Palabras clave
traumas infantiles
características del yo
percepción de Dios
autoimagen
Cómo citar
Resumen
Este estudio explora cómo las actitudes parentales tempranas percibidas y los traumas infantiles influyen en las percepciones de la autoridad divina y en las funciones del yo en la adultez. Asimismo, examina el papel mediador del trauma infantil en estas relaciones. Participaron un total de 516 adultos. Las medidas incluyeron la Escala de Actitudes Parentales Percibidas, la Escala de Trauma Infantil, la Escala de Percepción de Dios y la Escala de Funciones del Yo. El papel mediador del trauma infantil en las relaciones entre las actitudes parentales, la percepción de Dios y las funciones del yo fue examinado mediante modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales. La calidez emocional materna se asoció positivamente con las funciones del yo de Dominancia-Logro y Creatividad. Las actitudes parentales negligentes o punitivas, a través del aumento del trauma infantil, se vincularon indirectamente con un deterioro del funcionamiento del yo. Los individuos con mayores niveles de abuso emocional o sexual reportaron una mayor Creencia Negativa en Dios, mientras que un menor trauma y una crianza de apoyo predijeron una Creencia Positiva en Dios. El trauma infantil medió de manera significativa la relación entre las actitudes parentales y las percepciones de la autoridad divina, así como entre las percepciones divinas y las funciones del yo. Las experiencias tempranas de cuidado moldean tanto el desarrollo psicológico como el espiritual. Una crianza de apoyo favorece la resiliencia y las internalizaciones adaptativas, mientras que las experiencias adversas pueden fomentar esquemas espirituales punitivos y vulnerabilidades del yo. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia clínica de abordar las historias relacionales tempranas para comprender el funcionamiento del sí mismo y las creencias espirituales en la adultez.
Akbaba-Türkoğlu, S., Essizoğlu, A., Köşger, F., & Aksaray, G. (2015). Relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and childhood traumas in women with depression. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(8), 796–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764015573082
Arrindell, W. A., Kwee, M. G., Methorst, G. J., van der Ende, J., Pol, E., & Moritz, B. J. M. (1989). Perceived parental rearing styles of agoraphobic and socially phobic in-patients. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.526
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Bellak, L., Hurvich, M., & Gediman, H. K. (1973). Ego functions in schizophrenic neurotics and normals. Wiley Publishing.
Boyer, S. M., Caplan, J. E., & Edwards, L. K. (2022). Trauma-related dissociation and the dissociative disorders: Neglected symptoms with severe public health consequences. Delaware Journal of Public Health, 8(2), 78–83. https://doi.org/10.32481/djph.2022.05.010
Choi, S. H. (2018). Effects of ego resilience, interpersonal relation, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies on college life adaptation of nursing students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 19(11), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2018.19.11.148
Dirik, G., Yorulmaz, O., & Karancı, A. N. (2015). Çocukluk dönemi ebeveyn tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi: Kısaltılmış algılanan ebeveyn tutumları-çocuk formu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(2), 123-130.
Dmitrieva, J., & Espel, E. V. (2023). The role of paternal and maternal warmth and hostility on daughters’ psychosocial outcomes: The insidious effects of father warmth combined with high paternal hostility. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 930371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.930371
Durmaz, Y. Ç., & Ünsal, G. (2019). Study of validity, reliability in accordance with Turkey conditions in ego functions assessment scale. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 55(3), 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12357
Durmuşoğlu, M., İyi, T. İ., & Taşdemir, C. Y. (2024). The relationship between parental attitudes and parent-child relationship. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 61, 2214-2231. https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1450045
Fan, L., & Kang, T. (2025). Early childhood trauma and its long-term impact on cognitive and emotional development: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Medicine, 57(1), 2536199. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2025.2536199
Flechsenhar, A., Seitz, K. I., Bertsch, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2024). The association between psychopathology, childhood trauma, and emotion processing. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 16(S1), S190-S203. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001261
Goldstein, W. N. (1985). An introduction to the borderline conditions. Bloomsbury Academic.
Güler, Ö. (2007). Tanrı algısı ölçeği (TA): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(1), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000000932
Hartmann, H. (1964). Essays on ego psychology. International Universities Press.
Herzog, J. I., & Schmahl, C. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and the consequences on neurobiological, psychosocial, and somatic conditions across the lifespan. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00420
Hoope, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electron J Bus Res Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
IBM Corporation. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 25.0) [Computer software]. IBM Corporation. https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics
Jiang, B. (2024). Prediction of borderline personality disorder based on childhood trauma with the mediating role of experiential avoidance. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1382012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1382012
Jordan, K. D., Niehus, K. L., & Feinstein, A. M. (2021). Insecure attachment to God and interpersonal conflict. Religions, 12(9), 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12090739
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8.51. Scientific Software, Inc.
Kalaycı, N. (2009). Methods used in the process of evaluating the teaching performance of academicians in higher education institutions. Educational Management in Theory and Practice, 15(60), 605–636.
Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayıncılık.
Kıraç, F. (2021). The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and god image among Turkish Muslims. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 43(3), 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/00846724211047274
Kosarkova, A., Malinakova, K., van Dijk, J. P., & Tavel, P. (2020). Childhood trauma and experience in close relationships are associated with the God image: Does religiosity make a difference? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238841
Mahamid, F. A., & Bdier, D. (2021). The association between positive religious coping, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms during the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) among a sample of adults in Palestine: Across sectional study. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01121-5
Masha’al, D., Shahrour, G., & Aldalaykeh, M. (2022). Anxiety and coping strategies among nursing students returning to university during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 8(1), e08719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08734
McWilliams, N. (2010). Paranoia and political leadership. The Psychoanalytic Review, 97(2), 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1521/prev.2010.97.2.239
Mehmedoğlu, A. U. (2011). Tanrıyı tasavvur etmek [Envisioning God]. Çamlıca Yayınları.
Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol. 1). lippincott williams & wilkins.
Nishikawa, S., Sundbom, E., & Hägglöf, B. (2010). Influence of perceived parental rearing on adolescent self-concept and internalizing and externalizing problems in Japan. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9281-y
Özgen, H. (2017). Prediction of childhood psychological traumas on parental attitudes [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Istanbul Gelisim University, Institute of Social Sciences.
Pollard, S. E., Riggs, S. A., & Hook, J. N. (2014). Mutual influences in adult romantic attachment, religious coping, and marital adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(5), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036682
Pranata, L. (2023). Understanding the background of personality disorders and the influence of early experiences with parents to their view of God. Theological Journal Kerugma, 6(2), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.33856/kerugma.v6i2.306
Ranjith, G. G., Yohannan, B., & Thomas, C. (2025). Parenting styles in the contemporary period and their influence on child development: A quantitative study in Dindigul district. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 10(8), 459–468. https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.100800041
Richardson, T., Egglishaw, A., & Sood, M. (2024). Does childhood trauma predict impulsive spending in later life? An analysis of the mediating roles of impulsivity and emotion regulation. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 17(2), 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-023-00600-7
Rizzuto, A. M. (1974). Object relations and the formation of the image of God. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 47(1), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1974.tb02274.x
Rowell, T., & Neal-Barnett, A. (2022). A systematic review of the effect of parental adverse childhood experiences on parenting and child psychopathology. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 15(1), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00400-x
Salmin, A. H., Nasrudin, D., Hidayat, M. S., & Winarni, W. (2021). The effect of overprotective parental attitudes on children's development. Jurnal Belaindika: Pembelajaran dan Inovasi Pendidikan, 3(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.52005/belaindika.v3i1.63
Schill, T., & Wang, S. L. (1983). Parent ego states and attitudes toward family life and children. Psychological Reports, 53(3_suppl), 1189–1190. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1983.53.3f.1189
Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
Shill, M. (2022). Adaptation, affect, and the ego—Some thoughts on Hartmann. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 42(3), 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2022.2047383
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ekinoks.
Smith, K. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2020). Early life stress and development: Potential mechanisms for adverse outcomes. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 12(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-020-09337-y
Smoljo-Dobrovoljski, S. (2025). The impact of family dynamics on the image of God and maturation in faith. Religions, 16(4), 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16040474
Sojta, K., & Strzelecki, D. (2023). Early maladaptive schemas and their impact on parenting: Do dysfunctional schemas pass generationally?—A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(4), 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041263
Stepp, S. D., Lazarus, S. A., & Byrd, A. L. (2016). A systematic review of risk factors prospectively associated with borderline personality disorder: Taking stock and moving forward. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(4), 316–326. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000186
Subaşı, H. (2012). Evaluation of university students’ relationship with God in terms of attachment theory. Journal of Academic Research in Religious Sciences, 12(1), 175–198. https://izlik.org/JA57JF49RW
Şahin, Z. Ö., & Çoban, A. E. (2025). The predictive role of emotion regulation and parental attitudes in psychological resilience of preschool children. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 22(3), 503–517. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1684542
Şar, V., Öztürk, E., & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4), 1054–1063. https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-26947
Tailor, K., Piotrowski, C., Woodgate, R. L., & Letourneau, N. (2014). Child sexual abuse and adult religious life: Challenges of theory and method. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(8), 865–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2014.960633
Thomson, J. L., Lemmon, V. A., Poh, A. C., Grabowski, S. R., & Newman, J. G. (2025). Relationship among attachment to God, religiosity, adverse childhood experiences, and grit. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101524
Ting, R. S. -K., Aw Yong, Y. -Y., Tan, M. -M., & Yap, C. -K. (2021). Cultural responses to COVID-19 pandemic: Religions, illness perception, and perceived stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 634863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634863
Toutountzidis, D., Gale, T. M., Irvine, K., Sharma, S., & Laws, K. R. (2022). Childhood trauma and schizotypy in non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 17(6), e0270494. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270494
Velikonja, T., Fisher, H. L., Mason, O., & Johnson, S. (2015). Childhood trauma and schizotypy: A systematic literature review. Psychological Medicine, 45(5), 947–963. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002086
Waldron, J. C., Scarpa, A., & Kim-Spoon, J. (2018). Religiosity and interpersonal problems explain individual differences in self-esteem among young adults with child maltreatment experiences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.023
Waltz, C. F., Strickland, O. L., & Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research (4th ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118356258
World Health Organization [WHO]. (1999). Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29–31 March 1999, Geneva. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/65900
Xiao, Z., Baldwin, M. M., Wong, S. C., Obsuth, I., Meinck, F., & Murray, A. L. (2023). The impact of childhood psychological maltreatment on mental health outcomes in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(5), 3049–3064. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221122816
Yiğit, İ., & Erden, G. (2015). Çocukluk çağı istismar yaşantıları ile genel psikolojik sağlık arasındaki ilişkide erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların aracı rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 30(75), 47–59. https://psikolog.org.tr/tr/yayinlar/dergiler/1031828/tpd1300443320150000m000042.pdf
Yöyen, E. G. (2016). Childhood trauma and self-respect as a predictor of loneliness. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 6(2), 65–78.
Zlochyak, M. (2020). Vplyv batkivskoho seredovyshcha na rozvytok dytyny [The influence of parental attitudes on shaping child’s development]. Osvitolohiia, (9), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.28925/2226-3012.2020.9.8
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2026 Nurhan Naz, Onur Yılmaz