dos artigos, foi realizada uma pesquisa em quatro bases de dados: PubMed, Medline, SciELO e Web of Science. A busca foi realizada sem limites dentro da definição de data e linguagem da publicação. As palavras-chave foram escolhidas com base nos Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) da National Library of Medicine, nos Descritores em Saúde (DECS) da Bireme e na literatura científica da área, bem como foram organizadas de acordo com a estratégia Pico para cada fase (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt2">Tabela 1</xref>). Para sensibilizar a busca de artigos, cada base de dados teve sua estratégia descrita em separado. Compartilhou-se um exemplo disso no Anexo. Além disso, foi empregada, como estratégia de busca secundária, a consulta às listas de referência de todos os artigos originais.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Sistematização dos descritores e das palavras-chave, em inglês, segundo a estratégia Pico</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabela 1 Sistematização dos descritores e das palavras-chave, em inglês, segundo a estratégia Pico</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="54566349022_gt3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fonte: elaboração própria.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>As referências encontradas foram transportadas para uma única biblioteca no programa EndnoteX8. Após isso, foram excluídas as duplicatas, por meio da ferramenta “<italic>find duplicate</italic>” do EndnoteX8. Todas as referências também foram revisadas manualmente. A referida biblioteca foi copiada e mantida em dois arquivos iguais no EndnoteX8 para que os autores trabalhassem de forma independente, selecionando os artigos para a revisão. O processo de seleção foi realizado em duas etapas de leitura por pares: leitura de títulos e resumos e leitura de artigos na íntegra. As exclusões dos artigos, nesta última etapa, foram justificadas em tabela do Microsoft Excel. Depois de cada etapa de seleção por pares, foi realizada reunião de consenso. Quando havia conflitos sobre a exclusão de um artigo, um terceiro pesquisador era consultado.</p>
<p>A extração dos dados também foi realizada em tabela no Microsoft Excel e por pares de pesquisadores, para diminuir o risco de viés. Em reunião posterior, quando não havia consenso na extração de determinado dado, um terceiro pesquisador era consultado.</p>
<p>Como foram encontrados apenas estudos observacionais, para a avaliação da qualidade metodológica, utilizou-se do instrumento National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NIH) para estudos observacionais, transversais e de coorte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">26</xref>). Esse instrumento está estruturado em 14 questões relativas aos seguintes domínios: pergunta de pesquisa, população do estudo, grupos recrutados na mesma população e critérios uniformes de elegibilidade, justificativa do tamanho da amostra, exposição avaliada antes da medição dos resultados, prazo suficiente para ver um efeito, diferentes níveis de exposição de interesse, medidas de exposição e avaliação, avaliação repetida de exposição, medidas do desfecho, cegamento dos avaliadores de resultados, taxa de acompanhamento e análises estatísticas (adequação dos testes e verificação do controle das variáveis de confundimento). As respostas dadas a essas questões podem ser: sim, não e outros (não determinado, não reportado, não se aplica). O instrumento permite a seguinte classificação dos estudos: bom, razoável ou ruim, no que concerne ao risco de viés. A síntese dos estudos foi feita de forma descritiva.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>Resultados</bold></title>
<p>A sistematização da busca e a seleção dos artigos foram descritas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1 </xref>e os principais dados extraídos estão organizados na Tabela 2 e 3. Na busca inicial, foram encontrados 4.381 artigos. Após os processos de seleção, leitura de títulos e resumos, e leitura na íntegra, restaram 58 artigos para esta revisão, que abrangeram o período de 2002 a 2020. Com relação ao local de pesquisa, salienta-se que os estudos foram realizados em uma grande diversidade de países, compreendendo todos os continentes, o que indica que o <italic>bullying</italic> e o consumo de álcool na adolescência são problemas de âmbito global. Somente nos Estados Unidos foram produzidos 21 estudos. Além disso, foram encontrados apenas estudos observacionais, de delineamento transversal (n=46) e longitudinal (n=12).</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>
<bold>Figura 1</bold>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Fluxograma do processo de busca e seleção dos artigos</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1 Fluxograma do processo de busca e seleção dos artigos</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="54566349022_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Prisma, elaboração própria.</attrib>
</fig>
</p>
<p>A<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3"> Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os principais dados extraídos dos artigos de delineamento transversal. Ressalta-se que esse tipo de estudo contribui para se realizar inferências e se construir hipóteses sobre possíveis relações entre as variáveis de interesse, mas não permite estabelecer uma relação de causalidade entre estas variáveis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">27</xref>). Quanto às categorias de <italic>bullying</italic>, 27 estudos investigaram apenas o <italic>bullying</italic> tradicional, quatro somente o <italic>cyberbullying .bullying</italic> virtual) e 15 estudaram os dois tipos. Além disso,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21"> 21</xref> artigos consideraram somente vitimização por <italic>bullying</italic> ou <italic>cyberbullying</italic>, dois apenas o papel de autores e 23 investigaram mais de um papel.</p>
<p>No que tange à direção da associação, a maioria dos estudos transversais (n=44) encontrou associação entre uso de álcool e envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> (tradicional ou <italic>cyberbullying</italic>), seja como autor, como vítima, seja como autor-vítima, e considerou o consumo de álcool como desfecho, ou seja, uma grave consequência do envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> na adolescência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">68</xref>). Porém, um artigo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">69</xref>) considerou o <italic>bullying</italic> como desfecho. Além disso, apenas um estudo transversal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">70</xref>) identificou uma associação negativa entre consumo de álcool e ser vítima.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt3">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Resumo da extração dos principais dados dos artigos de delineamento transversal</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabela 2 Resumo da extração dos principais dados dos artigos de delineamento transversal</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="54566349022_gt4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt4">
<graphic xlink:href="54566349022_gt5.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt5">
<graphic xlink:href="54566349022_gt6.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt6">
<graphic xlink:href="54566349022_gt7.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fonte: elaboração própria.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Ainda nesses estudos transversais, quatro relacionaram o <italic>bullying</italic> e o consumo de álcool a outras variáveis para identificar relações de mediação. Afifi et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">28</xref>) identificaram que a religiosidade pode ser fator de proteção para vítimas de <italic>bullying</italic> com relação ao uso do álcool. Assim, estudantes com níveis mais baixos de religiosidade, que foram vítimas de <italic>bullying</italic>, eram mais propensos a usar álcool e outras drogas do que as vítimas que se declararam com alta religiosidade. Enquanto Jochman et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">40</xref>) encontraram que o consumo de álcool mediou a relação entre ser vítima, agressor a autor-vítima e sintomas somáticos e depressivos. Dois estudos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">43</xref>) encontraram que a vitimização do <italic>bullying</italic> foi associada a um risco aumentado de uso de álcool e foi mediada por isolamento social, depressão, desligamento da escola e baixo desempenho acadêmico. Kim et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">42</xref>) ressaltaram que a solidão mediou a relação entre vitimização por <italic>bullying</italic> e uso de álcool. Por fim, um artigo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">67</xref>) destacou que os níveis de apoio social mediaram a relação entre ser vítima de <italic>cyberbullying</italic>, e fazer consumo de álcool e outras drogas.</p>
<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt4">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os dados extraídos dos estudos de delineamento longitudinal. Com relação à categoria de <italic>bullying</italic>, oito investigaram apenas o <italic>bullying</italic> tradicional, três somente o <italic>cyberbullying</italic> e um (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>) os dois tipos. Sobre os papéis investigados, seis estudaram apenas a função de vítima, três estudaram os papéis de autor e vítima, e três os papéis de autor, vítima e autor-vítima.</p>
<p>Em oito estudos longitudinais, encontrou-se que o envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> aumenta os riscos de fazer consumo de álcool na adolescência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">71</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">74</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">76</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">77</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">79</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">80</xref>). Apenas um (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>) pesquisou o <italic>bullying</italic> como desfecho. Foster et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">75</xref>) e Livingston et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">78</xref>) não encontraram associação entre as variáveis de interesse. Houve estudos que também investigaram a relação de consumo de álcool, envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> e outras variáveis, para identificar prováveis relações de mediação. Cénat et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">72</xref>) constataram que o sofrimento psicológico mediava parcialmente a associação entre vitimização pelo <italic>cyberbullying</italic> e uso posterior de álcool. Um estudo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>) encontrou que o <italic>bullying</italic> e a perpetração violenta mediaram a relação entre violência na família e uso de álcool e outras drogas. Topper et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">79</xref>) constataram que beber para facilitar o enfrentamento de problemas mediou parcialmente a associação entre vitimização e problemas relacionados ao uso de álcool.</p>
<p>No que concerne aos papéis assumidos no <italic>bullying</italic>, grande parte dos estudos (n=23), transversais e longitudinais, encontrou associação significativa entre ser autor de <italic>bullying</italic> e fazer consumo de álcool, inclusive, consumo nocivo e pesado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">32</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">38</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">39</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">45</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">47</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">49</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">54</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">55</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">58</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">59</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">61</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">64</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">68</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">69</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">71</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">76</xref>). Ressalta-se que, além do álcool, os autores de <italic>bullying</italic> também têm maiores chances de fazer uso de drogas ilícitas. Quando os artigos compararam as funções de autor, vítima e autor-vítima, demonstraram que os autores fazem mais uso de álcool, seguidos de autores-vítimas e vítimas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">30</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">38</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">54</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">68</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">69</xref>).</p>
<p>No que se refere à função de vitimização, a maioria dos estudos desta revisão (n=34) identificou que ser vítima de <italic>bullying</italic> está associado ao uso de álcool por adolescentes, principalmente quando se trata de <italic>cyberbullying</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">31</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">37</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">39</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">43</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">46</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">48</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">52</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56"> 56</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">58</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">63</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">66</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">68</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">72</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">74</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">77</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">79</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">80</xref>). Porém, Garcia-Continente et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">70</xref>) encontraram que a vitimização estava negativamente associada ao uso de álcool e seis estudos não encontraram associação entre vitimização e uso de álcool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">30</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">53</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">61</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">71</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">75</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">78</xref>). Ressalta-se que quase todos os estudos (n=56) estudaram a função de vitimização, o que pode influenciar nos resultados.</p>
<p>Alguns artigos também demonstraram que ser autor-vítima está relacionado ao consumo de álcool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">30</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">54</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">58</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">62</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">64</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">65</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">68</xref>). A exemplo disso, Lee et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>) encontraram que, com relação ao <italic>bullying</italic> presencial, ser autor-vítima estava associado ao uso de álcool, enquanto no <italic>cyberbullying</italic>, ser autor-vítima foi associado com o uso de todas as substâncias pesquisadas, inclusive o álcool. Vieno et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">64</xref>) constataram que os autores-vítimas estavam em maior risco de fumar e consumir álcool em comparação com os seus pares não envolvidos. Outro estudo também apontou que adolescentes que foram autores-vítimas de <italic>cyberbullying</italic> apresentaram maior risco de consumir álcool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">65</xref>).</p>
<p>Apenas dois estudos investigaram o papel de testemunha (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">53</xref>). Gaete et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>) mostraram que autores e autores-vítimas apresentam alto risco de consumir álcool em relação às testemunhas. Quinn et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">53</xref>) encontraram associação entre comportamento pró-<italic>bullying</italic> de testemunhas e uso de substâncias, inclusive álcool, bem como uma associação entre ser defensor e tabagismo, e danos relacionados ao álcool.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt7">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Resumo da extração dos principais dados dos artigos de delineamento longitudinal</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabela 3 Resumo da extração dos principais dados dos artigos de delineamento longitudinal</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="54566349022_gt8.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fonte: elaboração própria.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Cinco artigos trataram de formas específicas de <italic>bullying</italic>: o <italic>bullying</italic> racial, o <italic>bullying</italic> por intolerância religiosa, o <italic>bullying</italic> com relação a minorias de gênero e o <italic>bullying</italic> homofóbico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">48</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">51</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">56</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">62</xref>). Estudos apontaram que a vitimização por pertencer a minorias de gênero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">56</xref>) e a vitimização homofóbica estão associadas ao consumo de álcool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">51</xref>). Feinstein et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>) e Stone e Carlisle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">62</xref>) demonstraram que o <italic>bullying</italic> por preconceito racial, seja na vitimização, seja na autoria, está relacionado ao consumo de álcool e outras drogas. Pan e Spittal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">48</xref>) não encontraram associação entre vitimização por intolerância religiosa ou racial e uso moderado e pesado de álcool.</p>
<p>No que diz respeito às diferenças de sexo, seis estudos trouxeram contribuições relevantes sobre esse tema (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">34</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">65</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">66</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">80</xref>). Nestes, adolescentes autores, vítimas ou autores-vítimas, de ambos os sexos, estão mais propensos a fazer uso de álcool, porém o sexo masculino parece estar mais envolvido no beber pesado e frequente. A exemplo disso, Wiguna et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">65</xref>) demonstraram que adolescentes do sexo masculino que foram vítimas e vítimas-autores de <italic>cyberbullying</italic>, e meninas que foram autoras-vítimas de <italic>cyberbullying</italic> tiveram maior risco de consumir álcool. Wormington et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">66</xref>) identificaram que a vitimização presencial foi associada ao uso de álcool por meninos e meninas, com efeitos mais fortes para meninos.</p>
<p>A avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi realizada para avaliar o risco de viés e assim determinar a validade interna dos estudos. Isso permite apreciar se os achados são realmente relevantes e válidos. No que concerne a essa avaliação, a maioria (n=46; 79%), como esperado, foi classificada como razoável com relação ao risco de viés. Enquanto oito (n=8; 14%) foram classificados como de boa qualidade e sete (n=4; 7%), como de baixa qualidade.</p>
<p>Com relação aos oito artigos que foram classificados como de boa qualidade, todos foram de base longitudinal e apresentaram os seguintes achados: vitimização e autoria por <italic>bullying</italic> ou <italic>cyberbullying</italic> foram associados ao consumo de álcool; o sofrimento psicológico mediou parcialmente a associação entre vitimização por <italic>cyberbullying</italic> e o uso posterior de álcool; o <italic>bullying</italic> e a perpetração violenta mediaram a relação entre violência na família e uso de álcool e outras drogas; sintomas depressivos e uso de álcool são preditores de mais vitimização por <italic>bullying</italic>; a vitimização relacional esteve associada ao uso precoce de álcool.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>Discussão</bold></title>
<p>De forma geral, as evidências sintetizadas por essa revisão indicam que o envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> e <italic>cyberbullying</italic> aumenta as chances de os adolescentes fazerem uso de álcool, precoce ou excessivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9"> 9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">68</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">71</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">74</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">76</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">77</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">79</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">80</xref>). Ressalta-se que tanto o <italic>bullying</italic> quanto o uso de álcool na adolescência são problemas sociais graves e complexos, que geram consequências negativas para a saúde e o desenvolvimento biopsicossocial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>), as quais tendem a se perpetuar na fase adulta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">81</xref>). Dessa forma, é necessário que sejam construídas intervenções no ambiente escolar que considerem a relação entre essas duas problemáticas.</p>
<p>Os resultados também apontam para uma possível bidirecionalidade entre as variáveis de interesse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">72</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">74</xref>). Esse achado também pode ser condizente com a realidade, já que a literatura aponta que o uso de álcool na adolescência é preditor de envolvimento em violência, tanto para ser perpetrador quanto para ser vítima (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">82</xref>). Além disso, os adolescentes estão fazendo uso cada vez mais precoce de álcool, antes dos 15 anos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>). Porém, é válido destacar que o <italic>bullying</italic> tende a ocorrer em indivíduos mais jovens, e um fator de risco para ser vítima e perpetrador na adolescência é ter se envolvido em <italic>bullying</italic> na infância (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref83">83</xref>). Assim, esse problema, geralmente, já vem ocorrendo desde as séries iniciais do ensino fundamental. Portanto, parece mais provável que adolescentes se envolvam primeiro em <italic>bullying</italic>, para depois fazerem o uso de álcool e outras drogas.</p>
<p>A revisão também destaca que sofrimento psicológico, sintomas depressivos, baixo apoio social e falta de habilidades para enfrentar problemas são variáveis que mediam a relação entre envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> e consumo de álcool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">40</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">43</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">67</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">72</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">79</xref>). Uma revisão apontou que a exposição ao <italic>bullying</italic> está associada ao risco de desenvolver diversos transtornos mentais, principalmente, depressão e ansiedade, bem como ideação e comportamento suicida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">84</xref>). Além do mais, adolescentes com suporte social apresentam menos chances de serem vitimizados e intervenções com base no suporte social podem reduzir as consequências negativas do <italic>bullying</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref85">85</xref>). Por fim, desenvolver habilidades sociais no geral, como habilidades para a resolução de problemas, também podem promover relações interpessoais mais saudáveis ou ajudar os estudantes a saírem do ciclo da violência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref86">86</xref>). Portanto, é fundamental, além das intervenções universais, realizar também intervenções indicadas, voltadas para os adolescentes já envolvidos em <italic>bullying</italic>, com o intuito de ensiná-los formas mais adequadas de resolução de problemas e de estabelecer vínculos sociais, além de dar suporte para tratamento do sofrimento psicológico.</p>
<p>Ressalta-se que Espelage et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>) encontraram que o <italic>bullying</italic> mediou a relação entre violência na família e uso de álcool e outras drogas. Nesse sentido, estudos retratam que sofrer violência na família é um dos preditores de envolvimento dos indivíduos em <italic>bullying</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">87</xref>). Quando crianças e adolescentes sofrem violência na família, eles podem desenvolver baixa autoestima e assertividade, além de aprenderem a regra de que merecem ser violentados, o que os torna mais vulneráveis a serem vítimas de <italic>bullying</italic>. De outro modo, essas crianças e adolescentes violentados podem aprender a lidar com seus problemas e emoções negativas por meio da agressividade, comportamentos que são comuns na função de autoria. Além disso, sofrer violência na família também aumenta as chances de crianças e adolescentes fazerem consumo de álcool e outras drogas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">88</xref>). Assim, um indivíduo que foi vítima de violência intrafamiliar terá maiores chances de se envolver em <italic>bullying</italic>, o que aumentará ainda mais as chances de fazer uso nocivo de álcool.</p>
<p>Quanto aos papéis de <italic>bullying</italic>, parece ter uma concordância na literatura que a perpetração de <italic>bullying</italic>, como autor ou autor-vítima, aumenta as chances de fazer uso de álcool na adolescência, em ambos os sexos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38"> 38</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">39</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">45</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">47</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">49</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">54</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">55</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">58</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">59</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">61</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">62</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">64</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">65</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">68</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">69</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">71</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">76</xref>). Os autores podem fazer maior uso de álcool porque apresentam um menor controle de impulsos, bem como para lidar com o estresse no ambiente escolar, com a violência intrafamiliar e com seus comportamentos ansiosos e agressivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">82</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref86">86</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">88</xref>). Com relação aos autores-vítimas, Olivera e Marko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">84</xref>) afirmam que esses estudantes, com relação aos demais envolvidos no <italic>bullying</italic>, são os que estão mais expostos a graves desfechos de saúde mental, além de que são os que sofrem maior rejeição dos pares. Assim, esses indivíduos podem consumir álcool para conseguirem enfrentar, de maneira inadequada, situações de intenso sofrimento psicológico e falta de suporte social. Acentua-se que poucos estudos investigaram o papel de testemunhas. Ressalta-se que ser observador de <italic>bullying</italic>, com frequência, está relacionado com sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, baixo desempenho acadêmico e com crenças pessimistas sobre o futuro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">89</xref>). Recomenda-se, diante disso, que sejam produzidas mais pesquisas sobre o consumo de álcool e outras drogas por esses estudantes, visto que também sofrem as consequências do envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic>.</p>
<p>Vitimização por <italic>bullying</italic> também parece tornar os adolescentes mais propensos a fazer uso de álcool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">31</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">37</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">39</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">43</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44"> 44</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">46</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">48</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">52</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">54</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">56</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">58</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">60</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">63</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">66</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">68</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">72</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">74</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">77</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">79</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">80</xref>). Vítimas de <italic>bullying</italic> podem consumir álcool para suportar o sofrimento psicológico e as emoções negativas advindas da vivência frequente das agressões (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">84</xref>). Porém, aparentemente, há algumas divergências, pois alguns estudos encontraram associação negativa ou nenhuma associação. Esse cenário também foi encontrado com relação ao <italic>bullying</italic> e uso de substâncias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>). Contudo, ressalta-se que dos oito estudos que foram classificados como de boa qualidade pelo instrumento da NIH, quatro encontraram associação entre vitimização e uso de álcool. Assim, esses quatro estudos apresentaram menor risco de viés e apresentam uma validade interna melhor que os demais estudos, tornando os seus achados mais confiáveis. Além disso, a revisão demostrou que há relações de mediação que são relevantes para determinar se um adolescente vítima fará ou não uso de álcool, como o apoio social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">67</xref>), o que pode ser o motivo de alguns estudos não encontrarem associação ou associação negativa.</p>
<p>Além disso, encontraram-se também evidências de pesquisas que investigaram tipos específicos de <italic>bullying</italic> voltados para as minorias sociais: <italic>bullying</italic> homofóbico, racial e de gênero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">48</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">51</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">56</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">62</xref>). Esses estudos indicaram que ser autor ou vítima dessas violências pode estar relacionado ao uso de álcool e outras drogas. Uma revisão sistemática aponta que pessoas lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, transgêneros e <italic>queers</italic> (LGBTQ) se encontram em maior risco de sofrer diversos tipos de <italic>bullying</italic> em comparação com seus pares cisgênero e heterossexual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">90</xref>). Assim como indivíduos de minorias éticas/raciais também estão mais propensos a serem vitimizados, quando comparados às pessoas brancas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref91">91</xref>). Enfatiza-se que os estudantes vítimas, além de sofrerem as consequências negativas das agressões sistemáticas, ainda são impactados pelo estigma e pela negação de suas identidades, que podem gerar percepções negativas sobre si mesmos e sofrimento psicológico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">90</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref91">91</xref>). Diante disso, é fundamental que as intervenções preventivas nas escolas busquem promover o respeito às diferenças e aos direitos humanos, levando em consideração as questões étnico-raciais e a diversidade sexual e de gênero.</p>
<p>No que concerne às diferenças entre homens e mulheres, as evidências disponíveis mostraram que há uma maior chance de pessoas envolvidas em <italic>bullying</italic>, tanto homens quanto mulheres, fazerem uso de álcool do que as pessoas não envolvidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">34</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">65</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">66</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">80</xref>). Porém, indivíduos do sexo masculino parecem realizar um consumo mais frequente e pesado do que as mulheres. A literatura indica que indivíduos do sexo masculino têm a tendência de estarem mais envolvidos em <italic>bullying</italic>, como vítimas ou agressores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref83">83</xref>), e em consumo problemático de álcool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>). Esse contexto pode estar relacionado às diferenças culturais e normativas de gênero, nas quais homens apresentam maior tendência a emitir comportamentos agressivos, impulsivos e de dominação.</p>
<p>Em referência às limitações deste estudo, destaca-se que o processo de revisão foi finalizado nas etapas de avaliação da qualidade metodológica e na síntese descritiva dos resultados. Assim, apesar de terem se efetivado os passos principais para a realização de uma revisão sistemática, o processo poderia ter sido ampliado, sendo relevante incluir a análise de inconsistência, a imprecisão e o viés de publicação dos principais achados, bem como avaliar a possibilidade de se efetivar uma metanálise.</p>
<p>Os resultados encontrados podem servir de base para a construção de programas preventivos mais eficazes para o enfrentamento do consumo de álcool e do envolvimento em <italic>bullying</italic> na adolescência.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>Conclusões</bold></title>
<p>Adolescentes envolvidos em <italic>bullying</italic> e <italic>cyberbullying</italic> apresentam maiores chances de fazer uso de álcool do que adolescentes não envolvidos, sendo que agressores fazem maior uso de álcool em relação aos autores-vítimas e às vítimas. Além disso, os estudos que atingiram classificação de boa qualidade metodológica apresentaram os seguintes achados: vitimização e autoria por <italic>bullying</italic> ou <italic>cyberbullying</italic> foram associados ao consumo de álcool; o sofrimento psicológico mediou parcialmente a associação entre vitimização por <italic>cyberbullying</italic> e uso posterior de álcool; o <italic>bullying</italic> e a perpetração violenta mediaram a relação entre violência na família e uso de álcool e outras drogas; sintomas depressivos e uso de álcool são preditores de mais vitimização por <italic>bullying</italic>; a vitimização relacional esteve associada ao uso precoce de álcool.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>Considerações éticas</bold></title>
<p>Por se tratar de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, esta pesquisa não exigiu avaliação de um comitê de ética em pesquisa.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></title>
<p>DL Gonçalves Alves participou das etapas: planejamento, execução do processo de revisão, análise dos dados e redação do artigo. FJ Maia Pinto participou das etapas: planejamento, análise dos dados e revisão crítica do artigo. AC Stelko-Pereira participou das etapas: análise dos dados, redação do artigo e revisão crítica. B Rodrigues Nunes participou da execução do processo de revisão e da redação do artigo. S Rocha da Silva participou da execução do processo de revisão e da redação do artigo. T. Carneiro Cruz participou da execução do processo de revisão e da redação do artigo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>Financiamento</bold></title>
<p>Sem fonte de financiamento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>Conflitos de interesse</bold></title>
<p>Não houve conflitos de interesse.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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<app-group>
<app id="app1">
<title>Anexo</title>
<sec>
<title/>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Tabela A1</label>
<caption>
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<alt-text>Tabela A1 Descrição da estratégia de busca das bases de dados PubMed e Medline</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="54566349022_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fonte: elaboração própria.</attrib>
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</p>
</sec>
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