El personal de las Compañías Militares y de Seguridad Privadas (CMSP): ¿Contratistas civiles o mercenarios?
Publicado
feb 27, 2020
Almetrics
Dimensions
Google Scholar
Mario Iván Urueña-Sánchez
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8040-6240
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8040-6240
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Resumen
Este artículo de investigación tiene como propósito explorar la viabilidad y las ventajas derivadas de vincular el estatuto jurídico del personal de las Compañías Militares y de Seguridad Privada con otras figuras jurídicas más desarrolladas para ayudar a dinamizar al derecho internacional. Para tal efecto, se realiza una revisión documental basada en tratados internacionales y jurisprudencia y legislación interna de países emblemáticos.
Keywords
PMSC, mercenarism, private contractors, international humanitarian law, human rightsCMSP, mercenarismo, contratistas privados, derecho internacional humanitario, derechos humanos
References
Libros
C. Kinsey, Coporate soldiers and International Security. Routledge, Nueva York, 5-6 (2006).
Schreier, F. & Caparini, M., Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance Private Military and Security Companies. Ginebra: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (2005).
Artículos de revistas
Abello Galvis, R, Introducción al estudio de las normas de ius cogens en el seno de la comisión de derecho internacional, 60 Vniversitas, 123, 75-104, (2011).
Adams, T. K., Private Military Companies: Mercenaries of the 21st Century. 13 Small Wars and Insurgencies, 2, 54-67 (2002).
Álvarez Cobelas, J., Los mercernarios, o cómo África sobrepasa la modernidad. 9 Nova Africa, 33-54 (2001).
Bosch, S., Private security contractors and internartional humanitarian law -a skirmish for recognition in international armed conflicts-, 16 African Security, 4, 34-52, (2007).
De Nevers, R., Private Security Companies and the Laws of War. 40 Security Dialogue, 2, 169-190 (2009)
Ghazi Janaby, M., The Legal Status of Employees of Private Military/Security Companies Participating in U.N. Peacekeeping Operations. 13 Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 1, 82-102 (2015).
Gómez del Prado, J. L., Private Military and Security Companies and the UN Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries. 13 Journal of Concflict & Security Law, 3, 429-450, (2009).
Hansen, J. C., Rethinking the regulation of Private Military and Security Companies under International Humanitarian Law. 35 Fordham International Law Journal, 698-736 (2012).
Hedahl, M. Unaccountable: The Current State of Private Military and Security Companies. 31 Criminal Justice Ethics, 3, 175-192 (2012).
Huskey, K. A., Accountability for Private Military and Security Contractors in the International Legal Regime. 31 Criminal Justice Ethics, 3, 193-212 (2012).
Jackson, P., 'War is much too serious a thing to be left to military men': Private military companies, combat and regulation. 5 Civil Wars, 4, 30-55 (2002).
Jorge Urbina, J., Actores no estatales y externalización de las funciones militares en los conflictos armados: los contratistas privados ante el derecho internacional humanitario. 8, ACDI, 41-85, (2015).
Kálmán, J; Mercenaries Reloaded? Applicability of the Notion of 'Mercenaries' in Relation to Private Military Companies and their Employees. 54 Acta Juridica Hungarica, 4, 367-383 (2013).
Kinsey, C., Challenging international law: a dilemma of private security companies. 5 Conflict, Security & Development, 269-293 (2005).
Kinsey, C., Le droit international et le controle des mercenaires et des compagnies militaires privées. 52 Culture & Conflits, 91-116 (2003).
Krahmann, E., From 'Mercenaries' to 'Private Security Contractors': The (Re) Construction of Armed Security Providers in International Legal Discourse,. 40 Millenium: Journal of international Studies, 2, 343-363 (2012).
Lam, J. S., Accountability for Private Military Contractors under the Alien Tort Statute. 97 California Law Review, 5, 1459-1499 (2009).
Milliard, T. S., Overcoming Post-Colonial Myopia: a call to recognize and regulate Private Military Companies, 176 Military Law Review, 1-96 (2003).
Patel, F., Regulating Private Military and Security Companies: A comprehensive solution. 107 ASIL Proceedings, 201-203 (2013).
Pattison, J. (2011). The legitimacy of the military, private military and security companie, and just war. 11 European Journal of Political Theory, 2, 131-154 (2011).
Perrin, B., Mind the Gap: Lacunae in the International Legal Framework Governing Private Military and Security Companies. 31 Criminal Justice Ethics, 3, 213-232, (2012).
Pozo Serrano, P., & Hernández Martín, L., El Marco Jurídico de las CMSP. Reflexiones a propósito de la experiencia en Irak. 23 A.E.D.I, 315-351 (2007).
Roggensack, M, U.S. Legislative and Regulative Developments and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers: Filling the Accountability Gap?, 107 ASIL Proceedings, 203-204 (2013).
Rousseau, E., International Law and Private Military Companies: a Search for Clarity Droit International, sociétés militaires et conflit armé: Entre incertitudes et responsabilités, 8 Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 99-104, 1 (2014).
Schmitt, M. N., Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees, 5 Chicago Journal of International Law, 511-546 (2005).
Walker, C., & Whyte, D., Contracting out War?: Private Military Companies, Law and Regulation in the United Kingdom, 54 The International and Comparative Law Quaterly, 3, 651-689 (2005).
Warner, D., Establishing norms for Private Military and Security Companies. Denver International Law. & Politics, 106-117 (2012).
White, N. D., The Privatisation of Military and Security Functions and Human Rights: Comments on the UN Working Group's Draft Convention. 11 Human Rights Law Review, 1, 133-151 (2011).
Working papers
Strategic Comments, Private security companies 1-2 (IIS, Working Paper, 11 (10).
Colaboración en obras colectivas
G.S. Corn, Contracrors and the Law. En C. Kinsey, & M. Patterson, Contractors and War: The Transformation of United States' Expeditionary Operations, 157-183, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto (2012).
J.K. Elsea & N.M. Serafino, Private Security Contractors in Iraq: Background, Legal Status and Other Issues. En J. L. Jones, J. K. Elsea, & N. M. Serafino, Defense, Security and Strategies: Security in Iraq, 139-169, Nova, Nueva York (2010).
Tratados, convenios, acuerdos, resoluciones internacionales
au.int/AHG/49(IV), Resolución 49(IV) de la Organización para la Unidad Africana “sobre las actividades de los mercenarios”.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228598/0577.pdf, United Kingdom, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, HC 577 Private Military Companies: Options for Regulation 2001-02 (2002).
https://icoca.ch/sites/all/themes/icoca/assets/icocenglish3.pdf . CONFEDERACIÓN SUIZA, The International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers (2010).
https://www.icrc.org/es/publication/documento-de-montreux-sobre-las-empresas-militares-y-de-seguridad-privadas. CICR & CONFEREDERACIÓN SUIZA, Dirección de Derecho Internacional del Departamento Federal de Relaciones Exteriores, Documento de Montreux sobre las obligaciones jurídicas internacionales pertinentes y las buenas prácticas de los Estados en lo que respecta a las operaciones de las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas durante los conflictos armados (2008).
https://www.icrc.org/es/document/protocolo-i-adicional-convenios-ginebra-1949-proteccion-victimas-conflictos-armados-internacionales-1977, Protocolo I adicional a los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949 relativo a la protección de las víctimas de los conflictos armados internacionales (1977).
https://www.icrc.org/spa/resources/documents/misc/treaty-1989-mercenaries-5tdmhy.htm Convención Internacional contra el reclutamiento, la utilización, la financiación y el entrenamiento de mercenarios (1989).
https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/legal-fact-sheet/private-military-companies-montreux-plus-5-conclusions.htm. CICR & CONFEREDERACIÓN SUIZA, Montreux +5 Conference (2013).
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Mercenaries/WG/Law/SouthAfrica2.pdf, Act No. 27 of 2006, República de Sudáfrica, Prohibition of Mercenary Activities and Regulation of Certain Activities in Country of Armed Conflict Act”, Government Gazette, (2007).
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/mercenaries/docs/A.HRC.15.25.pdf , Naciones Unidas, Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring Of Private Military and Security Companies (2009).
undocs.org/ A/60/263.Naciones Unidas, Asamblea General, Uso de mercenarios como un medio para la violación de derechos humanos e impedir el ejercicio al derecho de los pueblos a la libre determinación (2005).
C. Kinsey, Coporate soldiers and International Security. Routledge, Nueva York, 5-6 (2006).
Schreier, F. & Caparini, M., Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance Private Military and Security Companies. Ginebra: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (2005).
Artículos de revistas
Abello Galvis, R, Introducción al estudio de las normas de ius cogens en el seno de la comisión de derecho internacional, 60 Vniversitas, 123, 75-104, (2011).
Adams, T. K., Private Military Companies: Mercenaries of the 21st Century. 13 Small Wars and Insurgencies, 2, 54-67 (2002).
Álvarez Cobelas, J., Los mercernarios, o cómo África sobrepasa la modernidad. 9 Nova Africa, 33-54 (2001).
Bosch, S., Private security contractors and internartional humanitarian law -a skirmish for recognition in international armed conflicts-, 16 African Security, 4, 34-52, (2007).
De Nevers, R., Private Security Companies and the Laws of War. 40 Security Dialogue, 2, 169-190 (2009)
Ghazi Janaby, M., The Legal Status of Employees of Private Military/Security Companies Participating in U.N. Peacekeeping Operations. 13 Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 1, 82-102 (2015).
Gómez del Prado, J. L., Private Military and Security Companies and the UN Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries. 13 Journal of Concflict & Security Law, 3, 429-450, (2009).
Hansen, J. C., Rethinking the regulation of Private Military and Security Companies under International Humanitarian Law. 35 Fordham International Law Journal, 698-736 (2012).
Hedahl, M. Unaccountable: The Current State of Private Military and Security Companies. 31 Criminal Justice Ethics, 3, 175-192 (2012).
Huskey, K. A., Accountability for Private Military and Security Contractors in the International Legal Regime. 31 Criminal Justice Ethics, 3, 193-212 (2012).
Jackson, P., 'War is much too serious a thing to be left to military men': Private military companies, combat and regulation. 5 Civil Wars, 4, 30-55 (2002).
Jorge Urbina, J., Actores no estatales y externalización de las funciones militares en los conflictos armados: los contratistas privados ante el derecho internacional humanitario. 8, ACDI, 41-85, (2015).
Kálmán, J; Mercenaries Reloaded? Applicability of the Notion of 'Mercenaries' in Relation to Private Military Companies and their Employees. 54 Acta Juridica Hungarica, 4, 367-383 (2013).
Kinsey, C., Challenging international law: a dilemma of private security companies. 5 Conflict, Security & Development, 269-293 (2005).
Kinsey, C., Le droit international et le controle des mercenaires et des compagnies militaires privées. 52 Culture & Conflits, 91-116 (2003).
Krahmann, E., From 'Mercenaries' to 'Private Security Contractors': The (Re) Construction of Armed Security Providers in International Legal Discourse,. 40 Millenium: Journal of international Studies, 2, 343-363 (2012).
Lam, J. S., Accountability for Private Military Contractors under the Alien Tort Statute. 97 California Law Review, 5, 1459-1499 (2009).
Milliard, T. S., Overcoming Post-Colonial Myopia: a call to recognize and regulate Private Military Companies, 176 Military Law Review, 1-96 (2003).
Patel, F., Regulating Private Military and Security Companies: A comprehensive solution. 107 ASIL Proceedings, 201-203 (2013).
Pattison, J. (2011). The legitimacy of the military, private military and security companie, and just war. 11 European Journal of Political Theory, 2, 131-154 (2011).
Perrin, B., Mind the Gap: Lacunae in the International Legal Framework Governing Private Military and Security Companies. 31 Criminal Justice Ethics, 3, 213-232, (2012).
Pozo Serrano, P., & Hernández Martín, L., El Marco Jurídico de las CMSP. Reflexiones a propósito de la experiencia en Irak. 23 A.E.D.I, 315-351 (2007).
Roggensack, M, U.S. Legislative and Regulative Developments and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers: Filling the Accountability Gap?, 107 ASIL Proceedings, 203-204 (2013).
Rousseau, E., International Law and Private Military Companies: a Search for Clarity Droit International, sociétés militaires et conflit armé: Entre incertitudes et responsabilités, 8 Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 99-104, 1 (2014).
Schmitt, M. N., Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees, 5 Chicago Journal of International Law, 511-546 (2005).
Walker, C., & Whyte, D., Contracting out War?: Private Military Companies, Law and Regulation in the United Kingdom, 54 The International and Comparative Law Quaterly, 3, 651-689 (2005).
Warner, D., Establishing norms for Private Military and Security Companies. Denver International Law. & Politics, 106-117 (2012).
White, N. D., The Privatisation of Military and Security Functions and Human Rights: Comments on the UN Working Group's Draft Convention. 11 Human Rights Law Review, 1, 133-151 (2011).
Working papers
Strategic Comments, Private security companies 1-2 (IIS, Working Paper, 11 (10).
Colaboración en obras colectivas
G.S. Corn, Contracrors and the Law. En C. Kinsey, & M. Patterson, Contractors and War: The Transformation of United States' Expeditionary Operations, 157-183, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto (2012).
J.K. Elsea & N.M. Serafino, Private Security Contractors in Iraq: Background, Legal Status and Other Issues. En J. L. Jones, J. K. Elsea, & N. M. Serafino, Defense, Security and Strategies: Security in Iraq, 139-169, Nova, Nueva York (2010).
Tratados, convenios, acuerdos, resoluciones internacionales
au.int/AHG/49(IV), Resolución 49(IV) de la Organización para la Unidad Africana “sobre las actividades de los mercenarios”.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228598/0577.pdf, United Kingdom, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, HC 577 Private Military Companies: Options for Regulation 2001-02 (2002).
https://icoca.ch/sites/all/themes/icoca/assets/icocenglish3.pdf . CONFEDERACIÓN SUIZA, The International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers (2010).
https://www.icrc.org/es/publication/documento-de-montreux-sobre-las-empresas-militares-y-de-seguridad-privadas. CICR & CONFEREDERACIÓN SUIZA, Dirección de Derecho Internacional del Departamento Federal de Relaciones Exteriores, Documento de Montreux sobre las obligaciones jurídicas internacionales pertinentes y las buenas prácticas de los Estados en lo que respecta a las operaciones de las empresas militares y de seguridad privadas durante los conflictos armados (2008).
https://www.icrc.org/es/document/protocolo-i-adicional-convenios-ginebra-1949-proteccion-victimas-conflictos-armados-internacionales-1977, Protocolo I adicional a los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949 relativo a la protección de las víctimas de los conflictos armados internacionales (1977).
https://www.icrc.org/spa/resources/documents/misc/treaty-1989-mercenaries-5tdmhy.htm Convención Internacional contra el reclutamiento, la utilización, la financiación y el entrenamiento de mercenarios (1989).
https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/legal-fact-sheet/private-military-companies-montreux-plus-5-conclusions.htm. CICR & CONFEREDERACIÓN SUIZA, Montreux +5 Conference (2013).
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Mercenaries/WG/Law/SouthAfrica2.pdf, Act No. 27 of 2006, República de Sudáfrica, Prohibition of Mercenary Activities and Regulation of Certain Activities in Country of Armed Conflict Act”, Government Gazette, (2007).
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/mercenaries/docs/A.HRC.15.25.pdf , Naciones Unidas, Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring Of Private Military and Security Companies (2009).
undocs.org/ A/60/263.Naciones Unidas, Asamblea General, Uso de mercenarios como un medio para la violación de derechos humanos e impedir el ejercicio al derecho de los pueblos a la libre determinación (2005).
Cómo citar
Urueña-Sánchez, M. I. (2020). El personal de las Compañías Militares y de Seguridad Privadas (CMSP): ¿Contratistas civiles o mercenarios?. Vniversitas, 69, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.vj69.epcm
Sección
Edición ordinaria
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.