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<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">647</journal-id>
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<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">Universitas Psychologica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="es">Univ. Psychol.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1657-9267</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2011-2777</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Colombia</country>
<email>revistascientificasjaveriana@gmail.com</email>
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</publisher>
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<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="pmc">64762919019</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy19.prat</article-id>
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<subject>Artículos</subject>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Predicción del rendimiento académico a través de la práctica de relajación-meditación-<italic>mindfulness</italic> y el desarrollo de competencias emocionales<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Predicting academic performance through relaxation-meditation-mindfulness and emotional competences</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-9992</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Amutio</surname>
<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>alberto.amutio@ehu.eus</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2534-9340</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>López-González</surname>
<given-names>Luis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7130-7729</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Oriol</surname>
<given-names>Xavier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-2792</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pérez-Escoda</surname>
<given-names>Nuria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad del País Vasco, España</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad del País Vasco</institution>
<country country="ES">España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Barcelona, España</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Barcelona</institution>
<country country="ES">España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Andrés Bello</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Barcelona, España</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Barcelona</institution>
<country country="ES">España</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="corresp1"><sup>a</sup> Autor de correspondencia. Correo electrónico: <email>alberto.amutio@ehu.eus</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>21</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>20</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Este estudio tiene un doble objetivo, por un lado, conocer las relaciones existentes entre REMIND (relajación, meditación y <italic>mindfulness</italic>) competencia emocional (CE) y rendimiento académico (RA) en adolescentes; por el otro, analizar si la CE hace el rol de mediador entre REMIND y RA. La muestra se compone de 1 120 estudiantes de educación secundaria y bachillerato (51.96% mujeres) con una media de edad de 14.27 (<italic>DE</italic> =1.64). El análisis estadístico consistió fundamentalmente en comprobar la adecuación de las variables en cada uno de los modelos de ecuación estructural propuestos. En primer lugar, se calcularon los modelos de medida para después calcular los modelos SEM. Los resultados mostraron unas buenas relaciones entre variables y unos indicadores de ajuste aceptables para los modelos de medida. Así mismo, en el modelo global la CE aparece también como mediador entre REMIND y RA. Se concluye que las influencias en el RA ejercidas por REMIND en los modelos analizados son indirectas, a través de las competencias emocionales. Como conclusión, se destaca la conveniencia de que los docentes ejerciten en el aula programas o, al menos, ejercicios de REMIND para potenciar las competencias emocionales del alumnado y mejorar su RA.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The aim of this investigation was twofold: on the one hand, to know the relationships between REMIND (relaxation, meditation, and mindfulness), emotional competence (EC), and academic performance (AP) in adolescents, and, on the other hand, to analyze whether EC plays the role of mediator between REMIND and AP. The sample was made up of 1 120 secondary and high school students with a mean age of 14.27 (SD = 1.64), of which 51.96% were females. In addition to the correlations between variables, the statistical analysis checked the variables’ adequacy in each proposed structural equation model. Measurement models were first calculated, and then SEM models were obtained. The results showed good relationships between variables and acceptable adjustment indicators for measurement models. Likewise, in the global model, EC also appears as a mediator between REMIND and AP. It is shown that the influences on academic performance exerted by the practice of mindfulness in the analyzed models are indirect, through emotional competences. In conclusion, the advisability of teachers exercising mindfulness programs or at least relaxation exercises in the classroom to enhance students’ emotional competencies and improve their academic performance is highlighted.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>relajación</kwd>
<kwd>mindfulness</kwd>
<kwd>educación secundaria</kwd>
<kwd>competencia emocional</kwd>
<kwd>rendimiento académico</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>relaxation</kwd>
<kwd>meditation</kwd>
<kwd>mindfulness</kwd>
<kwd>secondary education</kwd>
<kwd>emotional competence</kwd>
<kwd>academic performance</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="3"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="105"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>Para citar este artículo</meta-name>
<meta-value>Amutio, A., López-González, L., Oriol, X., Pérez-Escoda, N. (2020). Predicción del rendimiento académico a través de la práctica de relajación-meditación-mindfulness y el desarrollo de competencias emocionales. <italic>Universitas Psychologica</italic>, 19. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy19.prat">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy19.prat</ext-link>
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<body>
<sec>
<title/>
<p>En el campo de la educación, la investigación sobre la atención plena (mindfulness) en adolescentes está creciendo rápidamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">Felver et al, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref109">Zenner et al., 2014</xref>). Una de las razones de este auge en la investigación sobre <italic>mindfulness</italic> en la adolescencia puede ser debido al alto grado de dispersión y baja atención de los estudiantes, y también a la falta de estrategias docentes para afrontar este hecho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref99">Semple et al., 2017</xref>). Paralelamente, se observa un creciente papel de la educación holística como integradora de las dimensiones cognitivas, físicas, emocionales y espirituales del alumnado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">Jennings, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">Roeser &amp; Pinela, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref101">Smith (2019)</xref>, <italic>mindfulness </italic>es tener consciencia del momento presente tal y como es. Implica un enfoque simple y mantenido con un mínimo de juicio distractorio y tensión. Por medio de la práctica continuada, aprendemos a concentrarnos en la tarea que estamos realizando en el momento, sin que la mente divague o se distraiga. Dicha práctica trae consigo estados de calma y de serenidad. Esto proporciona al alumnado una nueva perspectiva que facilita la reflexión y el aprendizaje. <italic>Mindfulness</italic> puede ser concebido como un rasgo psicológico, una habilidad, competencia o técnica y, actualmente, se presenta en diferentes formatos psicoterapéuticos (Intervenciones Basadas en <italic>Mindfulness</italic> [MBI’s]) y psicoeducativos (Programas Educativos Basados en <italic>Mindfulness</italic> [MBEPs]) en diferentes países (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">López-González et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Dentro del marco teórico de esta investigación, se amplía el concepto de <italic>mindfulness</italic> para incluir también técnicas de relajación y diferentes formas de meditación. A este más amplio espectro de técnicas se ha denominado REMIND (Relajación-Meditación-Mindfulness). REMIND están formadas por gran una variedad de ejercicios entre los que se incluyen: la relajación muscular progresiva, los estiramientos de yoga, las técnicas respiratorias, la imaginería o visualización, el entrenamiento autógeno, y diversos ejercicios de meditación y mindfulness (e.g., sensaciones físicas, emociones, pensamientos). El objetivo de REMIND va más allá del enfoque exclusivo en la atención, abarcando también otros aspectos relacionados con la interioridad e incluso la espiritualidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">López-González, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">López-González, Amutio, Oriol, et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref101">Smith, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Algunos investigadores indican que la adolescencia es el mejor período para aprender las técnicas de REMIND. Actualmente, existe un consenso sobre cómo la práctica REMIND brinda múltiples beneficios en la adolescencia, que incluye la disminución de la ansiedad y el estrés y un aumento del bienestar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Gouda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref111">Zoogman et al., 2015)</xref>. Sin embargo, según las últimas revisiones y metaanálisis sobre la efectividad de REMIND en el campo educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">Felver et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Klingbeil et al., 2017</xref>), se pueden observar algunas limitaciones generales: la falta de estudios con una metodología cualitativa, pocos estudios controlados, el hecho de que la mayoría de las intervenciones e investigaciones son adaptaciones de programas para adultos, muestras clínicas que se mezclan con muestras no clínicas, y que no se toman medidas de los procesos durante la intervención. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">Eklund et al., 2017</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57"> López-González et al., 2019</xref>). Además, la mayoría de estos estudios no consideran el contexto educativo y no incluyen variables importantes como las características del aula, el entorno escolar y el rendimiento académico. Finalmente, hay una falta de comparaciones de la efectividad entre diferentes intervenciones basadas en <italic>mindfulness </italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">López-González et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref99">Semple et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Competencia emocional, REMIND y Rendimiento académico</italic>
</title>
<p>Las competencias emocionales (CE) constituyen el conjunto de capacidades, habilidades y actitudes para comprender, expresar y regular las emociones que reflejan autonomía vital y habilidades sociales y personales para conseguir bienestar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">Bisquerra &amp; Pérez-Escoda, 2007</xref>). Así mismo, se sabe que la afectividad y el bienestar en la temprana adolescencia se ve supeditada a la regulación emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref91">Sager &amp; Dorjee, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref106">Wante et al., 2018</xref>). Entre los principales efectos de una mayor regulación emocional está la mejora del control inhibitorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Oberle et al., 2012</xref>) y, más concretamente, el de la impulsividad y agresividad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Franco et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Klingbeil et al., 2017</xref>), un mayor bienestar subjetivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Amutio et al., 2015</xref>), el incremento de la autocompasión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">Donovan et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">Galla, 2016</xref>), las habilidades interpersonales y la conducta prosocial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref83">Pizarro et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>El aprendizaje es un proceso complejo en el que son decisivos los aspectos socio-emocionales y motivacionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">Hayat et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">Järvelä, 2011</xref>), siendo el bienestar subjetivo un factor determinante en el rendimiento académico (RA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">Coo &amp; Escartín, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">Ros et al., 2017</xref>). Más específicamente, las emociones positivas acerca de los estudios predicen un mejor rendimiento académico (RA), tanto en adolescentes como en estudiantes universitarios de diferentes países (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Amutio et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">Fallhzadeh, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">Mega et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">Oriol et al., 2017</xref>). Así, existe una fuerte conexión entre las emociones académicas y el aprendizaje autorregulado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">Oriol et al., 2016</xref>). En un estudio longitudinal llevado a cabo por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">Pekrun et al. (2017)</xref> se mostró que las emociones positivas (disfrute, orgullo) predijeron positivamente los logros subsiguientes como las calificaciones de fin de curso, y que dichos logros, a su vez, predijeron dichas emociones de manera positiva. Por el contrario, los estudiantes con peor rendimiento académico reportaron mayores dificultades emocionales y de comportamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">Mega et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">Sánchez-García et al., 2018</xref>). Las emociones positivas en el entorno educativo ayudan a visualizar metas, resolver problemas de manera creativa y apoyan la autorregulación. Por su parte, las emociones negativas predicen negativamente los logros académicos, los cuales, a su vez, predicen negativamente estas emociones. Las emociones negativas pueden provocar el abandono del instituto, influir negativamente en la salud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref108">Zeidner, 2014</xref>) e incluso inducir al suicidio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">Arria et al., 2009</xref>). En este sentido, el riesgo de abandono escolar se relaciona positivamente con el neuroticismo y el uso de estrategias desadaptativas de regulación emocional. En cambio, dicho riesgo se relaciona negativamente con la extroversión, la amabilidad, y la inteligencia emocional de rasgo.</p>
<p>Actualmente, son pocos los estudios empíricos y muy escaso el conocimiento específico acerca de las relaciones entre los indicadores del RA y las estrategias y habilidades de regulación emocional, a pesar de las evidencias científicas sobre la estrecha conexión entre el desarrollo emocional y el procesamiento de funciones cognitivas tales como la atención, la percepción, la memoria, y otras funciones superiores del pensamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">Damasio, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">Immordino-Yang &amp; Damasio, 2007</xref>). Sin embargo, existe consenso sobre la necesidad de desarrollar y potenciar las CE en el ámbito educativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">Morales &amp; López-Zafra, 2009</xref>), ya que los niveles bajos de CE están relacionados con niveles bajos en el RA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">Franco et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">López-Cassá et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">Oriol et al., 2016</xref>). Por ello, se han llevado a cabo diferentes programas socioemocionales en centros educativos que promueven la adquisición y desarrollo de CE en estudiantes y que incluye el aprendizaje de habilidades de REMIND, lo cual tiene un efecto positivo en su RA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Durlak, et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref86">Rodríguez-Ledo et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Una de las líneas de investigación más actuales es el análisis de las relaciones existentes entre la práctica de REMIND y el RA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">López-González, Amutio, et al., 2018</xref>). Hay estudios que demuestran la mejora del RA mediante las técnicas de REMIND en jóvenes adolescentes, estudiantes de pregrado y universitarios de varios países (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">Ching et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">Coo &amp; Escartín, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">Méndez &amp; Rosado, 2018</xref>). Además, el nivel de hábitos relacionados con la práctica de REMIND en adolescentes predice su RA a través del clima de clase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">López-González et al., 2016</xref>). Es decir, el cultivo de <italic>mindfulness</italic> por parte de los docentes mejora el clima de clase, lo cual revierte en algunos aspectos del logro académico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Gouda et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Franco et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref50">Jennings et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Aun así, existen aún resultados contradictorios respecto a la influencia de REMIND en el RA en todas las áreas. Algunos estudios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">Beauchemin et al., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Bakosh et al., 2016</xref>) descubrieron que tanto en niños con buen nivel en habilidades cognitivas como los diagnosticados con dificultades de aprendizaje, la práctica de REMIND predecía su nivel en lectura y rendimiento en ciencias naturales, pero no en matemáticas, escritura o ciencias sociales. Por el contrario, existe un trabajo que sí relaciona positivamente el entrenamiento de REMIND con las notas de matemáticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref95">Schonert-Reichl et al., 2015</xref>). Otro estudio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">Docksai, 2013</xref>) demostró que aquellos estudiantes a los que les gustaba practicar REMIND mostraban notas más altas en tests estandarizados y en exámenes del instituto. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">McCloskey (2015)</xref> encontró que la práctica asidua de REMIND ayuda en el logro académico en estudiantes con desorden en las funciones ejecutivas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Mrazek et al. (2013)</xref> observaron que REMIND mejoraba, además de la mente errante, los resultados del GRE (<italic>Graduate Record Exam</italic>), que se realiza en los Estados Unidos antes de ingresar en estudios de grado.</p>
<p>Según la investigación realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">López-González, Amutio, Oriol, et al. (2018)</xref> existen tres factores implícitos en REMIND que se relacionan de manera directa con el RA: 1) Conciencia Sensorial-Contemplación-Interioridad, 2) Relajación, y 3) Atención-Concentración (en el momento presente).</p>
<p>El concepto <italic>interioridad</italic> es un constructo emergente, próximo a <italic>espiritualidad</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">López-González, 2015</xref>) y a la experiencia subjetiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">Fujino, 2013</xref>). Se refiere a la capacidad de buscar y sentir la bondad, la verdad y la belleza en la vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">Gardner, 2011</xref>). La interioridad implica autoconocimiento, autopacificación, sensibilidad general y artística, gusto por la soledad, admiración, asombro, descubrimiento del significado de la vida y abrirse a la contemplación o a la trascendencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">Jennings, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">López-González, 2015</xref>). Así, los adolescentes suelen tener experiencias de <italic>sensibilidad, absorción y espiritualidad</italic> que están muy relacionadas con la práctica de REMIND, pero no se suelen tener muy en cuenta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">Cobb et al, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">Miller, 2014</xref>). Se ha comprobado en diversas investigaciones que este factor de <italic>Conciencia Sensorial-Contemplación-Interioridad</italic> desempeña un papel crucial en el bienestar psicológico y mejora la conducta y la prosocialidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Kemeny et al., 2012</xref>), y que son suficientes un entrenamiento de tres meses para fomentar la conciencia interoceptiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">Bornemann et al., 2014</xref>). Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref110">Zlotnik &amp; Toglia (2018)</xref> encontraron resultados relevantes sobre la contribución que la autoconciencia puede tener en el desempeño del individuo, siendo adecuado trabajar la conciencia sensorial en alumnado con bajo desempeño.</p>
<p>En la misma línea, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">Coo y Escartín (2018)</xref> comprobaron que la <italic>Relajación </italic>en la realización de las tareas académicas ayudaba a sacar mejores notas al alumnado que había practicado REMIND respecto al que no la había realizado, en línea con los resultados de otras investigaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Amutio et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Franco et al., 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>Por su parte, la <italic>Atención-Concentración</italic> se relaciona con la CE en lo que concierne, sobre todo, a la conciencia y regulación emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">Bisquerra, 2009</xref>), y juega un papel muy importante en nuestras actividades diarias y en todo aprendizaje. Hay suficientes evidencias de que el alumnado con mejor capacidad de atención y concentración obtiene mejores logros académicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">Bester &amp; Brand, 2013</xref>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref100"> Sha &amp; Saleem, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref107">Zeidan et al., 2010</xref>). Así mismo, el control atencional está relacionado de forma negativa con el estado de ansiedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref102">Spada et al., 2010</xref>). Al parecer, la temprana adolescencia parece una edad clave para que las prácticas concentrativas como <italic>mindfulness </italic>mejoren las redes atencionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">Baijal et al., 2011</xref>) y la regulación emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">Metz et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">Roemer et al., 2015</xref>). En un sentido opuesto, en un metaanalisis de 35 estudios (n= 6.207 estudiantes), se concluyó que, aunque existen fundamentadas evidencias de que las intervenciones basadas en <italic>mindfulness </italic>(MBI’s) tienen efectos positivos en los procesos cognitivos y socio-emocionales, no mejoran la conducta ni el logro académico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">Maynard et al., 2017</xref>). Sin embargo, este resultado discrepa de los resultados obtenidos por otros investigadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Mrazek et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">Méndez &amp; Rosado, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">Coo &amp; Escartín, 2018</xref>), incluido el hallazgo de un estudio reciente de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">Franco et al. (2020)</xref> que han demostrado la influencia positiva de un programa de <italic>mindfulness</italic>denominado <italic>Meditación-Fluir</italic> en la  mejora de los niveles de motivación de logro y de aprendizaje en una muestra de estudiantes inmigrantes de origen lationamericano que estudiaban Bachillerato (16-18 años) en España.</p>
<p>Existen suficientes evidencias de que la práctica de REMIND influye de manera positiva en el estrés, la ansiedad y la depresión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">Jacob &amp; Sharma, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Menezes &amp; Bizarro, 2015</xref>) y mejora la salud mental en adolescentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">Saptiang et al., 2018</xref>). En esta línea, es sabido que la relajación es eficaz para reducir la excitación fisiológica y aumentar las emociones positivas en los estudiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Amutio et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">Peciuliene et al., 2015</xref>), ya que las emociones negativas respecto al estudio y a la realización de exámenes, incluyendo el estrés, influyen negativamente en el rendimiento académico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">Boekaerts &amp; Pekrun, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>La cuestión que se plantea en este estudio es: ¿La práctica de las técnicas REMIND puede producir un aprendizaje de competencias socio-emocionales que, a su vez, mejoren el RA? El objetivo de este estudio es doble. Por un lado, comprobar si REMIND se relaciona con la competencia emocional y el rendimiento académico y, por el otro, si la CE actúa de mediadora entre REMIND y RA. De ello surgen dos hipótesis: i) REMIND se relaciona tanto con CE como con RA; ii) la CE actúa de mediadora entre REMIND y RA.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>
<bold>Método</bold>
</title>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Participantes</italic>
</title>
<p>La muestra está compuesta por 1.120 alumnos de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) y Bachillerato entre 12 y 18 años de cuatro centros diferentes en España: dos institutos públicos y dos escuelas privadas en Madrid y Barcelona, correspondiente a diferentes niveles de educación: primero, segundo, tercer y cuarto grado de ESO, y primer y segundo año de Bachillerato (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Tabla 1</xref>). Los participantes fueron voluntarios, debidamente informados y firmaron la correspondiente autorización.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Tabla 1</label>
<caption>
<title>
<italic> Muestra de estudiantes por nivel académico, género y edad</italic>
</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1  Muestra de estudiantes por nivel académico, género y edad</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64762919019_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Instrumentos</italic>
</title>
<p>
<italic>Escala de Relajación y Mindfulness para Adolescentes (EREMIND-A; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">López-González, Amutio, Oriol, et al., 2018</xref>).</italic> Es una escala tipo Likert de 18 ítems que mide tres factores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Tabla 2</xref>): atención-concentración (en el momento presente) (F1) (e.g., “acostumbro a hacer las cosas sin tensiones y sin ponerme nervioso/a”); habilidades de relajación (F2) (e.g., “creo que aprender a relajarse es muy difícil y se tarda mucho tiempo”), y conciencia sensorial-contemplación-interioridad (F3) (e.g., “durante el día toma conciencia de mi respiración”). Hay cuatro respuestas posibles (1 = nada; 2 = un poco; 3 = considerablemente; 4 = mucho). La fiabilidad (<italic>alpha Cronbach</italic>) para la muestra estudiada fue 0.72.</p>
<p>
<italic>Cuestionario Breve de Educación Emocional (CBEE; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">Pérez-Escoda et al., 2000</xref>).</italic> Consta de 20 elementos y mide cinco dimensiones: autoconciencia emocional (e.g., “me siento triste sin ningún motivo”), autoestima (e.g., “me siento bien conmigo mismo/a”), habilidades de relación social (e.g., “cuando veo que he molestado a alguien procuro pedirle perdón”), resolución de problemas (e.g., “cuando tengo algún problema pienso en diversas soluciones para resolverlo”), y habilidades de vida y bienestar (e.g., “organizo bien mi tiempo libre”). Tiene cuatro posibilidades de respuesta: 1 = nunca, 2 = a veces 3 = frecuentemente, 4 = siempre. El alfa de Cronbach para la muestra estudiada fue 0.78.</p>
<p>
<italic>Rendimiento académico</italic>. La medición del rendimiento académico de cada estudiante se obtuvo por las medias globales correspondientes al final de las calificaciones del curso del año en que se respondieron los cuestionarios.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Análisis estadísticos</italic>
</title>
<p>Se realizaron análisis de correlación para observar las relaciones entre las variables. Para comprobar la adecuación de las variables en cada uno de los modelos de ecuación estructural propuestos se calcularon, en primer lugar, los modelos de medida para después calcular los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales mediante el programa AMOS.22. Para determinar los ajustes de los modelos propuestos se tuvieron en cuenta las recomendaciones hechas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">Bentler y Chou (1987)</xref> para realizar análisis de ecuaciones estructurales. Esos autores sugieren que la proporción de tamaño de la muestra y el número de parámetros libres debe ser cercano de cinco a uno. Los valores por debajo de 5 se consideran aceptables para el coeficiente χ<sup>2</sup> / g.l, mientras que en el caso de RMSEA 0.8 indica un ajuste aceptable, y los valores por debajo de 0.5 indican un buen ajuste del modelo. Por otro lado, los valores inferiores a 0.8 son preferibles para SRMR (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">Hu &amp; Bentler, 1999</xref>), mientras que los valores superiores a 0.90 indican un ajuste aceptable para CFI e IFI.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>
<bold>Resultados</bold>
</title>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Correlaciones</italic>
</title>
<p>Como se puede observar en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Tabla 2</xref>, las relaciones entre todas las variables entre sí y los tres factores implícitos en REMIND fueron todas ellas positivamente significativas.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt3">
<label>Tabla 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Correlaciones entre las medias de las variables</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 2 Correlaciones entre las medias de las variables</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64762919019_gt4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn4" fn-type="other">
<label>**</label>
<p>Correlación significativa, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01 (2 colas).</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Modelos de medida </italic>
</title>
<p>Para verificar que el modelo y las variables analizados son adecuados, se calculó en primer lugar tres modelos de medida para cada una de los modelos estructurales propuestos. Tal como se observa en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt4">tabla 3</xref>, los indicadores de ajuste para los tres modelos de medida fueron aceptables.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt4">
<label>Tabla 3</label>
<caption>
<title>
<italic>Índices de ajuste de los modelos de medidas </italic>
</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 3 Índices de ajuste de los modelos de medidas</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64762919019_gt5.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Modelo de ecuación estructural del factor Atención-Concentración (en el momento presente) sobre rendimiento académico a través de competencia emocional</italic>
</title>
<p>Se calculó un primer modelo de ecuación estructural considerando la relación entre el factor <italic>Atención-Concentración (en el momento presente) </italic>a través de competencia emocional con RA. Los índices de ajuste del modelo de ecuación estructural son adecuados χ<sup>2</sup> = 66.674 χ<sup>2</sup>/g.l. = 3.05; TLI = 0.92, CFI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.046. Para este modelo, el factor <italic>atención-concentración (en el momento presente)</italic> predice de forma positiva a las competencias emocionales (<italic>p</italic> = 0.40, <italic>p</italic>&lt; 0.05), y las competencias emocionales predicen el RA (<italic>p</italic> = 0.14, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). Sobre el efecto indirecto, la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref> muestra los resultados obtenidos a través del método <italic>bootstrapping</italic> con un efecto indirecto significativo en el rendimiento académico a través de la competencia emocional (<italic>IC</italic> = [0.024, 0.102]); <italic>p &lt;</italic>0.001).</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>
<italic>Figura 1.</italic>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Modelo de Mediación Estructural entre el factor Atención-Concentración (en el momento presente) y el Rendimiento Académico a través de las Competencias Emocionales</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1. Modelo de Mediación Estructural entre el factor Atención-Concentración (en el momento presente) y el Rendimiento Académico a través de las Competencias Emocionales</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64762919019_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Modelo de ecuación estructural del factor Relajación sobre rendimiento académico a través de competencias emocionales</italic>
</title>
<p>Se calculó el segundo modelo de ecuación estructural considerando las competencias emocionales como mediadoras en la relación entre el factor <italic>Relajación</italic>y RA. Los resultados muestran un buen índice de ajuste también para este modelo χ<sup>2</sup> = 38.390 χ<sup>2</sup>/g.l. = 4.86; TLI = 0.91, CFI = 0.91, SRMR = 0.060. La relajación muestra una relación positiva significativa sobre las competencias emocionales (<italic>p</italic>= 0.21, <italic>p</italic>&lt; 0.05), y las competencias emocionales una relación significativa sobre el rendimiento académico (<italic>p</italic> = 0.18, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf2">Figura 2</xref> se observa un efecto indirecto significativo entre la relajación y el RA a través de las competencias emocionales (<italic>IC</italic> = [0.016, 0.070]); <italic>p</italic>&lt; 0.01)</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf2">
<label>
<italic>Figura 2.</italic>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Modelo de Mediación Estructural entre el factor Relajación y el Rendimiento Académico a través de las Competencias Emocionales</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 2.  Modelo de Mediación Estructural entre el factor Relajación y el Rendimiento Académico a través de las Competencias Emocionales</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64762919019_gf3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Modelo de ecuación estructural del factor Conciencia Sensorial-Contemplación-Interioridad sobre rendimiento académico a través de competencias emocionales</italic>
</title>
<p>Se calculó el tercer modelo de ecuación estructural considerando la relación entre el factor <italic>Conciencia Sensorial-Contemplación-Interioridad</italic> y RA a través de competencias emocionales. Los resultados muestran un buen índice de ajuste también para el modelo χ<sup>2</sup> = 170.811 χ<sup>2</sup>/g.l. = 5.05; TLI = 0.91, CFI = 0.91, SRMR = 0.051 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf3">Figura 3</xref>). Esta dimensión muestra una relación positiva significativa sobre las competencias emocionales (<italic>p</italic> = 0.11, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05), y las competencias emocionales mostraron también en este modelo una muy fuerte relación sobre RA (<italic>p</italic> = 0.84,<italic> p</italic>&lt; 0.05). Se observa también un efecto mediador de las competencias emocionales sobre el rendimiento en este factor (<italic>IC</italic> = [0.021, 0.075]); <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01).</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf3">
<label>
<italic>Figura 3.</italic>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Modelo de Mediación Estructural entre el factor Conciencia Sensorial-Contemplación-Interioridad y el Rendimiento Académico a través de las Competencias Emocionales</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 3. Modelo de Mediación Estructural entre el factor Conciencia Sensorial-Contemplación-Interioridad y el Rendimiento Académico a través de las Competencias Emocionales</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64762919019_gf4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<italic>Modelo de ecuación estructural del factor global REMIND sobre el rendimiento académico a través de competencias emocionales</italic>
</title>
<p>Finalmente, se calculó un modelo considerando la puntuación global de REMIND sobre el RA a través de competencias emocionales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf4">Figura 4</xref>). Los resultados obtenidos a través del método <italic>bootstrapping</italic> mostraron un efecto indirecto significativo sobre el índice global de REMIND en el RA a través de la competencia emocional (<italic>IC</italic> = [0.350, 0.459]); <italic>p</italic>= 0.05).</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf4">
<label>
<italic>Figura 4.</italic>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Modelo de Mediación Estructural entre la Puntuación Global de Relajación-Meditación-Mindfulness (REMIND) y el Rendimiento Académico a través de las Competencias Emocionales</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 4. Modelo de Mediación Estructural entre la Puntuación Global de Relajación-Meditación-Mindfulness (REMIND) y el Rendimiento Académico a través de las Competencias Emocionales</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64762919019_gf5.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>
<bold>Discusión</bold>
</title>
<p>Respecto al primer objetivo que era conocer las relaciones entre REMIND, CE y RA, los resultados demostraron que existen relaciones significativas de las tres variables entre sí y con los tres factores de la escala EREMIND-A, por lo que se cumple la primera hipótesis, a saber, que REMIND se relaciona tanto con CE como con RA. Estos resultados están en consonancia con otros trabajos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">Agnoli et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Downey, et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Franco et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Hill &amp; Updegraff, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>En lo que concierne al segundo objetivo, los resultados de los tres primeros modelos correspondientes a cada factor REMIND, indican que la CE es buen mediador entre cada uno de ellos y el RA, ya que en el Modelo 3 la CE predice de manera notable el RA (<italic>p</italic> = 0.84, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05).  El hecho de que el factor <italic>Conciencia Sensorial-Interioridad-Contemplación</italic> tenga el mayor poder predictivo se explica porque este factor incluye disposiciones actitudinales de autoconocimiento, autopacificación, apertura contemplativa y gusto por la soledad, admiración, curiosidad y sensibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">López-González, Amutio, Oriol, et al., 2018</xref>).  En este sentido, los adolescentes con mayor nivel de competencia emocional presentan menor implicación en conductas de acoso en clase y <italic>cyberbulling</italic> y una mayor empatía y compasión hacia los demás (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">Franco et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref94">Schoeps et al., 2018</xref>), así como un mayor RA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Franco et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">Oriol et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Por su parte, el factor que mejor predijo la CE fue la <italic>Atención-Concentración (en el momento presente)</italic>, correspondiente al Modelo 1. Esto puede deberse a que algunas competencias emocionales como conciencia y control emocional requieren de un grado considerable de atención y discernimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">Boden &amp; Thompson, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">Metz et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">Roemer et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref86">Rodríguez-Ledo et al., 2018</xref>). En esta línea, hay estudios que corroboran cómo el rendimiento académico mejora de manera indirecta a través de una serie de factores, entre los que se encuentran además de elementos emocionales, la <italic>atención </italic>y la<italic> concentración </italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">Jha et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref105">Wall, 2005</xref>).</p>
<p>Las funciones cognitivas mejoran con la práctica de REMIND (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref107">Zeidan et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Jha et al., 2017</xref>), especialmente en procesos atencionales (e.g., control de la atención, orientación y el estado de alerta), pues REMIND reduce la interferencia emocional en tareas cognitivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">Ortner et al., 2007</xref>). Son diversas las investigaciones que muestran cómo el <italic>mindfulness</italic> mejora la atención focalizada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">Hodgins &amp; Adair, 2010</xref>) y la atención sostenida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">Ching et al., 2015</xref>), así como otras habilidades cognitivas como la memoria a corto y largo plazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">Lykins et al., 2012</xref>), la flexibilidad cognitiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref85">Raffone &amp; Srinivasan, 2017</xref>), el procesamiento de la información y la efectividad del aprendizaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">Ching et al., 2015</xref>), las cuáles son imprescindibles para el éxito académico. Este tipo de prácticas también puede mejorar las funciones ejecutivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Mrazek et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Semple et al, 2010</xref>), la planificación, la toma de decisiones, y la autorregulación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">Howell &amp; Buro, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref103">Teper et al., 2013</xref>). Así mismo, la práctica de REMIND potencia la metacognición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">Flook et al., 2010</xref>) y los comportamientos orientados a objetivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Gallant, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>En cuanto al efecto del factor 2-<italic>Relajación</italic>, el resultado está en línea con la revisión sistemática efectuada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Andrés et al. (2017)</xref>, donde la regulación emocional cobra cada vez más interés por su capacidad predictiva del RA, y porque es frecuente observar que gran parte de las intervenciones con REMIND en adolescentes incluyen, además de la atención-concentración, el trabajo de la relajación y ejercicios de yoga (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">López-González, Amutio, Oriol, et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">Jennings, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref99">Semple et al., 2017</xref>;  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref101">Smith, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref105">Wall, 2005</xref>).</p>
<p>En resumen, las influencias en el RA ejercidas por REMIND en los cuatro modelos analizados son indirectas, y se cumple la hipótesis 2, según la cual la CE actúa de mediadora entre REMIND y RA. Este resultado está en consonancia con otros estudios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">López-González, Amutio, &amp; Herrero-Fernández, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref109">Zenner, et al., 2014</xref>). Así, y según el metaanálisis realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">Maynard et al. (2017)</xref>, <italic>mindfulness</italic>no mejora directamente el rendimiento académico, pero sí afecta positivamente los procesos cognitivos y los procesos socioemocionales. En esta línea, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">Rosenstreich y Margalit (2015)</xref> encontraron que la práctica de<italic> mindfulness</italic> disminuía la influencia negativa que los sentimientos de soledad tenían en el rendimiento académico de una muestra de estudiantes.</p>
<p>Los resultados corroboran, también, que existe una influencia directa entre REMIND y CE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Hill &amp; Updegraff, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref97">Schonert-Reichl &amp; Lawlor, 2010</xref>). Este es un dato importante, teniendo en cuenta que la adolescencia es una etapa en la que a menudo aparecen trastornos depresivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">Raes et al., 2014</xref>), conductas de riesgo y manifestaciones de agresividad e impulsividad, lo cual parece ser debido, entre otros factores, a un bajo nivel de competencia emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Franco et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Gouda et al., 2016</xref>). En un estudio llevado a cabo con 336 adolescentes australianos, cuyo objetivo era examinar las relaciones de la desregulación y la ansiedad social con <italic>mindfulness</italic> se mostraron correlaciones negativas moderadas entre dichas variables. El trabajo concluyó que la práctica de técnicas de regulación emocional y de <italic>mindfulness</italic> influían de manera positiva en adolescentes con alta ansiedad social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Hambour et al., 2018</xref>). En la misma línea, en otro estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Hill y Updegraff (2012)</xref> se observó que <italic>mindfulness</italic> se asociaba con una mayor diferenciación emocional y menos dificultades emocionales (e.g., labilidad emocional y desregulación emocional), cumpliendo la regulación emocional una función de mediadora. Además, las prácticas REMIND facilitan el desarrollo de emociones positivas relacionadas con el bienestar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Amutio et al., 2015</xref>), las cuales, a su vez, facilitan el aprendizaje y el RA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">Oriol et al, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Entre las principales limitaciones del estudio pueden encontrarse las siguientes: i) el tipo de muestra empleada, ya que no fue elegida de forma aleatoria sino por accesibilidad; ii) el diseño transversal, ya que hacen falta más estudios de carácter experimental y longitudinal para comprobar las relaciones causales entre las variables analizadas.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>
<bold>Conclusiones</bold>
</title>
<p>En cuanto a las implicaciones, parece necesario y viable que los docentes ejerciten programas en el aula, o al menos ejercicios de REMIND para prevenir el estrés académico y mejorar el RA. Así, este estudio contribuye también a argumentar tal necesidad, al igual que han hecho otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">D’Souza et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Klingbeil et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">López-Hernáez, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref97">Schonert-Reichl &amp; Lawlor, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref96">Schonert-Reichl &amp; Roeser, 2016</xref>). En este sentido, cabe destacar que la práctica diaria de tan solo diez minutos de REMIND proporciona beneficios fisiológicos, cognitivos, emocionales, sociales y académicos en el campo educativo de los adolescentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">Felver et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref104">Volanen et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref111">Zoogman et al., 2015</xref>), especialmente en el alumnado con bajo desempeño (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref110">Zlotnik &amp; Toglia, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Como recomendaciones adicionales y líneas de investigación futuras derivadas de los resultados de la presente investigación, se destaca la necesidad de: i) incluir la práctica de la Relajación (e.g., ejercicios yoga, relajación muscular, imaginería) en los MBI’s y programas educativos basados en mindfulnesss (MBEP’s) dirigidos a adolescentes, ii) la necesidad de realizar más estudios experimentales sobre la influencia de REMIND en el RA. Además, hay una falta de estudios sobre los mecanismos potenciales de la efectividad de los programas de <italic>mindfulness</italic> en el cambio de comportamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Klingbeil et al., 2017</xref>). Este estudio contribuye a arrojar luz sobre esta importante cuestión. Adicionalmente, un mérito importante de esta investigación es el de utilizar una medida objetiva de rendimiento, y no solo el autoreporte.</p>
<p>Para concluir, se destacan las palabras del propio <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">William James (1950)</xref>, quien decía:</p>
<p>
<disp-quote>
<p>“… la facultad de traer voluntariamente la atención errante, una y otra vez, es precisamente el fundamento del discernimiento, el carácter y la voluntad. Nadie es maestro de sí mismo si no la tiene. La educación que mejore esta facultad sería la educación por excelencia (p. 401)”.</p>
</disp-quote>
</p>
</sec>
</body>
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