Palabras clave
Problema de agencia entre accionistas mayoritarios y minoritarios
contratos de mutuo
bancos como administradores sociales
legislación societaria de Reino Unido
contratos de mutuo
bancos como administradores sociales
legislación societaria de Reino Unido
Cómo citar
Miramón Botero, S. (2017) “El Rol en el Gobierno Corporativo de los Bancos: ¿Protectores de los Accionistas Minoritarios?”, Vniversitas, 66(135), pp. 219–254. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.vj135.cgrl.
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Resumen
El objetivo de este artículo es determinar si la supervisión de las compañías (no cotizantes en el mercado público de valores y sin problemas de liquidez) por parte de los bancos en el Reino Unido ayuda a superar el problema de la agencia entre los accionistas mayoritarios y minoritarios, y si como consecuencia de esta supervisión los accionistas minoritarios están mejor protegidos por los bancos que por el marco regulatorio vigente en el Reino Unido sobre la protección de accionistas minoritarios
Books
Buxton, Tony; Chapman, Paul & Temple, Paul, Britain’s Economic Performance (Routledge, London, 2005).
Davies, Paul L., Gower and Davies’: The Principles of Modern Company Law (8th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2008).
Ferran, Eilís & Ho, Look Chan, Principles of Corporate Finance Law (2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014).
Gullifer, Louise & Payne, Jennifer, Corporate Finance Law: Principles and Policy (2nd ed., Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2015).
Kershaw, David, Company Law in Context: Text and Materials (2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012).
Kraakman, Reinier; Armour, John; Davies, Paul; Enriques, Luca; Hansmann, Henry; Hertig, Gerard; Hopt, Klaus; Kanda, Hideki; Pargendler, Mariana; Ringe, Wolf-Georg & Rock, Edward, The Anatomy of Corporate Law. A Comparative and Functional Approach (2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009).
Contribution in collective books
Armour, John; Hansmann, Henry & Kraakman, Reinier, Agency Problems and Legal Strategies, in The
Anatomy of Corporate Law. A Comparative and Functional Approach, 29-48 (2nd ed., Reinier Kraakman, John Armour, Paul Davies, LucaEnriques, Henry Hansmann, Gerard Hertig, Klaus Hopt, HidekiKanda, MarianaPargendler, Wolf-Georg Ringe & Edward Rock, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009).
Reisberg, Arad, Derivative Claims under the Companies Act 2006: Much Ado about Nothing?, in Rationality in Company Law: Essays in Honour of DD Prentice, 17-56 (John Armour & Jennifer Payne, eds., Hart Publishing, London, 2009).
Journals
Acharya, Viral V.; Franks, Julian & Servaes, Henri, Private Equity: Boom and Bust?, 19 Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 4, 44-53 (2007).
Asquith, Paul; Beatty, Anne & Weber, Joseph, Performance Pricing in Bank Debt Contracts, 40 Journal of Accounting and Economics, 101-128 (2005). Available at: https://www.academia.edu/18287465/Performance_pricing_in_bank_debt_ contracts
Baird, Douglas G. & Rasmussen, Robert K., Private Debt and The Missing Lever of Corporate Governance, 154 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1209- 1251 (2006). Available at: http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1310&context=penn_law_review
Bebchuk, Lucian Ayre & Fried, Jesse M., The Uneasy Case for the Priority of Secured Claims in Bankruptcy, 105 The Yale Law Journal, 857-934 (1996). Available at: http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/bebchuk/pdfs/tylj.96.bebchuk-fried.pdf, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=417960
Black, Fischer, The Dividend Puzzle, 2 Journal of Portfolio Management, 2, 5-8 (1976).
Chiu, Iris H-Y& Barker, Roger M., Protecting Minority Shareholders in Blockholder- Controlled Companies – Evaluating the UK’s Enhanced Listing Regime in Comparison with Investor Protection Regimes in New York and Hong Kong, 10 Capital Markets Law Journal, 1, 98-132 (2014). Available at: https://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2469759
Coffee, John C., A Theory of Corporate Scandals: Why the USA and Europe Differ, 21 Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2, 198-211 (2005)
Ehrlich, Isaac & Posner, Richard A., An Economic Analysis of Legal Rulemaking, 3 The Journal of Legal Studies, 1, 257-286 (1974).
Enriques, Luca& Volpin, Paolo, Corporate Governance Reforms in Continental Europe, 21 Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1, 117-140 (2007). Available at: https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=970796
Fama, Eugene F., Efficient Capital Markets: Reply, 31 The Journal of Finance, 1, 143- 145 (1976).
Finch, Vanessa, Pre-Packaged Administrations and the Construction of Propriety, 11 Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 1, 1-31 (2011).
Friedman, Ezra& Wickelgren, Abraham L., A New Angle on Rules versus Standards, 16 American Law and Economics Review, 2, 499-549 (2014).
Gelpern, Anna& Gulati, Mitu, CDS Zombies, 13 European Business Organization Law Review, 347-390 (2012). Available at: http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=5336&context=faculty_scholarship
Goddard, Robert, Excessive Remuneration and the Unfair Prejudice Remedy, 13 Edinburgh Law Review, 3, 517-519 (2009).
Hirschman, Albert Otto, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1970).
Hu, HenriT. C. & Black, Bernard, Debt, Equity and Hybrid Decoupling: Governance and Systemic Risk Implications, 14 European Financial Management, 4, 663-709 (2008).
Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, 3 Journal of Financial Economics, 4, 305- 360 (1978). Available at: https://www2.bc.edu/thomas-chemmanur/phdfincorp/ MF891%20papers/Jensen%20and%20Meckling%201976.pdf
Johnson, Simon; Porta, Rafael La; López-de-Silanes, Florencio & Shleifer, Andrei, Tunneling, 90 American Economic Review, 2, 22-27 (2000). Available at: https:// scholar.harvard.edu/shleifer/publications/tunneling
Jung, Boochun; Lee, Woo-Jong & Yang, YanhuaSunny, The Impact of Dividend Covenants on Investment and Operating Performance, 43 Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 3-4, 414-447 (2016).
Kaplow, Louis, Rules versus Standards: An Economic Analysis, 42 Duke Law Journal, 3, 557-629 (1992). Available at: http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=3207&context=dlj
Kershaw, David, Lost in Translation: Corporate Opportunities in Comparative Perspective, 25 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 4, 603-627 (2005).
Lele, PriyaP. & Siems, Mathias M., Shareholder Protection: A Leximetric Approach, 7 Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 1, 17-50 (2007).
Lim, Ernest, Directors’ Fiduciary Duties: A New Analytical Framework, 129 Law Quarterly Review, 2, 242-263 (2013). Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=2368147
McKnight, Andrew, Commitments to Lend in Troubled Times, 3 Law and Financial Markets Review, 2, 148-154 (2009).
Means, Benjamin, A Voice-Based Framework for Evaluating Claims of Minority Shareholder Oppression in the Close Corporation, 97 The Georgetown Law Journal, 1207-1256 (2009). Available at: http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1911&context=law_facpub
Mitnick, Barry M., Origin of the Theory of Agency: An Account by One of the Theory’s Originators (March 25, 2013). Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1020378
Porta, Rafael La; López-de-Silanes, Florencio & Shleifer, Andrei, Corporate Ownership around the World, 54 The Journal of Finance, 2, 471-517 (1999).
Roberts, Michael R. & Sufi, Amir, Renegotiation of Financial Contracts: Evidence from Private Credit Agreements, 93 Journal of Financial Economics, 159-184 (2009). Available at: http://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/~mrrobert/resources/ Publications/RenegotiationJFE2009.pdf
Schuster, Edmund Philipp, The Mandatory Bid Rule: Efficient, After All?, 76 Modern Law Review, 3, 529-563 (2013).
Shepherd, JoannaM.; Tung, Frederick & Yoon, Albert H., What Else Matters for Corporate Governance?: The Case of Bank Monitoring, 88 Boston University Law Review, 4, 991-1041 (2008). Available at: http://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/ bulr/volume88n4/documents/yoon-whatelsematters.pdf
Smith, Clifford W. & Warner, Jerold B., On Financial Contracting: An Analysis of Bond Covenants, 7 Journal of Financial Economics, 2, 117-161 (1979).
Triantis, Georges G., Secured Debt under Conditions of Imperfect Information, 21 The Journal of Legal Studies, 1, 225-258 (1992).
Triantis, Georges G. & Daniels, Ronald J., The Role of Debt in Interactive Corporate Governance, 83 University of California Law Review, 4, 1073-1113 (1995). Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1669&contex t=californialawreview
Tung, Frederick, Leverage in the Board Room: The Unsung Influence of Private Lenders in Corporate Governance, 57 UCLA Law Review, 115-181 (2009). Available at: http://www.uclalawreview.org/pdf/57-1-3.pdf
Whitehead, Charles K., The Evolution of Debt: Covenants, the Credit Market, and Corporate Governance, 34 The Journal of Corporation Law, 3, 101-137 (2009). Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1205222
Yadav, Yesha, The Case for a Market in Debt Governance, 67 Vanderbilt Law Review, 3, 771-835 (2014). Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=2225524
Zinbarg, Edward D., The Private Placement Loan Agreement, 31 Financial Analysts Journal, 4, 33-35 (1975).
Working papers
Cheffins, Brian R., The Undermining of UK Corporate Governance (?) (University of Cambridge, Faculty of Law, Research Paper 4/2013 (2013). Available at: http:// ssrn.com/abstract=2129686, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id =2129686&rec=1&srcabs=1953190&alg=1&pos=5
Payne, Jennifer, Debt Restructuring in English Law: Lessons from the US and the Need for Reform (Oxford Legal Research Paper Series 89/2013, 13, 2014). Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2321615
Normativity
United Kingdom, Civil Procedure Rules, Rule 31. Available at: https://www.justice.gov. uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part31
United Kingdom, Companies Act 2006. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ ukpga/2006/46/pdfs/ukpga_20060046_en.pdf
United Kingdom, Insolvency Act 1986. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ ukpga/1986/45/pdfs/ukpga_19860045_en.pdf
Jurisprudence, Legal cases
England and Wales Court of Appeal, Bhullar v. Bhullar [2003] BCC 711 (Court of Appeal). Available at: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2003/424.html
England and Wales High Court of Justice, Wilkinson v. West Coast Capital [2005] EWHC 3009 (Chancery Division). Available at: http://lexisweb.co.uk/cases/2005/ december/wilkinson-v-west-coast-capital-and-others
Scotland, Court of Session, Outer House, Fowler v. Gruber [2009] CSOH 36. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/scot/cases/ScotCS/2009/2009CSOH36.html
United Kingdom, House of Lords, Aberdeen Railway Co. v. Blaikie (1854) 17 D (HL) 20.
United Kingdom, House of Lords, O’Neill v. Phillips [1999] UKHL 24. Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/ldjudgmt/jd990520/neill01. htm
United Kingdom, Court of Appeal, Re Barings PLC and others (No 5) [1999] 1 BCLC 433 (Chancery Division). Available at: http://swarb.co.uk/in-re-barings-plc-secretary- of-state-for-trade-and-industry-v-baker-no-5-chd-25-nov-1998/
Others sources
Loan Market Association, Single Currency Term and Revolving Facilities Agreement (LMA.STR08) 2014.
Obama, President Barack, Remarks of President Barack Obama (Address to Joint Session of Congress, February 24, 2009). Available at: https://obamawhitehouse. archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-address-joint-session-congress
O’Neill, Neill, Sadly, Banks Are a Necessary Evil, The Mayo News [July 24, 2012]. Available at: http://www.mayonews.ie/comment-opinion/68-off-the-fence/15790- sadly-banks-are-a-necessary-evil
Buxton, Tony; Chapman, Paul & Temple, Paul, Britain’s Economic Performance (Routledge, London, 2005).
Davies, Paul L., Gower and Davies’: The Principles of Modern Company Law (8th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2008).
Ferran, Eilís & Ho, Look Chan, Principles of Corporate Finance Law (2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014).
Gullifer, Louise & Payne, Jennifer, Corporate Finance Law: Principles and Policy (2nd ed., Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2015).
Kershaw, David, Company Law in Context: Text and Materials (2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012).
Kraakman, Reinier; Armour, John; Davies, Paul; Enriques, Luca; Hansmann, Henry; Hertig, Gerard; Hopt, Klaus; Kanda, Hideki; Pargendler, Mariana; Ringe, Wolf-Georg & Rock, Edward, The Anatomy of Corporate Law. A Comparative and Functional Approach (2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009).
Contribution in collective books
Armour, John; Hansmann, Henry & Kraakman, Reinier, Agency Problems and Legal Strategies, in The
Anatomy of Corporate Law. A Comparative and Functional Approach, 29-48 (2nd ed., Reinier Kraakman, John Armour, Paul Davies, LucaEnriques, Henry Hansmann, Gerard Hertig, Klaus Hopt, HidekiKanda, MarianaPargendler, Wolf-Georg Ringe & Edward Rock, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009).
Reisberg, Arad, Derivative Claims under the Companies Act 2006: Much Ado about Nothing?, in Rationality in Company Law: Essays in Honour of DD Prentice, 17-56 (John Armour & Jennifer Payne, eds., Hart Publishing, London, 2009).
Journals
Acharya, Viral V.; Franks, Julian & Servaes, Henri, Private Equity: Boom and Bust?, 19 Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 4, 44-53 (2007).
Asquith, Paul; Beatty, Anne & Weber, Joseph, Performance Pricing in Bank Debt Contracts, 40 Journal of Accounting and Economics, 101-128 (2005). Available at: https://www.academia.edu/18287465/Performance_pricing_in_bank_debt_ contracts
Baird, Douglas G. & Rasmussen, Robert K., Private Debt and The Missing Lever of Corporate Governance, 154 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1209- 1251 (2006). Available at: http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1310&context=penn_law_review
Bebchuk, Lucian Ayre & Fried, Jesse M., The Uneasy Case for the Priority of Secured Claims in Bankruptcy, 105 The Yale Law Journal, 857-934 (1996). Available at: http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/bebchuk/pdfs/tylj.96.bebchuk-fried.pdf, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=417960
Black, Fischer, The Dividend Puzzle, 2 Journal of Portfolio Management, 2, 5-8 (1976).
Chiu, Iris H-Y& Barker, Roger M., Protecting Minority Shareholders in Blockholder- Controlled Companies – Evaluating the UK’s Enhanced Listing Regime in Comparison with Investor Protection Regimes in New York and Hong Kong, 10 Capital Markets Law Journal, 1, 98-132 (2014). Available at: https://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2469759
Coffee, John C., A Theory of Corporate Scandals: Why the USA and Europe Differ, 21 Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2, 198-211 (2005)
Ehrlich, Isaac & Posner, Richard A., An Economic Analysis of Legal Rulemaking, 3 The Journal of Legal Studies, 1, 257-286 (1974).
Enriques, Luca& Volpin, Paolo, Corporate Governance Reforms in Continental Europe, 21 Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1, 117-140 (2007). Available at: https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=970796
Fama, Eugene F., Efficient Capital Markets: Reply, 31 The Journal of Finance, 1, 143- 145 (1976).
Finch, Vanessa, Pre-Packaged Administrations and the Construction of Propriety, 11 Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 1, 1-31 (2011).
Friedman, Ezra& Wickelgren, Abraham L., A New Angle on Rules versus Standards, 16 American Law and Economics Review, 2, 499-549 (2014).
Gelpern, Anna& Gulati, Mitu, CDS Zombies, 13 European Business Organization Law Review, 347-390 (2012). Available at: http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=5336&context=faculty_scholarship
Goddard, Robert, Excessive Remuneration and the Unfair Prejudice Remedy, 13 Edinburgh Law Review, 3, 517-519 (2009).
Hirschman, Albert Otto, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1970).
Hu, HenriT. C. & Black, Bernard, Debt, Equity and Hybrid Decoupling: Governance and Systemic Risk Implications, 14 European Financial Management, 4, 663-709 (2008).
Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, 3 Journal of Financial Economics, 4, 305- 360 (1978). Available at: https://www2.bc.edu/thomas-chemmanur/phdfincorp/ MF891%20papers/Jensen%20and%20Meckling%201976.pdf
Johnson, Simon; Porta, Rafael La; López-de-Silanes, Florencio & Shleifer, Andrei, Tunneling, 90 American Economic Review, 2, 22-27 (2000). Available at: https:// scholar.harvard.edu/shleifer/publications/tunneling
Jung, Boochun; Lee, Woo-Jong & Yang, YanhuaSunny, The Impact of Dividend Covenants on Investment and Operating Performance, 43 Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 3-4, 414-447 (2016).
Kaplow, Louis, Rules versus Standards: An Economic Analysis, 42 Duke Law Journal, 3, 557-629 (1992). Available at: http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=3207&context=dlj
Kershaw, David, Lost in Translation: Corporate Opportunities in Comparative Perspective, 25 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 4, 603-627 (2005).
Lele, PriyaP. & Siems, Mathias M., Shareholder Protection: A Leximetric Approach, 7 Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 1, 17-50 (2007).
Lim, Ernest, Directors’ Fiduciary Duties: A New Analytical Framework, 129 Law Quarterly Review, 2, 242-263 (2013). Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=2368147
McKnight, Andrew, Commitments to Lend in Troubled Times, 3 Law and Financial Markets Review, 2, 148-154 (2009).
Means, Benjamin, A Voice-Based Framework for Evaluating Claims of Minority Shareholder Oppression in the Close Corporation, 97 The Georgetown Law Journal, 1207-1256 (2009). Available at: http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1911&context=law_facpub
Mitnick, Barry M., Origin of the Theory of Agency: An Account by One of the Theory’s Originators (March 25, 2013). Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1020378
Porta, Rafael La; López-de-Silanes, Florencio & Shleifer, Andrei, Corporate Ownership around the World, 54 The Journal of Finance, 2, 471-517 (1999).
Roberts, Michael R. & Sufi, Amir, Renegotiation of Financial Contracts: Evidence from Private Credit Agreements, 93 Journal of Financial Economics, 159-184 (2009). Available at: http://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/~mrrobert/resources/ Publications/RenegotiationJFE2009.pdf
Schuster, Edmund Philipp, The Mandatory Bid Rule: Efficient, After All?, 76 Modern Law Review, 3, 529-563 (2013).
Shepherd, JoannaM.; Tung, Frederick & Yoon, Albert H., What Else Matters for Corporate Governance?: The Case of Bank Monitoring, 88 Boston University Law Review, 4, 991-1041 (2008). Available at: http://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/ bulr/volume88n4/documents/yoon-whatelsematters.pdf
Smith, Clifford W. & Warner, Jerold B., On Financial Contracting: An Analysis of Bond Covenants, 7 Journal of Financial Economics, 2, 117-161 (1979).
Triantis, Georges G., Secured Debt under Conditions of Imperfect Information, 21 The Journal of Legal Studies, 1, 225-258 (1992).
Triantis, Georges G. & Daniels, Ronald J., The Role of Debt in Interactive Corporate Governance, 83 University of California Law Review, 4, 1073-1113 (1995). Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1669&contex t=californialawreview
Tung, Frederick, Leverage in the Board Room: The Unsung Influence of Private Lenders in Corporate Governance, 57 UCLA Law Review, 115-181 (2009). Available at: http://www.uclalawreview.org/pdf/57-1-3.pdf
Whitehead, Charles K., The Evolution of Debt: Covenants, the Credit Market, and Corporate Governance, 34 The Journal of Corporation Law, 3, 101-137 (2009). Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1205222
Yadav, Yesha, The Case for a Market in Debt Governance, 67 Vanderbilt Law Review, 3, 771-835 (2014). Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=2225524
Zinbarg, Edward D., The Private Placement Loan Agreement, 31 Financial Analysts Journal, 4, 33-35 (1975).
Working papers
Cheffins, Brian R., The Undermining of UK Corporate Governance (?) (University of Cambridge, Faculty of Law, Research Paper 4/2013 (2013). Available at: http:// ssrn.com/abstract=2129686, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id =2129686&rec=1&srcabs=1953190&alg=1&pos=5
Payne, Jennifer, Debt Restructuring in English Law: Lessons from the US and the Need for Reform (Oxford Legal Research Paper Series 89/2013, 13, 2014). Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2321615
Normativity
United Kingdom, Civil Procedure Rules, Rule 31. Available at: https://www.justice.gov. uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part31
United Kingdom, Companies Act 2006. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ ukpga/2006/46/pdfs/ukpga_20060046_en.pdf
United Kingdom, Insolvency Act 1986. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ ukpga/1986/45/pdfs/ukpga_19860045_en.pdf
Jurisprudence, Legal cases
England and Wales Court of Appeal, Bhullar v. Bhullar [2003] BCC 711 (Court of Appeal). Available at: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2003/424.html
England and Wales High Court of Justice, Wilkinson v. West Coast Capital [2005] EWHC 3009 (Chancery Division). Available at: http://lexisweb.co.uk/cases/2005/ december/wilkinson-v-west-coast-capital-and-others
Scotland, Court of Session, Outer House, Fowler v. Gruber [2009] CSOH 36. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/scot/cases/ScotCS/2009/2009CSOH36.html
United Kingdom, House of Lords, Aberdeen Railway Co. v. Blaikie (1854) 17 D (HL) 20.
United Kingdom, House of Lords, O’Neill v. Phillips [1999] UKHL 24. Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/ldjudgmt/jd990520/neill01. htm
United Kingdom, Court of Appeal, Re Barings PLC and others (No 5) [1999] 1 BCLC 433 (Chancery Division). Available at: http://swarb.co.uk/in-re-barings-plc-secretary- of-state-for-trade-and-industry-v-baker-no-5-chd-25-nov-1998/
Others sources
Loan Market Association, Single Currency Term and Revolving Facilities Agreement (LMA.STR08) 2014.
Obama, President Barack, Remarks of President Barack Obama (Address to Joint Session of Congress, February 24, 2009). Available at: https://obamawhitehouse. archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-address-joint-session-congress
O’Neill, Neill, Sadly, Banks Are a Necessary Evil, The Mayo News [July 24, 2012]. Available at: http://www.mayonews.ie/comment-opinion/68-off-the-fence/15790- sadly-banks-are-a-necessary-evil
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