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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">647</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">Universitas Psychologica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="es">Univ. Psychol.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1657-9267</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2011-2777</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Colombia</country>
<email>revistascientificasjaveriana@gmail.com</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="pmc">64768658010</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy20.eaiu</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artículos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Experiencias adversas en la infancia y el uso de drogas en la adolescencia y adultez: un análisis de la evidencia<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Adverse Childhood Experiences and Drug Use in Adolescence and Adulthood: an Analysis of Evidence</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-6949</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Rojas-Jara</surname>
<given-names>Claudio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>crojasj@ucm.cl</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-9049</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Polanco-Carrasco</surname>
<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5349-7570</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Caycho-Rodríguez</surname>
<given-names>Tomás</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9457-7518</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Acuña-Espinoza</surname>
<given-names>Rocío</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2499-8883</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>González-Serrano</surname>
<given-names>Camila</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1410-8293</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Roa-Méndez</surname>
<given-names>Paula</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4625-567X</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Rojas-Román</surname>
<given-names>Aníbal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-2325</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Sepúlveda-López</surname>
<given-names>María Alfonsina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Práctica privada</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Práctica privada</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Privada del Norte</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Privada del Norte</institution>
<country country="PE">Perú</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Católica del Maule</institution>
<country country="CL">Chile</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="corresp1"><sup>a</sup> Autor de correspondencia. Correo electrónico: <email>crojasj@ucm.cl</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Enero-Diciembre</season>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>13</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>29</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El objetivo de este estudio es la revisión de la evidencia actual sobre la relación entre la vivencia de experiencias adversas en la infancia y el posterior uso de drogas en la adolescencia y adultez, y sus características. La metodología utilizada fue una revisión sistemática de publicaciones científicas, entre el periodo 2013-2017, disponibles en la base de datos Scopus sobre experiencias adversas en la infancia y el uso de drogas en la adolescencia y adultez que arrojó un total de 69 publicaciones incluidas en el estudio. Las experiencias adversas en la infancia presentan una elevada relación con el uso y/o abuso de drogas en la adolescencia y adultez. El consumo de drogas en adolescentes y adultos expuestos a experiencias traumáticas en la infancia se da principalmente en hombres. Las drogas mayormente usadas son alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y fármacos no recetados y, en menor medida, opioides, cocaína y anfetaminas. Las drogas, en este sentido, cumplen el rol de barrera química para distanciar el dolor emocional que deriva del recuerdo de las experiencias traumáticas y su intensa carga psíquica. Se requieren acciones de promoción del buen trato en la infancia, así como el abordaje terapéutico temprano de niños expuestos a experiencias traumáticas.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The aim of this study is to review the current evidence on the relation between adverse experiences in childhood and subsequent drug use in adolescence and adulthood and its characteristics. The methodology used was a systematic review of scientific publications, between the period 2013-2017, available in the Scopus database related to adverse experiences in childhood and drug use in adolescence and adulthood that yielded a total of 69 publications included in the study. Adverse experiences in childhood have a high relation with the use and/or abuse of drugs in adolescence and adulthood. Drug use in adolescents and adults exposed to traumatic experiences in childhood occurs mainly in men. The most commonly used drugs are alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and non-prescription drugs, and to a lesser extent opioids, cocaine and amphetamines. Drugs, in this sense, play the role of chemical barrier to distance the emotional pain that derives from the memory of the traumatic experiences and its intense psychic load. Actions of promotion of good treatment in childhood are required, such as the early therapeutic approach of children exposed to traumatic experiences.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>Experiencias adversas en la infancia</kwd>
<kwd>Abuso infantil</kwd>
<kwd>Abuso de drogas</kwd>
<kwd>Abuso de sustancias</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Adverse childhood experiences</kwd>
<kwd>Childhood abuse</kwd>
<kwd>Drug abuse</kwd>
<kwd>Substance abuse</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="1"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="84"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>Para citar este artículo</meta-name>
<meta-value>Rojas-Jara, C., Polanco-Carrasco, R., Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Acuña-Espinoza, R., González-Serrano, C., Roa-Méndez, P., Rojas-Román, A., &amp; Sepúlveda-López, M. A. (2020). Experiencias adversas en la infancia y el uso de drogas en la adolescencia y la adultez: un análisis de la evidencia. <italic>Universitas Psychologica</italic>, <italic>20</italic>, 1-15. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy20.eaiu">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy20.eaiu</ext-link>
</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title/>
<p>El uso problemático de drogas (UPD) es una preocupante situación de salud pública debido a sus importantes repercusiones –tanto a nivel individual como colectivo– y existe gran interés en el análisis de factores que influyen en su aparición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Amaro et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">Fuentes et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">UNODC, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Un factor que influye en la prevalencia del consumo de drogas en la adolescencia y adultez son las vivencias traumáticas experimentadas en etapas tempranas del ciclo evolutivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">Fergusson et al., 2013</xref>). Las experiencias adversas en la infancia (EAI) se definen como un espectro de eventos negativos que se relacionan entre sí, donde la falta de recursos individuales, familiares y/o ambientales para abordarlos satisfactoriamente pueden transformarles en vivencias traumáticas perdurables, afectando de forma directa el desarrollo del individuo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">Forster et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">Vega-Arce &amp; Núñez-Ulloa, 2017</xref>). Las EAI abarcan desde el abuso sexual, el maltrato físico o psicológico, la violencia en el contexto social del infante, hasta la separación, enfermedad mental o encarcelamiento de los padres, entre otras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">Vega &amp; Núñez, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">Vega-Arce &amp; Núñez-Ulloa, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Durante el último periodo los investigadores buscan cada vez más factores en la infancia que ayuden a comprender las circunstancias que marcan el inicio de trayectorias de UPD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">Arbel et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Fuller-Thomson et al., 2016</xref>). Existe evidencia que propone una estrecha vinculación entre las EAI y el UPD en la adultez (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Kiburi et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">Shin et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">Walsh &amp; Cawthon, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>Otros aportes señalan que adolescentes con historia de EAI consumen drogas en un intento por hacer frente a la angustia relacionada con el trauma en la medida que progresan a la edad adulta, por lo que destacan la necesidad de programas que aborden el maltrato y la disfunción familiar tempranamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">Forster et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Por lo tanto, es importante investigar cómo se vinculan las EAI con el UPD en la adolescencia y/o adultez; por ello, el objetivo de este estudio se propone identificar las características de dicha relación a partir de una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos comprendidos entre los años 2013 al 2017, en Scopus. Esta base de datos es reconocida en el mundo científico como una de las más prestigiosas y con mayor cobertura, que se transforma en un importante espacio de referencia para investigadores e investigadoras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">Ferrer &amp; Delgado, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">Polanco-Carrasco, 2016</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title><bold>Método</bold></title>
<p>Para este estudio se desarrolló una revisión sistemática que permitió analizar publicaciones científicas actualizadas, del periodo 2013 al 2017 en la base de datos Scopus, relacionadas con las experiencias adversas en la infancia y el consumo de drogas en la adolescencia y/o adultez. Para ello se efectuó una evaluación de artículos científicos, orientado según el método PRISMA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">Liberati et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">Moher et al., 2009</xref>), dividiendo el proceso de selección en cuatro etapas: (1) diseño de estrategia de búsqueda bibliográfica, (2) selección de artículos de acuerdo a criterios de inclusión y exclusión, (3) extracción de datos de los estudios, y (4) análisis crítico de la información de acuerdo a la calidad de la evidencia (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref>). En la búsqueda inicial, desarrollada el 2 octubre de 2018, y utilizando los términos “<italic>Adverse childhood experiences</italic>”, “<italic>Childhood abuse</italic>”, “<italic>Drug abuse</italic>” y “<italic>Substance abuse</italic>”, según los descriptores DeCS (descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud) y el uso de operadores booleanos en el algoritmo de búsqueda [“<italic>Adverse childhood experiences</italic>” OR “<italic>Childhood abuse</italic>” AND “<italic>drug abuse</italic>” OR “<italic>substance abuse</italic>”], se encontraron 973 coincidencias. Se retiraron aquellos artículos fuera del rango de los 5 años de antigüedad, artículos duplicados, estudios con conflicto de interés, quedando un primer total de 105 registros. Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación de elegibilidad y contenido de cada artículo descartando 36 de ellos por presentar información incompleta, parcial, o irrelevante para los objetivos de este estudio.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Procedimiento de selección de artículos</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1 Procedimiento de selección de artículos</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64768658010_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p>El proceso de cribado implicó finalmente que 69 publicaciones científicas fueran parte de esta revisión (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Tabla 1</xref>), cuyos contenidos, análisis y síntesis se ofrecen a continuación.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Tabla 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Resumen de estudios incluidos en la revisión</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1 Resumen de estudios incluidos en la revisión</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64768658010_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt2">
<label>Tabla 1 (cont.)</label>
<caption>
<title>Resumen de estudios incluidos en la revisión</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1 (cont.) Resumen de estudios incluidos en la revisión</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64768658010_gt3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt3">
<label>Tabla 1 (cont.)</label>
<caption>
<title>Resumen de estudios incluidos en la revisión</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1 (cont.) Resumen de estudios incluidos en la revisión</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64768658010_gt4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt4">
<label>Tabla 1 (cont.)</label>
<caption>
<title>Resumen de estudios incluidos en la revisión</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1 (cont.) Resumen de estudios incluidos en la revisión</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="64768658010_gt5.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title><bold>Resultados</bold></title>
<sec>
<title><italic>Experiencias adversas en la infancia (EAI)</italic></title>
<p>La infancia es la parte más crítica en la vida de un individuo en términos del desarrollo conductual, emocional, cognitivo y social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">Duprey et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref50">Lu et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref83">Wardell et al., 2016</xref>). Por ello, resulta necesario observar las vivencias ocurridas en este período y determinar cómo estas afectan e inciden en el desarrollo, dado que las EAI y su acumulación durante la vida generan efectos negativos en niños (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Jääskeläinen et al., 2016</xref>) y jóvenes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">Elton et al., 2014</xref>) aumentando el riesgo de iniciar el consumo de drogas a una edad temprana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">Brown &amp; Shillington, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">Proctor et al., 2017</xref>) con las consecuencias esperables en la adultez (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">Walsh &amp; Cawthon, 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>Las EAI son eventos estresantes y/o traumáticos que pueden incluir maltrato físico, psicológico y sexual, negligencia, disfunción doméstica, exposición a la violencia y el crimen, el UPD y los problemas psiquiátricos de los padres, la muerte de un amigo o familiar cercano, además de las experiencias asociadas a robos, accidentes automovilísticos, daños a la propiedad y desastres naturales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">Abajobir et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Allem et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">Bunford et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">Choi et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">Cimino et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Fang &amp; McNeil, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">Friestad et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">Greger et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Mersky et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">Pizzanelli et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">Quinn et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">Smith &amp; Saldana, 2013</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>EAI y uso de drogas</bold></title>
<p>El UPD es uno de los resultados más comunes asociados con EAI y representa una amenaza importante para la salud pública (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Banducci et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">LeTendre &amp; Reed, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">Longman-Mills et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>La exposición a las adversidades convencionales y socioculturalmente relevantes en la infancia se asoció al inicio temprano del consumo de alcohol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">Ramos-Olazagasti et al., 2017</xref>). Asimismo, la pobreza y los problemas económicos experimentados durante la infancia, se asociaron a una creciente probabilidad de fumar en forma regular, como también de consumir alcohol y cannabis de forma esporádica en la adultez (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">Lee et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>La gravedad de la negligencia en los primeros cuatro años de vida es relevante para el desarrollo e internalización de síntomas en la adolescencia, en comparación con los efectos que se produjeron en la infancia media y tardía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">Duprey et al., 2017</xref>). Diversas investigaciones afirman que los individuos que experimentaron EAI tienen más probabilidades de presentar UPD, siendo el alcohol y el tabaco las más consumidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">Abajobir et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">Bunford et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">Choi et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Gonçalves et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">Keane et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">Konstenius et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">Liu et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">Longman-Mills et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">Oshri et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">Quinn et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">Ramos-Olazagasti et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">Sperry &amp; Widom, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">Taplin et al., 2014</xref>). A su vez, las personas con antecedentes documentados de maltrato y negligencia infantil reportaron niveles significativamente más bajos de apoyo social en la edad adulta. Por tanto, este tipo de apoyo desempeñaría un papel importante en la mediación y la moderación de algunas consecuencias a largo plazo de las EAI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">Sperry &amp; Widom, 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Según diversos estudios, la separación o divorcio de los padres generaron mayores probabilidades de UPD, principalmente tabaco y cannabis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Allem et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Fuller-Thomson et al., 2013</xref>). De igual modo, las enfermedades mentales que presentaron los padres o cuidadores, así como también la muerte de los padres, se asociaron de manera significativa con un riesgo más alto en el desarrollo de UPD en adolescentes y adultos que pasaron por dichas experiencias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">Choi et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">Giordano et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">Otowa et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
<p>Una investigación efectuada en EEUU evidenció que, tanto para mujeres como hombres, las probabilidades de consumir alcohol en exceso estaban relacionadas con vivenciar cuatro o más experiencias de este tipo. Se agrega además que las personas que se desarrollaron en hogares caóticos y disfuncionales tienen más probabilidad de ingerir alcohol en grandes cantidades como un mecanismo de afronte a estas situaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Fang &amp; McNeil, 2017</xref>). Otros estudios plantean la relación entre personas que se desarrollan en hogares desorganizados (o donde se presencie violencia doméstica como forma indirecta de victimización), EAI y el consumo de drogas en algún momento de sus vidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Fuller-Thomson et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Gonçalves et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>Diversas investigaciones señalan que el abuso infantil, tanto físico como verbal, se asoció con mayores probabilidades de consumir alcohol, cannabis y tabaco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Allem et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">Armour et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">Benjet et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">Bunford et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Fuller-Thomson et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Gonçalves et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">Mandavia et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">Meng &amp; D’Arcy, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">Proctor et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">Ramos-Olazagasti et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>El abuso físico infantil se asocia con UPD en la vida adulta, por lo que, si bien aparece como un factor de riesgo, esa relación probablemente esté mediada por afecciones psiquiátricas como la ansiedad y los trastornos depresivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">Tonmyr &amp; Shields, 2017</xref>). Asimismo, un estudio reciente refiere una correlación entre el abuso infantil, el uso de drogas, problemas de control de la ira y la autolesión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Taşören, 2017</xref>). Por otra parte, en estudios centrados en población privada de libertad se observó un vínculo entre abuso físico en la infancia y abuso de drogas en la vida adulta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">Chen &amp; Gueta, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Marotta, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Taşören, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>En cuanto al maltrato infantil de índole sexual, se evidencia que las personas que sufrieron este tipo de abuso presentaron mayores probabilidades de un UPD lícitas e ilícitas en la adultez (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Allem et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">Berg et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">Bunford et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">Dishon-Brown et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">Mandavia et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">Meng &amp; D’Arcy, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">Lotzin et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Meléndez Rodríguez et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">Smith &amp; Saldana, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Tinoco et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">Ulibarri et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Un estudio realizado en Nicaragua señala que sujetos adultos que sufrieron abusos sexuales durante la infancia presentaron consumo de al menos una droga (cannabis, cocaína, éxtasis o heroína) en los últimos 12 meses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Meléndez Rodríguez et al., 2015</xref>). Además, el abuso sexual infantil se asocia a factores de riesgo de salud mental en la vida adulta como depresión y estrés postraumático, lo que se relaciona con el UPD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">Bird et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">Carliner et al., 2016</xref>; Dishon-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">Brown et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">Fergusson et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Holl et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Mersky et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Skinner et al., 2016</xref>) incluidos fármacos no recetados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">Brockie et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">Quinn et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">Tonmyr &amp; Shields, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Investigaciones refieren que un grupo significativo de dependientes a opioides que vivenciaron EAI utilizaban esta droga como un anestésico emocional, ya que, tal parece las drogas ayudan a mantener cierta distancia emocional con el dolor psíquico protegiéndolos de los desencadenantes diarios de los recuerdos traumáticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">Ding et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Elhammady et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold>Características de la relación entre EAI y UPD</bold></title>
<sec>
<title><bold><italic>EAI y tipos de drogas utilizadas</italic></bold></title>
<p>Diversos autores coinciden en que el inicio del consumo de drogas –cuando existen antecedentes de EAI– comienza de manera temprana, principalmente en la etapa de la pubertad y la adolescencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">González et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Jääskeläinen et al., 2016</xref>). Según la evidencia, el uso de sustancias en jóvenes y adultos con EAI inicia con el alcohol, el tabaco y el cannabis antes del uso de otras drogas como las anfetaminas, la cocaína, el éxtasis o la heroína (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">Armour et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">de Amaya et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">Garcia Baquero et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">González et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">Longman-Mills et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Meléndez Rodríguez et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">Pizzanelli et al., 2015</xref>). El uso generalizado de alcohol y tabaco puede verse justificado, ya que son drogas socialmente más aceptadas por su condición legal, y además, por la exposición constante a su publicidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Gonçalves et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold><italic>EAI, uso de drogas y género</italic></bold></title>
<p>En cuanto a variables de género asociadas al consumo de sustancias y EAI se ha encontrado que son los hombres quienes más utilizan drogas en general, sea de forma intermitente o regular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Fuller-Thomson et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Meléndez Rodríguez et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">Peñalba et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Tinoco et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">Verona et al., 2016</xref>). Ser hombre, en dicho sentido, constituye un factor de riesgo pues plantea una mayor probabilidad de alcanzar un UPD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">Giordano et al., 2014</xref>). Otros estudios describen de forma específica que el alcohol, el cannabis, la cocaína y los fármacos, son los tipos de sustancias más utilizadas por los varones adultos con EAI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">Cross et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">Keane et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Meléndez Rodríguez et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">Ross et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold><italic>EAI, uso de drogas y relación con pares</italic></bold></title>
<p>Como se ha mencionado anteriormente, el uso de drogas no está alejado de componentes sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">Kogan et al., 2017</xref>). Gran parte de la población adulta con EAI, tanto consumidores como no consumidores, declara tener amigos que usan drogas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">de Amaya et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">González et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Martínez Díaz et al., 2015</xref>). A su vez, adultos con EAI señalaron haber consumido drogas en alguna etapa de su vida, reportando que su primer uso fue con algún amigo que ya usaba drogas. Debido a esto se analizaron las drogas más utilizadas por pares de adultos con EAI, y el alcohol junto con el tabaco ocupan los primeros lugares, seguidos del cannabis y la cocaína (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">de Amaya et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">Garcia Baquero et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title><bold><italic>EAI, uso de drogas, prevención y acción</italic></bold></title>
<p>Desde una perspectiva de prevención e intervención, un historial de EAI sugiere un enfoque de actuación específico y duradero en los procesos de regulación de la emoción, que pueden haber sido interrumpidos por una infancia traumatizada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">Kogan et al., 2017</xref>). La clave para evitar consecuencias negativas relacionadas con las EAI es, en primer lugar, la promoción del buen trato en la infancia. Por otra parte, en los casos ya expuestos a EAI será trascendental la detección temprana y las acciones terapéuticas apropiadas para abordar estos eventos traumáticos, a través de canales formales e informales de apoyo, ya que desempeñan un papel importante en la prevención de los trastornos mentales y el UPD a lo largo del ciclo de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">Choi et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Dado el alcance, en términos sociales y de salud pública, relacionada con las EAI y su vínculo con el UPD adolescente y/o adulto, se requiere de investigaciones que identifiquen los factores que contribuyen a su aparición, así como las estructuras que promueven la resiliencia. Desarrollar una comprensión más concreta del impacto en la promoción de la resiliencia en niños que han experimentado EAI, puede ofrecer una visión de los mecanismos que subyacen a los resultados positivos posteriores a la exposición a EAI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">LeTendre &amp; Reed, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">Wingo et al., 2014</xref>). Se propone en el ámbito escolar la urgencia por capacitar a educadores para reconocer la sintomatología del trauma y para la construcción de relaciones sólidas con sus estudiantes, ya que estos vínculos positivos no solo serán importantes para su desarrollo futuro, sino también se transforman en iniciativas escolares de prevención del UPD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">Forster et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title><bold>Discusión</bold></title>
<p>La evidencia recopilada coincide en que personas que reportaron EAI se vincularon fuertemente con drogas en la adolescencia y/o adultez. Las drogas más comúnmente relacionadas con EAI fueron el alcohol, secundado por el tabaco, el cannabis y los fármacos, y en menor medida otro tipo de drogas como opioides, cocaína y anfetaminas. Son características significativas de esta relación, por una parte, que el UPD en personas que vivenciaron EAI predomine mayoritariamente en hombres y, además, el rol que cumplen las drogas como una barrera química para distanciar el dolor emocional que deriva del recuerdo de las experiencias traumáticas y su carga psíquica asociada.</p>
<p>La evidencia disponible señala que impedir las EAI –o mitigar su impacto a través del fomento de la resiliencia en aquellos donde la prevención falla– es fundamental para anticipar la aparición de otros riesgos posteriores para el desarrollo como el UPD.</p>
<p>De este modo, evitar las EAI debería ser la piedra angular para prevenir no solo el maltrato de niños y niñas sino también el UPD. Es imperativo fomentar el desarrollo de herramientas para la promoción del buen trato en padres y/o cuidadores, tanto como el diseño e implementación de políticas públicas eficaces que promuevan conductas saludables al interior del hogar.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title><bold>Conclusión</bold></title>
<p>La presente revisión abordó la relación existente entre EAI y el uso de drogas como principal característica en la adolescencia y adultez a través de la evidencia disponible. Se identificaron diversas formas en que son comprendidas las EAI tales como negligencia, abuso sexual, maltrato físico y/o psicológico. Sin embargo, la pobreza, separación parental, trastornos mentales, delitos y uso de drogas de los padres también son consideradas por la evidencia bajo esta denominación.</p>
<p>Se encontraron numerosas referencias que asocian las EAI con diversas patologías de salud mental en la adolescencia y adultez, por ejemplo, el trastorno depresivo, ansioso y estrés postraumático, así como conductas autolesivas, intentos de suicidio y psicosis. Otra de las consecuencias importantes de las EAI es su relación significativa con el consumo posterior de drogas en la adolescencia y adultez, siendo frecuente su alusión en la evidencia analizada.</p>
<p>Dadas las limitaciones propias de este estudio, es deseable la ampliación de búsqueda en otras bases de datos, así como también el explorar en profundidad la evidencia relacionada con el tratamiento temprano o la intervención posterior exitosa de personas con UPD e historial de EAI para identificar todas aquellas variables que serían efectivas en su abordaje. Finalmente, podemos observar en la evidencia recopilada que el número de publicaciones latinoamericanas es considerablemente reducido revelando un síntoma de la investigación que se desarrolla por estas latitudes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">Polanco-Carrasco, 2017</xref>).</p>
</sec>
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