Evaluación de una intervención para la mejora de las competencias de regulación interpersonal del afecto y el bienestar laboral en una muestra de operadores penitenciarios del Uruguay
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nov 14, 2017
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Resumen
La utilización de estrategias controladas para la regulación interpersonal (ECRI) del afecto de la población reclusa puede afectar al bienestar de los operadores de prisiones. Según estudios previos, las ECRIs orientadas a mejorar el afecto de otros incrementan el bienestar del agente que las ejecuta. Al contrario, las ECRIs orientadas a empeorar el afecto deterioran su bienestar. Estos resultados se explican, según el Modelo de Fuerza de la Autorregulación y el Modelo de Conservación de Recursos, a partir del equilibrio entre el consumo de recursos de auto-regulación ligados a la ECRIs y los efectos diferenciales de dichas estrategias sobre los procesos de recuperación de este tipo de recursos. El presente estudio, basado en un diseño cuasi-experimenta, evalúa la eficacia de un programa de formación en ECRI orientado a la mejora del bienestar. Los resultados reflejan un mayor nivel de bienestar y un menor nivel de ECRIS orientadas al empeoramiento en los participantes en la formación (N= 21), cuando se comparan el un grupo de control (N= 18). No se encontraron diferencias significativas para las ECRIs de mejora. Los análisis de regresión jerárquica muestran que los cambios en las ECRIS de empeoramiento predicen negativamente los cambios en el nivel de bienestar.
Keywords
Interpersonal emotion regulation, psychological wellbeing, self-regulation, conservation of resources, prison officersRegulación emocional, conservación de recursos, bienestar psicológico, salud ocupacional
References
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Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 88-115.
Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999). “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24, 413-434.
Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (2002). Normalizing emotion in organizations: Making the extraordinary appear ordinary. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 215-235.
Baillargeon, J., Binswanger, I. A., Penn, J. V., Williams, B. A., & Murray, O. J. (2009). Psychiatric disorders and repeat incarcerations: The revolving prison door. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 103-109.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-1265.
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351-355.
Bechtoldt, M. N., Welk, C., Zapf, D., & Hartig, J. (2013). Main and moderating effects of self-control, organizational justice, and emotional labour on counterproductive behaviour at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 479-500.
Bringas-Molleda, C., Fernández-Muñiz, A., Álvarez-Fresno, E., Martínez-Cordero, A., & Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J. (2015). Influencia del síndrome de Burnout en la salud de los trabajadores penitenciarios. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 17(3), 67-73.
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 57-67.
Cheek, F., & Miller, M. (1983). The experience of stress for correction officers: A double-bind theory of correctional stress. Journal of Criminal Justice, 11, 105-120.
Cifre, E., & Salanova, M. (2000). Validación factorial del “General Health Questionnaire” (GHQ12) mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio. Psicología de la Salud, 12, 75-89.
Clemente, M., Reig-Botella, A., & Coloma, R. (2015). The occupational health of correctional officers in Peru: The impact of length of work experience. The Prison Journal, 95(2), 244-263.
Diamond, P. M., Wang, E. W., Holzer, C. E. III, Thomas, C., & Anges, C. des. (2001). The prevalence of mental illness in prison. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 29, 21-40.
Diefendorff, J. M., Erickson, R. J., Grandey, A. A., & Dahling, J. J. (2011). Emotional display rules as work unit norms: A multilevel analysis of emotional labor among nurses. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 170-186.
Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge.
Fuertes, F. C., Moreno, E. S., & Urquiola, Y. A. (2017). Burnout en funcionarios/as de prisiones en Chile. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología: Ciencia y Tecnología, 9(1), 63-72.
Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Ashby Plant, E., Tice, D. M., … Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 325-336.
Goldberg, D. (1992). General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.
Grandey, A., Chi, N. W., & Diamond, J. A. (2013). Show me the money! Do financial rewards for performance enhance or undermine the satisfaction from emotional labor? Personnel Psychology, 66, 569-612.
Härenstam, A., Palm, U. B., & Theorell, T. (1988). Stress, health and the working environment of Swedish prison staff. Work & Stress, 2(4), 281-290.
Harvey, J. (2014). Perceived physical health, psychological distress, and social support among prison officers. The Prison Journal, 94(2), 242-259.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.
Hülsheger, U. R., & Schewe, A. F. (2011). On the costs and benefits of emotional labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 361-389.
Jin, X., Sun, I. Y., Jiang, S., Wang, Y., & Wen, S. (2016). The Impact of Job Characteristics on Burnout Among Chinese Correctional Workers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16648419
Kalra, R., Kollisch, S. G., MacDonald, R., Dickey, N., Rosner, Z., & Venters, H. (2016). Staff satisfaction, ethical concerns, and burnout in the New York City Jail Health System. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 22(4), 383-392.
Kinman, G., Clements, A. J., & Hart, J. (2016a). Work-related wellbeing in UK prison officers: A benchmarking approach. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 9(3), 290-307.
Kinman, G., Clements, A. J., & Hart, J. (2016b). Working conditions, work-life conflict, and well-being in UK prison officers: The role of affective rumination and detachment. Criminal Justice and Behavior. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816664923
Lamb, H. R., & Weinberger, L. E. (1998). Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: A review. Psychiatric Services, 49, 483-92.
Lambert, E. G., Barton-Bellessa, S. M., & Hogan, N. L. (2015). The consequences of emotional burnout among correctional staff. Sage Open, 5(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244015590444
Lambert, E. G., Minor, K. I., Wells, J. B., & Hogan, N. L. (2015). Leave your job at work: The possible antecedents of work-family conflict among correctional staff. The Prison Journal, 95(1), 114-134.
Little, L. M., Kluemper, D., Nelson, D. L., & Gooty, J. (2012). Development and validation of the interpersonal emotion management scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 407-420.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., & Crego, A. (2010). Doing “dirty work” with severe mental disorder people: The role of interpersonal affect regulation in the normalization process. Comunicación presentada en el 70 Encuentro Anual de la Academy of Management, Montreal, Canadá.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., Mercado, F., & Totterdell, P. (2015). Using interpersonal affect regulation in simulates health care consultations: An experimental investigation of self-control-resource depletion. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-14.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., Poerio, G. L., & Totterdell, P. (2013). The association between Controlled Interpersonal Affect Regulation and resource depletion. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 5, 248-269.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., & Totterdell, P. (2016). The mediating role of distributive justice perceptions in the relationship between emotion regulation and emotional exhaustion in health care workers. Work and Stress, 1, 26-45
Martínez-Íñigo, D., Totterdell, P., Alcover, C. M., & Holman, D. (2007). Emotional labour and emotional exhaustion: Interpersonal and intrapersonal mechanisms. Work and Stress, 21, 30-47.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., Totterdell, P., Alcover, C. M., & Holman, D. (2009). The source of display rules and their effects on primary health care professional’s well-being. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12, 618-631.
Math, S. B., Murthy, P., Parthasarthy, R. C., Kumar, N., & Madhusudhan, S. (2011). Minds Imprisoned: Mental Health Care in Prisons. Bangalore: National Institute of Mental Health Neuro Sciences.
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259.
Naciones Unidas. (2009). Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak. Mission to Uruguay. Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, Consejo de Derechos Humanos, sesión 13. Recuperado de http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/13session/A-HRC-13-39-Add2.pdf
Niven, K., Holman, D., & Totterdell, P. (2012). How to win friendship and trust by influencing people’s feeling: An investigation of interpersonal affect regulations and the quality of relationships. Human Relations, 65, 777-805.
Niven, K., Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2007). Changing moods and influencing people: The use and effects of emotional influence behaviours at HMP Grendon. Prison Service Journal, 173, 39-45.
Niven, K., Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2009). A classification of controlled interpersonal affect regulation strategies. Emotion, 9(4), 498-509.
Niven, K., Totterdell, P., Holman, D., & Headley, T., (2012). Does regulating others’ feelings influence people’s own affective well-being? The Journal of Social Psychology, 152, 246-260.
Niven, K., Totterdell, P., Stride, C. B., & Holman, D. (2011). Emotion regulation of others and self (EROS): The development and validation of a new individual difference measure. Current Psychology, 30, 53-73.
Roberts, S. E., Jaremin, B., & Lloyd, K. (2013). High-risk occupations for suicide. Psychological Medicine, 43(06), 1231-1240.
Rodríguez Amaya, R. M. (2014). Burnout syndrome in prison guards, Bucaramanga, Colombia, 2013. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria, 43(3), 146-153.
Sandín, B, Chorot, P. Lostao, L., Joiner, T. E., Santed, M. A., & Valiente, R. M. (1999). Escalas panas de afecto positivo y negativo: validación factorial y convergencia transcultural. Psicothema, 11, 37-51.
Schaufeli, W. B., van Dierendonck, D., & van Gorp, K. (1996). Burnout and reciprocity: Towards a dual-level social exchange model. Work & Stress, 10, 225-237.
Steiner, B., & Wooldredge, J. (2015). Individual and environmental sources of work stress among prison officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(8), 800-818
Stöver, H. (2017). Prison staff under stress: Causes, consequences and health promotion strategies. En B. Elger, C. Ritter, & H. Stöver (Eds.). Emerging Issues in Prison Health (pp. 253-259). Dordrecht: Springer.
Sui, G. Y., Hu, S., Sun, W., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Yang, X. S., & Wang, L. (2014). Prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among Chinese male correctional officers. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 87(4), 387-395.
Totterdell, P., Hershchovis, M. S., Niven, K., Reich, T. C., & Stride C. (2012). Can employees be emotionally drained by witnessing unpleasant interactions between coworkers? A diary study of induced emotion regulation. Work & Stress, 26, 112-129.
Tyler, J. M., & Burns, K. C. (2008). After depletion: The replenishment of the self’s regulatory resources. Self and Identity, 7, 305-321.
Viotti, S. (2016). Work-related stress among correctional officers: A qualitative study. Work, 53(4), 871-884.
Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). Self-regulation, ego-depletion and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10, 115-128.
Zaki, J., & Williams, C. (2013). Interpersonal emotion regulation. Emotion, 13, 803-810.
Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 88-115.
Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999). “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24, 413-434.
Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (2002). Normalizing emotion in organizations: Making the extraordinary appear ordinary. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 215-235.
Baillargeon, J., Binswanger, I. A., Penn, J. V., Williams, B. A., & Murray, O. J. (2009). Psychiatric disorders and repeat incarcerations: The revolving prison door. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 103-109.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-1265.
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351-355.
Bechtoldt, M. N., Welk, C., Zapf, D., & Hartig, J. (2013). Main and moderating effects of self-control, organizational justice, and emotional labour on counterproductive behaviour at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 479-500.
Bringas-Molleda, C., Fernández-Muñiz, A., Álvarez-Fresno, E., Martínez-Cordero, A., & Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J. (2015). Influencia del síndrome de Burnout en la salud de los trabajadores penitenciarios. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 17(3), 67-73.
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 57-67.
Cheek, F., & Miller, M. (1983). The experience of stress for correction officers: A double-bind theory of correctional stress. Journal of Criminal Justice, 11, 105-120.
Cifre, E., & Salanova, M. (2000). Validación factorial del “General Health Questionnaire” (GHQ12) mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio. Psicología de la Salud, 12, 75-89.
Clemente, M., Reig-Botella, A., & Coloma, R. (2015). The occupational health of correctional officers in Peru: The impact of length of work experience. The Prison Journal, 95(2), 244-263.
Diamond, P. M., Wang, E. W., Holzer, C. E. III, Thomas, C., & Anges, C. des. (2001). The prevalence of mental illness in prison. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 29, 21-40.
Diefendorff, J. M., Erickson, R. J., Grandey, A. A., & Dahling, J. J. (2011). Emotional display rules as work unit norms: A multilevel analysis of emotional labor among nurses. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 170-186.
Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge.
Fuertes, F. C., Moreno, E. S., & Urquiola, Y. A. (2017). Burnout en funcionarios/as de prisiones en Chile. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología: Ciencia y Tecnología, 9(1), 63-72.
Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Ashby Plant, E., Tice, D. M., … Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 325-336.
Goldberg, D. (1992). General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.
Grandey, A., Chi, N. W., & Diamond, J. A. (2013). Show me the money! Do financial rewards for performance enhance or undermine the satisfaction from emotional labor? Personnel Psychology, 66, 569-612.
Härenstam, A., Palm, U. B., & Theorell, T. (1988). Stress, health and the working environment of Swedish prison staff. Work & Stress, 2(4), 281-290.
Harvey, J. (2014). Perceived physical health, psychological distress, and social support among prison officers. The Prison Journal, 94(2), 242-259.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.
Hülsheger, U. R., & Schewe, A. F. (2011). On the costs and benefits of emotional labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 361-389.
Jin, X., Sun, I. Y., Jiang, S., Wang, Y., & Wen, S. (2016). The Impact of Job Characteristics on Burnout Among Chinese Correctional Workers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16648419
Kalra, R., Kollisch, S. G., MacDonald, R., Dickey, N., Rosner, Z., & Venters, H. (2016). Staff satisfaction, ethical concerns, and burnout in the New York City Jail Health System. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 22(4), 383-392.
Kinman, G., Clements, A. J., & Hart, J. (2016a). Work-related wellbeing in UK prison officers: A benchmarking approach. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 9(3), 290-307.
Kinman, G., Clements, A. J., & Hart, J. (2016b). Working conditions, work-life conflict, and well-being in UK prison officers: The role of affective rumination and detachment. Criminal Justice and Behavior. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816664923
Lamb, H. R., & Weinberger, L. E. (1998). Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: A review. Psychiatric Services, 49, 483-92.
Lambert, E. G., Barton-Bellessa, S. M., & Hogan, N. L. (2015). The consequences of emotional burnout among correctional staff. Sage Open, 5(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244015590444
Lambert, E. G., Minor, K. I., Wells, J. B., & Hogan, N. L. (2015). Leave your job at work: The possible antecedents of work-family conflict among correctional staff. The Prison Journal, 95(1), 114-134.
Little, L. M., Kluemper, D., Nelson, D. L., & Gooty, J. (2012). Development and validation of the interpersonal emotion management scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 407-420.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., & Crego, A. (2010). Doing “dirty work” with severe mental disorder people: The role of interpersonal affect regulation in the normalization process. Comunicación presentada en el 70 Encuentro Anual de la Academy of Management, Montreal, Canadá.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., Mercado, F., & Totterdell, P. (2015). Using interpersonal affect regulation in simulates health care consultations: An experimental investigation of self-control-resource depletion. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-14.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., Poerio, G. L., & Totterdell, P. (2013). The association between Controlled Interpersonal Affect Regulation and resource depletion. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 5, 248-269.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., & Totterdell, P. (2016). The mediating role of distributive justice perceptions in the relationship between emotion regulation and emotional exhaustion in health care workers. Work and Stress, 1, 26-45
Martínez-Íñigo, D., Totterdell, P., Alcover, C. M., & Holman, D. (2007). Emotional labour and emotional exhaustion: Interpersonal and intrapersonal mechanisms. Work and Stress, 21, 30-47.
Martínez-Íñigo, D., Totterdell, P., Alcover, C. M., & Holman, D. (2009). The source of display rules and their effects on primary health care professional’s well-being. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12, 618-631.
Math, S. B., Murthy, P., Parthasarthy, R. C., Kumar, N., & Madhusudhan, S. (2011). Minds Imprisoned: Mental Health Care in Prisons. Bangalore: National Institute of Mental Health Neuro Sciences.
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259.
Naciones Unidas. (2009). Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak. Mission to Uruguay. Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, Consejo de Derechos Humanos, sesión 13. Recuperado de http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/13session/A-HRC-13-39-Add2.pdf
Niven, K., Holman, D., & Totterdell, P. (2012). How to win friendship and trust by influencing people’s feeling: An investigation of interpersonal affect regulations and the quality of relationships. Human Relations, 65, 777-805.
Niven, K., Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2007). Changing moods and influencing people: The use and effects of emotional influence behaviours at HMP Grendon. Prison Service Journal, 173, 39-45.
Niven, K., Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2009). A classification of controlled interpersonal affect regulation strategies. Emotion, 9(4), 498-509.
Niven, K., Totterdell, P., Holman, D., & Headley, T., (2012). Does regulating others’ feelings influence people’s own affective well-being? The Journal of Social Psychology, 152, 246-260.
Niven, K., Totterdell, P., Stride, C. B., & Holman, D. (2011). Emotion regulation of others and self (EROS): The development and validation of a new individual difference measure. Current Psychology, 30, 53-73.
Roberts, S. E., Jaremin, B., & Lloyd, K. (2013). High-risk occupations for suicide. Psychological Medicine, 43(06), 1231-1240.
Rodríguez Amaya, R. M. (2014). Burnout syndrome in prison guards, Bucaramanga, Colombia, 2013. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria, 43(3), 146-153.
Sandín, B, Chorot, P. Lostao, L., Joiner, T. E., Santed, M. A., & Valiente, R. M. (1999). Escalas panas de afecto positivo y negativo: validación factorial y convergencia transcultural. Psicothema, 11, 37-51.
Schaufeli, W. B., van Dierendonck, D., & van Gorp, K. (1996). Burnout and reciprocity: Towards a dual-level social exchange model. Work & Stress, 10, 225-237.
Steiner, B., & Wooldredge, J. (2015). Individual and environmental sources of work stress among prison officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(8), 800-818
Stöver, H. (2017). Prison staff under stress: Causes, consequences and health promotion strategies. En B. Elger, C. Ritter, & H. Stöver (Eds.). Emerging Issues in Prison Health (pp. 253-259). Dordrecht: Springer.
Sui, G. Y., Hu, S., Sun, W., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Yang, X. S., & Wang, L. (2014). Prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among Chinese male correctional officers. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 87(4), 387-395.
Totterdell, P., Hershchovis, M. S., Niven, K., Reich, T. C., & Stride C. (2012). Can employees be emotionally drained by witnessing unpleasant interactions between coworkers? A diary study of induced emotion regulation. Work & Stress, 26, 112-129.
Tyler, J. M., & Burns, K. C. (2008). After depletion: The replenishment of the self’s regulatory resources. Self and Identity, 7, 305-321.
Viotti, S. (2016). Work-related stress among correctional officers: A qualitative study. Work, 53(4), 871-884.
Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). Self-regulation, ego-depletion and motivation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10, 115-128.
Zaki, J., & Williams, C. (2013). Interpersonal emotion regulation. Emotion, 13, 803-810.
Cómo citar
Martínez-Iñigo, D., & Crego, A. (2017). Evaluación de una intervención para la mejora de las competencias de regulación interpersonal del afecto y el bienestar laboral en una muestra de operadores penitenciarios del Uruguay. Universitas Psychologica, 16(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-3.eimc
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