The strategic relevance of Venezuela from the perspective of China's energetic security
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May 6, 2022
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Abstract
The purpose of the article consists in analysing the tightening of the relations between China and Venezuela, since the beginning of 21th century, taking into consideration the geopolitical context. The article's hypothesis is that this phenomena has a geopolitical nature that is related to the search, by the chineses, of reducing their energetic vulnerability. That being said, the maintenance of the relations with Venezuela is considered strategic for three main reasons: two of them, related to geographical aspects (its location in the globe and its abundance in oil reserves); and the last refers to its political distance from the United States influence. The analysis built over this metter tends to be superfluous sometimes, as it excludes non economical aspects. The methodology is composed by two main stages: a theoretical review of the geopolitics of energetic security in China, and an empirical section, analysing the main components of sino-venezuelan relations.
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References
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República Bolivariana da Venezuela (2010). Ley Aprobatoria del Acuerdo entre el Gobierno de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y el Gobierno de la República Popular China sobre Cooperación para Financiamiento a Largo Plazo”. Gazeta Oficial No 39.511, 16 set. 2010. https://chinaenamericalatina.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Gaceta-Cooperaci%C3%B3n-para-financiamiento-a-largo-plazo.pdf
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Serviço Nacional de Estatística da China. (2016). China Statistic Yearbook (2016). http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm
Tan, X. (2013). China’s Overseas Investment in the Energy/Resources Sector: its scale, drivers, challenges and implications. Energy Economics, 36, 750-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.11.019
Visentini, P. F. (2011). A novíssima China e o Sistema Internacional. Revista de Sociología Política, 19(1), 131-141. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-44782011000400009
World Bank (2014). Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) - China. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE?locations=CN
Zhang, J., e Mingjia, X. (2016). China's Oil Product Pricing Mechanism: What role does it play in China's macroeconomy? China Economic Review, 3, 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.02.002
Zhang, J., Fan, Y., e Ji, Q. (2013). An Evaluation Framework for Oil Import Security Based on the Supply Chain with a Case Study Focused on China. Energy Economics, 38, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.03.014
Corrêa, A. P. (2015). Industrialização, Demanda Energética E Indústria De Petróleo E Gás Na China. En M. A. Cintra, E. B, Filho, e E. C. Pinto, (Orgs.), China em Transformação. dimensões econômicas e geopolíticas do desenvolvimento (pp. 189-236). IPEA.
Danrreuther, R (2011). China and Global Oil: vulnerability and opportunity. International Affairs, 87(6), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2011.01040.x
Debter, L. (2018, 24 de maio). The World's Largest Oil and Gas Companies 2017: Exxon Reigns Supreme, While Chevron Slips. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurengensler/2017/05/24/the-worlds-largest-oil-and-gas-companies-2017-exxon-mobil-reigns-supreme-chevron-slips/#2a21e6914f87
Departamento de Estado dos EUA. (2018). Venezuela-Related Sanctions. https://www.state.gov/e/eb/tfs/spi/venezuela/
Dollar, D. (2017, janeiro). China’s Investment in Latin America (Paper 4). Brookings.
Ellis, E. (2009). China in Latin America. the whats and wherefores. Lynne Rienner.
Energy Information Administration. (2015). Venezuela: international energy data and analysis.
Energy Information Administration (2018). China surpassed the United States as the world’s largest crude oil importer in 2017. Today Energy. Feb. 05, 2018. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34812
Energy Information Administration (2013). International Energy Outlook. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/pdf/0484(2013).pdf
Gallagher, K., Irwin, A., e Koleski, K. (2013). ¿Un mejor trato? Análisis comparativo de los préstamos chinos en América Latina. Universidade Nacional Autônoma do México.
Gautam, P. K. (2011). Mapping Chinese Oil and Gas Pipelines and Sea Routes. Strategic Analysis, 35(4), 595-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2011.576510
Hongbo, S. (2014). China-Venezuelan Oil Cooperation Model. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 13(5), 648-669. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341322
International Energy Agency. (2017). Venezuela. https://www.iea.org/countries/non-membercountries/venezuela/
International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook. Paris: IEA.
Jacobs, B. (2017, 12 de agosto). Trump threatens 'military option' in Venezuela as crisis escalates. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/11/donald-trump-venezuela-crisis-military-intervention
Jiang, J., e Sinton, J. (2011). Overseas Investments by China’s National Oil Companies. International Energy Agency.
Klare, M. (2008). Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet: the new geopolitics of energy. Oneworld Publications.
Li, R., e Leung, G. (2011). The Integration of China into the World Crude Oil Market since 1998. Energy Policy, 39, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.048
Medeiros, C. A., e Cintra, M. R. V. P. (2015). Impacto da Ascensão Chinesa sobre os Países Latino-americanos. Revista de Economía Política, 35(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572015v35n01a02
Meidan, M. (2016). China’s Loan for Oil: assets or liability? The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Chinas-loans-for-oil-WPM-70.pdf
Ministry of Commerce of People's Republic of China (MOFCOM) (2017). 对外直接投资统计公报 [Boletim Estatístico de Investimento Estrangeiro Direto]. http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/hzs/201810/20181029160118046.pdf
Morais, I. N. (2012). Cadeias Produtivas Globais e Agregação de Valor: a posição da China na indústria eletroeletrônica de consumo. Revista Tempo do Mundo, 4(3), 5-46. https://www.ipea.gov.br/revistas/index.php/rtm/article/view/70
Myers, M., e Gallagher, K. (2017). Chinese Finance to LAC in 2016. China-Latin America Report. The Dialogue. Leadrship for Americas. https://www.thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Chinese-Finance-to-LAC-in-2016-Web-and-email-res.pdf
Observatório da Complexidade Económica. (2018). Visualizations. https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country
Painter, D. (2012). Oil and the American Century. The Journal of American History: Oil in American History, 99(1), 24-39. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41510299
República Bolivariana da Venezuela (2008). Ley Orgánica de Reordenamiento del Mercado Interno de Los Combustíbles Líquidos. Gazeta Oficial No 39.019, 18 set. 2008. http://www.minpet.gob.ve/images/biblioteca/leyes/Ley_de_reordenamiento_del_mercado.pdf
República Bolivariana da Venezuela (2010). Ley Aprobatoria del Acuerdo entre el Gobierno de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y el Gobierno de la República Popular China sobre Cooperación para Financiamiento a Largo Plazo”. Gazeta Oficial No 39.511, 16 set. 2010. https://chinaenamericalatina.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Gaceta-Cooperaci%C3%B3n-para-financiamiento-a-largo-plazo.pdf
Robbinson, J. (2012). The Rise of the Petrodollar System: “Dollars for Oil”. Financial Sense. https://www.financialsense.com/contributors/jerry-robinson/the-rise-of-the-petrodollar-system-dollars-for-oil
Serviço Nacional de Estatística da China. (2016). China Statistic Yearbook (2016). http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2016/indexeh.htm
Tan, X. (2013). China’s Overseas Investment in the Energy/Resources Sector: its scale, drivers, challenges and implications. Energy Economics, 36, 750-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.11.019
Visentini, P. F. (2011). A novíssima China e o Sistema Internacional. Revista de Sociología Política, 19(1), 131-141. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-44782011000400009
World Bank (2014). Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) - China. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE?locations=CN
Zhang, J., e Mingjia, X. (2016). China's Oil Product Pricing Mechanism: What role does it play in China's macroeconomy? China Economic Review, 3, 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.02.002
Zhang, J., Fan, Y., e Ji, Q. (2013). An Evaluation Framework for Oil Import Security Based on the Supply Chain with a Case Study Focused on China. Energy Economics, 38, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.03.014
How to Cite
Nunes, T. A. (2022). The strategic relevance of Venezuela from the perspective of China’s energetic security. Papel Político, 25. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.papo25.revp
Section
International Relations
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