Influence of indentation test factors on the mechanical response of the skin
Published
Apr 9, 2019
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Jesica Andrea Isaza
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-5911
Damien Lacroix
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-6006
Juan Ramírez
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3713-1712
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-5911
Damien Lacroix
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-6006
Juan Ramírez
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3713-1712
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Abstract
This study proposes in vivo tests and design of experiments to determine the influence of experimental factors on the mechanical response of the soft tissue. The experimental factors considered are: room temperature (A), indentation velocity (B), indenter temperature (C), pump pressure (D) and muscle activation (E). An inverse method was developed to obtain the constants for constitutive equations of a multilayer biological model (skin, hypodermis, and muscle) through the use of indentation tests in combination with a finite element method. For each combination of the experimental factors, two groups of constants were established from the inverse method. Sixteen combinations of experimental conditions and their corresponding constants for the Mooney-Rivlin constitutive equations were obtained to be used in further numerical models. The factor D and factor interactions ADE, CDE, and ACDE were statistically significant with respect to skin mechanical response. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is not a current equation able to represent the mechanical properties of the skin under all the experimental conditions considered in this study.
Keywords
Finite element method, inverse analysis, constitutive equation, human skin
References
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doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/8/020
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doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(83)90033-9
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[20] Hrapko M, van Dommelen JAW, Peters GWM, Wismans JSHM. The influence of test conditions on characterization of the mechanical properties of brain tissue, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 130: 31003-10, 2008.
doi: 10.1115/1.2907746
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doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-25968-8_2
[22] Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI. Elastic properties of human skin: relation to age, sex, and anatomical region, Archives of Dermatological Research, 282: 283-8, 1990.
doi: 10.1007/BF00375720
[23] Alexander H, Cook T. Variations with age in the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo, Bed Sore Biomechanics, Macmillan Education UK, London, p. 109-17, 1976.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-02492-6_15
[24] Hendriks FM, Brokken D, Oomens CWJ, Baaijens FPT. Influence of hydration and experimental length scale on the mechanical response of human skin in vivo, using optical coherence tomography, Skin Research and Technology, 10: 231-41, 2004.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2004.00077.x
[25] Delalleau A, Josse G, Lagarde JM, Zahouani H, Bergheau JM. Characterization of the mechanical properties of skin by inverse analysis, Journal of Biomechanics, 39: 1603-10, 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.001
[26] Mesa Múnera E. Characterization of brain tissue phantom using an indentation device and inverse finite element parameter estimation algorithm [Internet], Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, 2011.
[27] Isaza J, Mariaka I, Ramírez J. Characterization of mechanical properties by finite element method inverse analysis combined with indentation test, DYNA (Colombia), 80: 2013.
[28] Isaza López JA, Ramírez Patiño JF. Incidence of Temperature and Indenter Diameter on the Mechanical Response of Skin During Indentation Test, Procedia Engineering, 110: 45-50, 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.008
[29] Montgomery DC. Design and Analysis of Experiments. 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 2008.
[30] Kakitsuba N, White MD. Effect of change in ambient temperature on core temperature during the daytime, International Journal of Biometeorology, 58: 901-7, 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s00484-013-0673-8
[31] Song GS, Lim JH, Ahn TK. Air conditioner operation behaviour based on students’ skin temperature in a classroom, Applied Ergonomics, Elsevier Ltd., 43: 211-6, 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.05.009
[32] Portnoy S, Siev-Ner I, Yizhar Z, Kristal A, Shabshin N, Gefen A. Surgical and Morphological Factors that Affect Internal Mechanical Loads in Soft Tissues of the Transtibial Residuum, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 37: 2583-605, 2009.
doi: 10.1007/s10439-009-9801-3
[33] Abellan MA, Feulvarch E, Zahouani H, Bergheau JM. Numerical simulation of in vivo indentation tests: determination of the mechanical properties of human skin, 21ème Congrès Français de Mécanique, Bordeaux, France, 2013.
doi: 10.1111/dsu.12095
[2] O’Hagan JJ, Samani A. Measurement of the hyperelastic properties of tissue slices with tumour inclusion, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53: 7087-106, 2008.
doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/24/006
[3] Grajo JR, Barr RG. Strain elastography for prediction of breast cancer tumor grades, Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 33: 129-34, 2014.
doi: 10.7863/ultra.33.1.129
[4] Famaey N, Sloten JV. Soft tissue modelling for applications in virtual surgery and surgical robotics, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 11: 351-66, 2008.
doi: 10.1080/10255840802020412
[5] Firooz A, Rajabi-Estarabadi A, Zartab H, Pazhohi N, Fanian F, Janani L. The influence of gender and age on the thickness and echo-density of skin, Skin Research and Technology, 23: 13-20, 2017.
doi: 10.1111/srt.12294
[6] Rinnerthaler M, Duschl J, Steinbacher P, Salzmann M, Bischof J, Schuller M, Wimmer H, Peer T, Bauer JW, Richter K. Age-related changes in the composition of the cornified envelope in human skin, Experimental Dermatology, 22: 329-35, 2013.
doi: 10.1111/exd.12135
[7] Woo MS, Moon KJ, Jung HY, Park SR, Moon TK, Kim NS, Lee BC. Comparison of skin elasticity test results from the Ballistometer® and Cutometer®, Skin Research and Technology, 20: 422-8, 2014.
doi: 10.1111/srt.12134
[8] Sayed A, Layne G, Abraham J, Mukdadi O. Nonlinear characterization of breast cancer using multi compression 3D ultrasound elastography in vivo, Ultrasonics, 53: 979-91, 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.01.005
[9] O’Hagan JJ, Samani A. Measurement of the hyperelastic properties of 44 pathological ex vivo breast tissue samples, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54: 2557-69, 2009.
doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/8/020
[10] Querleux B. Computational Biophysics of the Skin [Internet], Book, Pan Stanford Publishing, 2014.
doi: 10.1201/b17205
[11] Agache PG, Monneur C, Leveque JL, Rigal J. De. Mechanical properties and Young’s modulus of human skin in vivo, Archives of Dermatological Research, 269: 221-32, 1980.
doi: 10.1007/BF00406415
[12] Manschot JFM, Brakkee AJM. The measurement and modelling of the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo—II. The model, Journal of Biomechanics, 19: 517-21, 1986.
doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(86)90125-9
[13] Hendriks FM, Brokken D, Oomens CWJ, Bader DL, Baaijens FPT. The relative contributions of different skin layers to the mechanical behavior of human skin in vivo using suction experiments, Medical Engineering & Physics, 28: 259-66, 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2005.07.001
[14] Diridollou S, Patat F, Gens F, Vaillant L, Black D, Lagarde JM, Gall Y, Berson M. In vivo model of the mechanical properties of the human skin under suction, Skin Research and Technology, 6: 214-221, 2000.
doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006004214.x
[15] Bader DL, Bowker P. Mechanical characteristics of skin and underlying tissues in vivo, Biomaterials, 4: 305-8, 1983.
doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(83)90033-9
[16] Pailler-Mattei C, Bec S, Zahouani H. In vivo measurements of the elastic mechanical properties of human skin by indentation tests, Medical Engineering & Physics, 30: 599-606, 2008.
doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.06.011
[17] Ní Annaidh A, Bruyère K, Destrade M, Gilchrist MD, Otténio M. Characterization of the anisotropic mechanical properties of excised human skin, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 5: 139-48, 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.08.016
[18] Groves RB, Coulman SA, Birchall JC, Evans SL. An anisotropic, hyperelastic model for skin: Experimental measurements, finite element modelling and identification of parameters for human and murine skin, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 18: 167-80, 2013.
doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.10.021
[19] Groves R. Quantifying the mechanical properties of skin in vivo and ex vivo to optimise microneedle device design, Cardiff University, 2012.
[20] Hrapko M, van Dommelen JAW, Peters GWM, Wismans JSHM. The influence of test conditions on characterization of the mechanical properties of brain tissue, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 130: 31003-10, 2008.
doi: 10.1115/1.2907746
[21] Ottensmeyer MP, Kerdok AE, Howe RD and Dawson SL. The Effects of Testing Environment on the Viscoelastic Properties of Soft Tissues, In: Cotin S, and Metaxas D, editors, Medical Simulation, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Cambridge, USA, p. 9-18, 2004.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-25968-8_2
[22] Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI. Elastic properties of human skin: relation to age, sex, and anatomical region, Archives of Dermatological Research, 282: 283-8, 1990.
doi: 10.1007/BF00375720
[23] Alexander H, Cook T. Variations with age in the mechanical properties of human skin in vivo, Bed Sore Biomechanics, Macmillan Education UK, London, p. 109-17, 1976.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-02492-6_15
[24] Hendriks FM, Brokken D, Oomens CWJ, Baaijens FPT. Influence of hydration and experimental length scale on the mechanical response of human skin in vivo, using optical coherence tomography, Skin Research and Technology, 10: 231-41, 2004.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2004.00077.x
[25] Delalleau A, Josse G, Lagarde JM, Zahouani H, Bergheau JM. Characterization of the mechanical properties of skin by inverse analysis, Journal of Biomechanics, 39: 1603-10, 2006.
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.001
[26] Mesa Múnera E. Characterization of brain tissue phantom using an indentation device and inverse finite element parameter estimation algorithm [Internet], Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, 2011.
[27] Isaza J, Mariaka I, Ramírez J. Characterization of mechanical properties by finite element method inverse analysis combined with indentation test, DYNA (Colombia), 80: 2013.
[28] Isaza López JA, Ramírez Patiño JF. Incidence of Temperature and Indenter Diameter on the Mechanical Response of Skin During Indentation Test, Procedia Engineering, 110: 45-50, 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.008
[29] Montgomery DC. Design and Analysis of Experiments. 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 2008.
[30] Kakitsuba N, White MD. Effect of change in ambient temperature on core temperature during the daytime, International Journal of Biometeorology, 58: 901-7, 2014.
doi: 10.1007/s00484-013-0673-8
[31] Song GS, Lim JH, Ahn TK. Air conditioner operation behaviour based on students’ skin temperature in a classroom, Applied Ergonomics, Elsevier Ltd., 43: 211-6, 2012.
doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.05.009
[32] Portnoy S, Siev-Ner I, Yizhar Z, Kristal A, Shabshin N, Gefen A. Surgical and Morphological Factors that Affect Internal Mechanical Loads in Soft Tissues of the Transtibial Residuum, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 37: 2583-605, 2009.
doi: 10.1007/s10439-009-9801-3
[33] Abellan MA, Feulvarch E, Zahouani H, Bergheau JM. Numerical simulation of in vivo indentation tests: determination of the mechanical properties of human skin, 21ème Congrès Français de Mécanique, Bordeaux, France, 2013.
How to Cite
Isaza, J. A., Lacroix, D., & Ramírez, J. (2019). Influence of indentation test factors on the mechanical response of the skin. Universitas Scientiarum, 24(1), 49–72. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.SC24-1.ioit
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Section
Material Science