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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">647</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">Universitas Psychologica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="es">Univ. Psychol.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1657-9267</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2011-2777</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Colombia</country>
<email>revistascientificasjaveriana@gmail.com</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="pmc">64768658001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy20.taaa</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artículos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Terapias y actividades asistidas con animales para niños con TEA: un estudio de revisión<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Animal Assisted Therapies and Activities for Children with ASD: A Literature Review</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4458-5763</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Tárraga-Mínguez</surname>
<given-names>Raúl</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>raul.tarraga@uv.es</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1560-1952</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lacruz-Pérez</surname>
<given-names>Irene</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0330-7281</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Peiró-Estela</surname>
<given-names>Rosa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6919-6150</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Sanz-Cervera</surname>
<given-names>Pilar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de València</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de València</institution>
<country country="ES">España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de València</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de València</institution>
<country country="ES">España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de València</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de València</institution>
<country country="ES">España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<institution content-type="original">Universitat de València</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de València</institution>
<country country="ES">España</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="corresp1"><sup>a</sup> Autor de correspondencia. Correo electrónico: <email>raul.tarraga@uv.es</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Enero-Diciembre</season>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>26</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>28</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Este trabajo incluye una revisión de la literatura publicada entre 2010 y 2019 que aborda la efectividad de las Terapias y Actividades Asistidas con Animales como intervención con niños y adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, ProQuest, ERIC y Google Scholar, empleando los términos [(<italic>animal assisted therapy </italic>OR<italic> animal assisted intervention </italic>OR<italic> dog-assisted therapy </italic>OR<italic> equine-assisted therapy</italic> OR <italic>dolphin-assisted therapy</italic>) AND (<italic>autism</italic> OR <italic>ASD</italic>)]. Se identificaron 245 estudios, de los cuales se seleccionaron 40 con base en diferentes criterios de inclusión, tales como que las intervenciones descritas tengan un enfoque psicoeducativo y sean evaluadas mediante instrumentos rigurosos. En cada uno de ellos se revisaron las variables analizadas, los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados, las características de cada intervención y los resultados obtenidos. Los resultados sugieren que los animales más utilizados son el caballo y el perro, y que este tipo de intervención tiene efectos positivos para niños con TEA en áreas como la interacción y la comunicación social, el comportamiento y el desarrollo motor, entre otros. Se concluye que es una intervención beneficiosa para niños y adolescentes con autismo, aunque siempre como complemento de otro tipo de tratamientos.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>This work includes a review of the literature published from 2010 to 2019 that addresses the intervention of Animal Assisted Therapies and Activities as an intervention with children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A bibliographic search was conducted in the databases PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, ProQuest, ERIC and Google Scholar, using the terms [(<italic>animal assisted therapy </italic>OR<italic> animal assisted intervention</italic> OR<italic> dog-assisted therapy </italic>OR<italic> equine-assisted therapy</italic> OR <italic>dolphin-assisted therapy</italic>) AND (<italic>autism</italic> OR <italic>ASD</italic>)]. 245 studies have been identified, of which 40 have been selected based on different inclusion criteria, such as that the interventions described have a psychoeducational approach and are evaluated using rigorous instruments. The variables analyzed, the evaluation instruments used, the characteristics of each intervention and the results obtained have been reviewed in each of them. Results suggest that the most used animals are the horse and the dog; and this type of intervention has positive effects for children and adolescents with ASD in areas such as interaction and social communication, behavior and motor development, among others. It is concluded that it is a beneficial intervention for children and adolescents with autism, although just as a complement to other types of treatments.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>actividades asistidas con animales</kwd>
<kwd>autismo</kwd>
<kwd>intervención</kwd>
<kwd>revisión sistemática</kwd>
<kwd>terapia asistida con animales</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>animal assisted activities</kwd>
<kwd>autism</kwd>
<kwd>intervention</kwd>
<kwd>systematic review</kwd>
<kwd>animal assisted therapy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="1"/>
<table-count count="7"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="58"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>Para citar este artículo</meta-name>
<meta-value>Tárraga-Mínguez, R., Lacruz-Pérez, I., Peiró-Estela, R., &amp; Sanz-Cervera, P. (2021). Terapias y actividades asistidas con animales para niños con TEA: un estudio de revisión. <italic>Universitas Psychologica</italic>, <italic>20</italic>, 1-11. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy20.taaa">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy20.taaa</ext-link>
</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title/>
<p>El Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo caracterizado por déficits persistentes en la comunicación y la interacción social y patrones de conducta, intereses o actividades restrictivas y repetitivas. Existen tres niveles de severidad del TEA, y puede ir acompañado de algún déficit intelectual o del lenguaje o alguna comorbilidad, como ocurre frecuentemente con el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) ([DSM-5] <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">American Psychiatric Association, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Estudios recientes indican una prevalencia del TEA de entre 1 por cada 59 y por cada 160 niños (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS], 2019</xref>). El incremento de la prevalencia ha conducido a un aumento de la investigación y de la implementación de diferentes intervenciones. Dentro de estas, se distinguen, entre otras, las intervenciones psicoeducativas, centradas en promover cambios conductuales y la adquisición de habilidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Mills &amp; Marchant, 2011</xref>) y las farmacológicas, que buscan reducir algunas condiciones asociadas al autismo como la inatención (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Berry et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>En las últimas décadas han cobrado peso terapias alternativas a estos tipos de intervención (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">Zhukova et al., 2020</xref>), como por ejemplo la Intervención Asistida con Animales (IAA), donde estructuradamente se incorpora un animal en la intervención para obtener algún beneficio terapéutico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">International Association of Human-Animal Interaction Organizations [IAHAIO], 2014</xref>). Son intervenciones prometedoras tal y como muestra el metaanálisis de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">Nimer y Lundahl (2007)</xref>, en el que se concluye que los animales pueden mejorar el bienestar de las personas, especialmente de las que presentan diversidad funcional. Dentro de la IAA se incluyen la Terapia Asistida con Animales (TAA) y las Actividades Asistidas con Animales (AAA). La TAA debe ser implementada por profesionales certificados y pretende mejorar el funcionamiento físico, cognitivo, conductual y/o socioemocional del sujeto. Las AAA persigue fines educativos, motivacionales y recreativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">IAHAIO, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">Zhukova et al., 2020</xref>). En los últimos años, se han realizado diversas revisiones de estudios sobre este tema con la intención de identificar, resumir y evaluar la eficacia de la IAA en personas con TEA.</p>
<p>Sobre la IAA, en general, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">O’Haire (2013)</xref> revisó 14 artículos (publicados entre 1989 y 2012), y más adelante analizó 28 estudios publicados entre 2012 y 2015 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">O’Haire, 2017</xref>). Ambas revisiones señalan efectos positivos de la intervención, entre ellos: reducción de problemas conductuales y de la severidad del TEA y aumento de la interacción social. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">Dimolareva y Dunn (2020)</xref> realizaron un metaanálisis sobre esta temática y encontraron que las IAA, aunque no mejoraban significativamente la puntuación global de sintomatología TEA, generalmente sí producían una ligera mejora en las áreas de interacción y comunicación social.</p>
<p>Algunas revisiones centradas únicamente en la terapia asistida con perros y sus efectos en niños con TEA han evidenciado que estas intervenciones pueden promover cambios en el comportamiento y una reducción del estrés y la ansiedad en los niños con TEA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Hallyburton &amp; Hinton, 2017</xref>), un aumento de los comportamientos verbales y una mejora del bienestar familiar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Berry et al., 2013</xref>) y una mejora en el comportamiento social de los niños con autismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">Hardy &amp; Weston, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Otro tipo frecuente de estudios revisados son aquellos centrados en las actividades y terapias asistidas con caballos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">Mapes &amp; Rosén, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">McDaniel &amp; Wood, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Wiese et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Trzmiel et al., 2019</xref>). Estas revisiones han puesto de manifiesto que la intervención con caballos contribuye a mejorar en los niños y adolescentes con TEA aspectos como la comunicación e interacción social, el comportamiento, la motricidad y una reducción del tiempo de respuesta en situaciones de resolución de problemas.</p>
<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática sobre las TAA y las AAA en niños y adolescentes con TEA, publicadas entre 2010 y 2019. Se considera que este trabajo puede suponer una contribución relevante para el campo de estudio, ya que se trata de la revisión más amplia de las realizadas hasta el momento, tanto por temática de las intervenciones incluidas como por el período que abarca.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title><bold>Método</bold></title>
<p>Los artículos incluidos en esta revisión se encontraron mediante una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos: PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, ProQuest, ERIC y Google Scholar. Se utilizaron como palabras clave <italic>animal assisted therapy, animal assisted intervention, dog-assisted therapy, equine-assisted therapy</italic> y <italic>dolphin-assisted therapy </italic>combinadas con <italic>autism </italic>o ASD. La búsqueda se limitó a los estudios publicados entre 2010 y 2019.</p>
<p>Los criterios de inclusión utilizados en la selección fueron: a) artículos que analizaran la efectividad de las TAA y AAA en niños y adolescentes con TEA desde un enfoque psicoeducativo; b) la intervención podía emplear cualquier animal, pero no robots que simularan serlo; c) participantes con diagnóstico TGD (<italic>DSM-IV-TR</italic>) o TEA (<italic>DSM-5</italic>); d) estudios empíricos en los que se implementara una intervención evaluada cualitativa o cuantitativamente mediante instrumentos rigurosos y e) artículos publicados en revistas científicas evaluados por pares. La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref> resume el proceso de búsqueda y aplicación de los diferentes criterios de selección.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Diagrama del proceso de búsqueda de artículos</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1 Diagrama del proceso de búsqueda de artículos</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64768658001_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p>Para conocer la efectividad de las TAA y AAA como intervención para niños y adolescentes con TEA, el análisis de los estudios seleccionados se centró principalmente en la extracción de los siguientes datos: participantes (muestra total, edad, sexo y diagnóstico), instrumentos de recogida de datos (incluyendo los tiempos de evaluación), intervención (animal, número de sesiones, implementadores y contexto) y resultados obtenidos en las áreas evaluadas. Asimismo, se recogió información relativa a la identificación de los artículos: autores y año de publicación.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title><bold>Resultados</bold></title>
<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Tabla 1</xref> se resume el análisis de los 40 estudios revisados sobre los efectos de la TAA y las AAA en niños y adolescentes con TEA. El número total de participantes de las investigaciones revisadas es 1100, con edades entre 0 y 17 años. Se conoce el sexo de 1066 participantes: 854 son chicos y 212 son chicas.</p>
<p>Además de TEA, en algunos estudios los participantes presentan otros diagnósticos, como TDAH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">Anderson &amp; Meints, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Griffioen et al., 2019</xref>), o discapacidad intelectual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Kršková et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Kwon et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Memishevikj &amp; Hodzhikj, 2010</xref>). Algunos estudios incluían grupos de comparación con participantes neurotípicos, aunque no se han tenido en cuenta estos resultados.</p>
<p>El efecto de las TAA y AAA en la socialización, la comunicación y la interacción social se estudió en nueve artículos, utilizando instrumentos como la Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Diez investigaciones analizaron cómo esta intervención puede producir cambios conductuales y mejorar la capacidad de autorregulación, evaluados en algunos estudios mediante The Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C). En ocho trabajos se investigaron los efectos de la intervención en la sintomatología TEA, utilizando principalmente la Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). El efecto en las habilidades motoras se investigó en tres estudios mediante el Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). La influencia en el desarrollo del lenguaje se indagó principalmente en cuatro artículos. Los seis artículos restantes enfocaron el estudio en la evaluación del efecto de la intervención en la calidad de vida del niño o adolescente con TEA: reducción del nivel de estrés y de ansiedad y mejora del bienestar y funcionamiento familiar. Del total de 40 artículos, 14 comparan los resultados con un grupo control con la condición de no intervención u otro tipo de intervención, y 25 artículos son estudios con un diseño pretest-postest.</p>
<p>Se emplearon diferentes animales, siendo el más frecuente el caballo (21 estudios) seguido del perro (15 investigaciones). En los cuatro estudios restantes, dos se llevaron a cabo con delfines, uno con cobayas y otro con cerdos guineanos.</p>
<p>Existe gran heterogeneidad en la duración de las intervenciones. En el estudio con cobayas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Kršková et al., 2010</xref>), se urilizaron 20 días; de los que trabajan con delfines, el máximo de sesiones fue de 52, siendo el estudio con mayor duración de la revisión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">Md Yusof &amp; Chia, 2012</xref>), y en la intervención con cerdos guineanos hubo 16 sesiones de contacto con el animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">Mazgaonkar, 2017</xref>). En los estudios donde se introdujo un perro en la familia, la máxima duración fue de cuatro semanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Viau et al., 2010</xref>), y cuando se emplea el perro como terapia fuera del hogar, la intervención de mayor duración es la de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref50">Rodrigues et al. (2018)</xref> donde se intervino 4h al día durante 2 meses. En las intervenciones con caballos el número de sesiones osciló entre 5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Van der Steen et al., 2019</xref>) y 32 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Al-Shirawi et al., 2018a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">2018b</xref>).</p>
<p>Se conoce el formato de la intervención de 28 estudios revisados. Las sesiones son grupales en 17 y el número más frecuente de participantes por grupo oscila entre dos y cuatro. En siete investigaciones, se intervino individualmente y en otros cuatro se combinaron ambos formatos.</p>
<p>Las intervenciones con caballos o delfines se han realizado en lugares adecuados para el animal como centros hípicos o delfinarios. Sin embargo, otro tipo de intervenciones se han implementado en centros escolares o centros de atención a personas con TEA. En los estudios con caballos, aparecen prácticamente siempre las mismas figuras como implementadores: un instructor certificado, dos asistentes a los lados del caballo y un guía para el animal. En el resto de intervenciones son frecuentes implementadores, los terapeutas especializados en IAA o terapeutas ocupacionales, y los propios adiestradores del animal.</p>
<p>En 38 de los 40 estudios incluidos, se obtienen resultados que pueden considerarse positivos, ya que consiguen mejoras significativas en la mayoría de las variables sobre las que intervienen. Concretamente, las áreas en las que aparece una mayor mejora son: interacción y comunicación social, problemas conductuales, habilidades motoras y comunicación verbal. En los dos estudios restantes, en los que no se obtienen resultados que puedan considerarse positivos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">Jenkins y Reed (2013)</xref> identifican mejorías, pero no resultados realmente significativos, mientras que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Memishevikj y Hodzhikj (2010)</xref> encontraron incluso empeoramiento del comportamiento tras la intervención.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Tabla 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Resumen de los estudios incluidos en la revisión</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="64768658001_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
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<table-wrap-foot>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn9" fn-type="other">
<p><italic>Notas</italic>. PATH: Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International. FISE: Federazione Italiana Sport Equestri.</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title><bold>Discusión</bold></title>
<p>Este trabajo pretendió realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios publicados en la última década que abordan la efectividad de las TAA y las AAA en niños y adolescentes con TEA. Los resultados sugieren que esta intervención les proporciona resultados positivos, y que se trata de un tema de interés creciente, ya que 19 de los 40 estudios revisados se han publicado en los últimos tres años.</p>
<p>Este hallazgo coincide con el de revisiones anteriores, como las de O’Haire (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">2017</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">Dimolareva y Dunn (2020)</xref>, donde se destaca la relación entre la IAA y un aumento de la interacción social en niños y adolescentes con autismo, lo cual también se ha encontrado en más de la mitad de los estudios analizados. Que se hayan realizado revisiones teóricas centradas únicamente en la intervención con perros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Berry et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Hallyburton &amp; Hinton, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">Hardy &amp; Weston, 2020</xref>) o con caballos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">Mapes &amp; Rosén, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">McDaniel &amp; Wood, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Trzmiel et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Wiese et al., 2016</xref>) concuerda con lo encontrado en este trabajo, ya que ambos animales son los que se emplean más habitualmente en las TAA y las AAA, y por ello su eficacia como animales de terapia parece ser la que cuenta con el mayor aval de evidencia empírica.</p>
<p>Los estudios realizados con perros han mostrado su eficacia en mejorar tanto aspectos conductuales como la calidad de vida del niño con TEA (reducción niveles de estrés y ansiedad, mejora estado del ánimo y del bienestar familiar); mientras que los que han empleado el caballo han resultado beneficiosos especialmente para el desarrollo motor.</p>
<p>Una variable que puede afectar a los resultados es el contexto de intervención. En el caso de los perros, puede darse en la escuela de los participantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">Becker et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">Fung, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">Fung &amp; Leung, 2014</xref>) o en un centro terapéutico donde acuden regularmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">Grigore &amp; Bazgan, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Mey, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref50">Rodrigues et al., 2018</xref>), lo cual facilita la participación de al tratarse de un espacio habitual y familiar para los niños.</p>
<p>En la intervención con caballos, las características del animal facilitan trabajar en un contexto próximo a la naturaleza. El hecho de que este contexto sea probablemente desconocido para los sujetos se puede contrarrestar con los múltiples beneficios que conlleva trabajar en un entorno natural para las personas con TEA, como reducción del estrés y mejora del procesamiento sensorial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">Byström et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Existen algunas hipótesis que pueden contribuir a entender los motivos de la efectividad de las IAA en niños y adolescentes con autismo. Una de ellas sería que, dado que al interactuar con animales no influye en los aspectos puramente lingüísticos o de interpretación de expresiones faciales (habilidades habitualmente problemáticas para las personas con TEA), estas interacciones pueden resultarles más sencillas y representar un entrenamiento idóneo para realizar aprendizajes que faciliten posteriormente las interacciones con otros niños.</p>
<p>Otra posible explicación es que, si el niño o adolescente con TEA se siente bien interactuando con el animal, la mera presencia de este suponga un incentivo para autorregular su comportamiento y reducir las conductas problemáticas, por lo que la interacción con el animal sería un refuerzo a las conductas deseadas por parte de los implementadores de la intervención.</p>
<p>Asimismo, también es posible que el trabajo con animales en determinados casos sea positivo para personas con autismo, porque frecuentemente conlleva actividad física, lo cual puede suponer una mejora de las habilidades motoras necesarias para el aumento de la participación social.</p>
<p>En conclusión, este estudio ha encontrado resultados positivos respecto a la efectividad de la TAA y las AAA en niños y adolescentes con TEA. Sin embargo, resulta fundamental aclarar que son estrategias de intervención que deben considerarse siempre complementarias a las intervenciones de corte psicoeducativo y/o farmacológico que cuentan con una evidencia empírica ya ampliamente contrastada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Berry et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Mills &amp; Marchant, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">Zhukova et al., 2020</xref>). Por tanto, estas intervenciones nunca deben sustituir las estrategias tradicionales, pero sí han demostrado su eficacia como complementarias, que pueden contribuir a optimizar los resultados en niños y adolescentes con TEA.</p>
<p>Igualmente, debe tenerse en cuenta que son intervenciones donde los implementadores deben ser profesionales formados específicamente para ello. Esto es una carencia que se ha detectado en esta revisión, pues, aunque en 33 de los 40 estudios, se explica quiénes son los implementadores, solo en siete se especifica cuál es su certificación (mayoritariamente certificados por el centro PATH).</p>
<p>Las conclusiones derivadas de esta revisión deben ser tenidas en cuenta atendiendo a algunas limitaciones. En primer lugar, posiblemente estén influenciadas por el sesgo de publicación. Dado que no se han incluido en la revisión artículos no publicados, es posible que las conclusiones derivadas de la revisión sobreestimen el potencial de este tipo de intervenciones, ya que existe una marcada tendencia a publicar con mayor probabilidad los estudios que obtienen resultados positivos en comparación con los estudios que no alcanzan estos resultados.</p>
<p>Finalmente, como propuesta para futuras investigaciones en este ámbito, sería importante atender nuevas variables no contempladas hasta el momento, como analizar si existen subgrupos de niños y adolescentes con TEA que puedan verse más favorecidos por las IAA (por ejemplo dependiendo de la edad, cociente intelectual o nivel lingüístico), o analizar si estas intervenciones funcionan mejor dependiendo de con cuáles otras de tipo psicoeducativo se combinen (metodología <italic>Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication-handicapped Children </italic>[TEACCH], formación a padres, apoyo conductual positivo, terapia de integración sensorial, etc.).</p>
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<fn-group>
<title>Notas</title>
<fn id="fn1" fn-type="other">
<label>*</label>
<p>Artículo de revisión. Este estudio ha recibido financiación económica y de recursos humanos por parte de la Universitat de València (INV 19-01-13-02) y el Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital del Gobierno de España (Proyecto EDU-2016-78867R AEI/FEDER, UE).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn2" fn-type="other">
<label>**</label>
<p>Las referencias marcadas con un asterisco (*) contienen los estudios incluidos en la revisión (véase <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
</fn>
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