<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model type="application/xml-dtd" href="http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1d3/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1d3 20150301//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1d3/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1d3" specific-use="1.2" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="es">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">2310</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">Universitas Medica</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher" xml:lang="es">Univ. Med.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0041-9095</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2011-0839</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Colombia</country>
<email>revistascientificasjaveriana@gmail.com</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="pmc">231066999006</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed62-3.lact</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Revisión</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Rol del lactato en pacientes con falla hepática</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Lactate Role in in Patients with Liver Failure</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3841-1484</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Suárez Quintero</surname>
<given-names>Carmen Yanette</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-7554</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lombo Moreno</surname>
<given-names>Carlos Ernesto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
<email>carloslombom@javeriana.edu.co</email>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Profesora del Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Gastroenterología-Hepatología, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Estudiante de la Especialización en Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="corresp1"><sup>a</sup>Autor de correspondencia: <email>carloslombom@javeriana.edu.co</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Julio-Septiembre</season>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>62</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>16</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>27</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Desde finales del siglo XX, se han estudiado las concentraciones de lactato como marcador pronóstico en los pacientes críticamente enfermos y como meta en su reanimación. En pacientes con enfermedad hepática, se dificulta la interpretación de las cantidades de lactato, dado su mecanismo de producción fisiopatológico. Sin embargo, existe evidencia sobre la relación del lactato y mortalidad en el paciente con la enfermedad hepática aguda o crónica en el paciente críticamente enfermo. Además, se ha postulado el lactato como predictor de beneficio de trasplante hepático y marcador pronóstico temprano posterior al trasplante hepático. De acuerdo con lo anterior, es relevante el estudio y la adecuada interpretación del lactato en los pacientes con enfermedad hepática.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Since the end of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the lactate levels have been studied as a prognostic marker in critically ill patients and as a goal in their resuscitation. In patients with liver disease, the interpretation of lactate levels presents some difficulty given its pathophysiological production mechanism. However, there is evidence on the relationship between lactate levels and mortality in patients with acute or chronic liver disease in critically ill patients. In addition, lactate has been postulated as a predictor of benefit from liver transplantation and an early prognostic marker after liver transplantation. Thus, the study and adequate interpretation of lactate in patients with liver disease is relevant.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>hiperlactatemia</kwd>
<kwd>fallo hepático</kwd>
<kwd>sepsis</kwd>
<kwd>enfermedad crítica</kwd>
<kwd>trasplante de hígado</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>hyperlactatemia</kwd>
<kwd>liver failure</kwd>
<kwd>sepsis</kwd>
<kwd>critical care</kwd>
<kwd>liver transplantation</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="41"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>Cómo citar</meta-name>
<meta-value>Suárez Quintero CY, Lombo Moreno CE. Rol del lactato en pacientes con falla hepática. Univ. Med. 2021;62(3). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed62-3.lact">https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed62-3.lact</ext-link>
</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introducción</title>
<p>Desde los estudios de Weil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>), se ha utilizado la concentración sérica del lactato como marcador de la perfusión en pacientes críticamente enfermos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>). En 1983 se propone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref>), basándose en el estudio de Orringer et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>), que la disminución en la concentración de lactato en el cuerpo humano era un fenómeno que se desarrollaba rápidamente y que, por lo tanto, la medida repetida del lactato podría servir como un indicador de la respuesta a la terapia instaurada.</p>
<p>Múltiples estudios observacionales en pacientes septicémicos han evaluado con buenos resultados el lactato como estrategia de reanimación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>). En un estudio con pacientes con lactato ≥3 meq/L por cualquier etiología (excepto falla hepática) hospitalizados en unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI), una reducción del 20 % del lactato a las 2 horas redujo el riesgo de mortalidad y de estancia en la UCI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>). Por lo tanto, su uso está avalado en la práctica clínica actual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>). Sin embargo, los estudios que utilizan la depuración de ácido láctico como meta de reanimación no han identificado como subgrupo a los pacientes con enfermedad hepática.</p>
<p>Esta población requiere un abordaje especial, ya que el hígado es responsable del 60 % de la depuración del lactato. Además, dado que este órgano es vulnerable a la disfunción circulatoria secundaria causada por sepsis, es relevante la contribución del daño hepático a la hiperlactatemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>). Por otra parte, la hiperlactatemia persistente puede ser difícil de interpretar, porque es posible que los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica tengan hiperlactatemia sin presencia de hipoperfusión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>). Por tal razón, la siguiente revisión plantea evaluar el papel del ácido láctico en pacientes con falla hepática. De forma secuencial, se presenta la fisiopatología de la hiperlactatemia, el papel de la hiperlactatemia en el paciente hospitalizado en la UCI con falla hepática, el papel de la hiperlactatemia en pacientes con choque séptico y falla hepática y, finalmente, el papel del lactato como predictor de requerimiento de trasplante hepático y de respuesta a este.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Metodología</title>
<p>Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las plataformas PubMed, Cochrane y Scopus con los términos MeSH: “Lactic Acid” AND “Liver Failure” AND “adult”, de la cual se obtuvieron 49 resultados. Se seleccionaron los artículos en los que los términos MeSH aparecían en el título o en el resumen. Dentro de las referencias de los artículos, se incluyeron adicionalmente aquellos en los que los términos de búsqueda aparecieron en el título.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Fisiopatología</title>
<p>Una persona sana produce al día 1500 mmol de lactato al día y mantiene una concentración sérica normal menor de 1 meq/l (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref>). La producción de lactato se lleva a cabo desde el metabolismo como parte de la glucólisis celular. Este lactato producido es metabolizado principalmente por los hepatocitos a través del ciclo de Cori (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref>). En caso de que la célula aumente sus requerimientos energéticos, se iniciaría el proceso de glucólisis. Sin embargo, este proceso requiere dinucleótido de adenina y nicotinamida (NAD+) como aceptador de electrones. Este compuesto precisa que se reclicle a través del NAD reducido. Una manera de suplir este NAD+ es a través de la transferencia de electrones de este NAD+ al piruvato. De tal manera, se da la formación de lactato utilizando la lactato deshidrogenasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>).</p>
<p>La hiperlactatemia se produce de varias condiciones patológicas, dentro de las que se encuentran la falla hepática y la enfermedad renal, esto debido a que estos órganos se encargan de la depuración del lactato. Los pacientes con cirrosis hepática presentan una depuración del lactato 3 veces más lenta comparada con controles sanos al ser sometidos a actividad física (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref>). Sin embargo, no se descartan otros posibles mecanismos de hiperlactatemia asociados, dentro de los que se encuentra la glucólisis acelerada en la región esplácnica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>).</p>
<p>Las concentraciones de lactato, además de ser un subproducto del mecanismo de producción energético celular, también están relacionadas con los procesos patológicos secundarios a la enfermedad hepática. Es conocido que el lactato elevado se correlaciona con la severidad de la encefalopatía hepática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>). Sin embargo, aunque existe una relación entre hiperlactatemia y encefalopatía hepática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>), no es claro cuál antecede a la otra. Una de las hipótesis formuladas respecto a la relación entre hiperlactatemia y encefalopatía hepática es que los pacientes con concentraciones elevadas de amonio presentan inhibición de la enzima α-cetoglutarato deshidrogenasa. Esta inhibición afecta el proceso de oxidación de la glucosa, aumenta la concentración del lactato y altera, de esta manera, las fuentes energéticas disponibles para uso por parte del cerebro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>). Además, el tratamiento con terlipresina en pacientes con falla hepática aguda ha evidenciado mejoría de la perfusión cerebral y disminución en la concentración del lactato. Ello sugiere que la falla hepática aguda precede a la hiperlactatemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Hiperlactatemia y falla hepática en el paciente hospitalizado en la unidad de cuidado intensivo</title>
<p>La depuración del lactato se asocia de forma inversamente proporcional con la mortalidad en pacientes críticamente enfermos. Por tal razón, se ha recomendado en pacientes con choque séptico utilizar el lactato como guía en la reanimación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">23</xref>). En pacientes con diagnóstico previo de cirrosis, insuficiencia hepática aguda sobre crónica (IHAC) o insuficiencia hepática aguda, el lactato ha demostrado su utilidad como marcador pronóstico, como meta de tratamiento y como guía en la toma de decisiones.</p>
<p>El lactato es útil para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos críticamente enfermos. Pacientes con cirrosis quienes ingresaron a la UCI con hiperlactatemia presentaban mayores tasas de mortalidad a los 28 días. Además, la depuración del lactato menor al 30 % en 12 horas y la persistencia de hiperlactatemia a 24 horas predecían de manera más precisa la mortalidad a 28 días con un área bajo la curva del 78 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">24</xref>). Otro uso del lactato en pacientes cirróticos se asocia con la medición de la glucosa ya que, en combinación, se han estudiado como predictores de disfunción hepática y renal y como predictores de mortalidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">25</xref>).</p>
<p>En pacientes con IHAC hay una elevada incidencia de mortalidad. Pacientes que tenían concentraciones elevadas de lactato ( entre 3 y 10,3 mg/dl) al ingreso a la UCI presentaron una mayor mortalidad durante su estancia en este servicio (OR: 1,08; IC95 %: 1,01-1,15) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">26</xref>). Por otra parte, disminuyó la mortalidad de aquellos pacientes con una mayor depuración del lactato. En pacientes hospitalizados en UCI por cirrosis o por IHAC, aproximadamente, por cada 10 % de descenso en la depuración del lactato en las primeras 24 horas, se observaba una disminución de la mortalidad intrahospitalaria del 15 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">27</xref>).</p>
<p>En pacientes con falla hepática aguda inducida por acetaminofén, el lactato también ha demostrado su utilidad como predictor de mortalidad. Sin embargo, aunque la hiperlactatemia aumenta la sensibilidad de los criterios del King College para trasplante hepático, reduce la especificidad de estos criterios a una cifra inferior al 50 %, por lo que no se ha incluido como parte de estos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">28</xref>). El lactato también se ha asociado con un peor pronóstico en pacientes con falla hepática fulminante de otras causas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">30</xref>); no obstante, su utilidad no solo es evidente como marcador pronóstico, sino para definir qué tipo de tratamiento seguir. En pacientes con falla hepática fulminante, las concentraciones de lactato menores a 3 mg/dl asociadas con otras variables de evaluación hemodinámica y neurológica se han vinculado con la pertinencia de uso de terapia MARS (por su nombre en inglés <italic>Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System</italic>), para evitar así trasplantes hepáticos no requeridos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">31</xref>). Además, existen otros modelos pronósticos, como el BiLE (bilirrubina, lactato y etiología), cuya sensibilidad es del 79 % y su especificidad es del 84 % para predecir muerte o requerimiento de trasplante hepático (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">32</xref>).</p>
<p>El lactato también es útil en pacientes con enfermedad hepática severa secundaria a embarazo (ya sea por esteatosis asociada al embarazo o hipertensión arterial/eclampsia). Aunque esta enfermedad tiene usualmente un pronóstico favorable, un punto de corte del lactato mayor a 2,8 mg/dl al ingreso es predictor de muerte o trasplante hepático en estas pacientes (sensibilidad del 73 % y especificidad del 75 %) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">33</xref>). También se ha investigado en el contexto de hemorragia de vías digestivas altas de origen variceal, donde la hiperlactatemia se asocia con mayor mortalidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">34</xref>). Además, el lactato se ha utilizado, junto con la glucosa, como predictor de disfunción hepática y renal en pacientes cirróticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">25</xref>).</p>
<p>Cabe aclarar que la mayoría de los estudios mencionados tienen una gran cantidad de sesgos secundarios a sus características retrospectivas o falta información respecto a la etiología de cirrosis o falla hepática aguda causante del ingreso a UCI. Se requieren estudios prospectivos para validar el lactato como marcador pronóstico en diferentes grupos de pacientes críticos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Hiperlactatemia en pacientes con enfermedad hepática y choque séptico</title>
<p>Un subgrupo de pacientes críticos que requieren especial atención es el grupo de pacientes con falla hepática y choque séptico asociado, debido a la dificultad para interpretar la hiperlactatemia en ellos.</p>
<p>Pacientes con falla hepática aguda podrían tener una mayor susceptibilidad para el desarrollo de infecciones bacterianas. Ello, comparados con controles sin enfermedad hepática, se asocian con una circulación hiperdinámica, mayores concentraciones de lactato y una actividad elevada del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona al desarrollar choque séptico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>). Aunque estos resultados fueron reportados en un estudio retrospectivo donde es posible que los pacientes con falla hepática aguda se encontraran con una mayor afectación por su choque séptico, es posible que estos pacientes tuvieran una menor respuesta fisiológica al mismo agente nocivo. Además, se evidenció una mayor mortalidad en el grupo de pacientes con enfermedad hepática (90 % vs. 47 %). En cuanto a pacientes con cirrosis avanzada, estos también presentan una mayor mortalidad, al desarrollar choque séptico comparado con controles sin cirrosis avanzada (36 % vs. 21 %). La hiperlactatemia y la neumonía se asociaron con este desenlace (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">36</xref>). De acuerdo con lo anterior, independientemente de la causa fisiológica que explique la hiperlactatemia, las cantidades elevadas de lactato tanto en pacientes con falla hepática aguda como en crónica se relacionan con una mayor mortalidad en pacientes con choque séptico.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>El lactato como predictor y pronóstico pre y postrasplante</title>
<p>El lactato puede ser útil para determinar qué pacientes se beneficiarían del trasplante hepático. Aunque usualmente se utiliza el puntaje del <italic>Model End stage Liver Disease</italic> (MELD) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">37</xref>), un estudio retrospectivo evidenció que pacientes en presencia del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo o con un lactato mayor a 5 mmol/L presentaban una supervivencia a un año del 33 %, comparado con un 82 % de supervivencia de quienes no presentaban ninguno de los anteriores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">38</xref>). Por otra parte, existen estudios en los cuales el lactato se incluye dentro del puntaje MELD y logra una mayor predicción en la mortalidad a 30 días, con un área bajo de la curva del 71 % utilizando MELD vs. un 80 % utilizando MELD más lactato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">39</xref>).</p>
<p>Además, el lactato podría ser útil para evaluar la respuesta del paciente al trasplante hepático. En pacientes evaluados en el momento inmediatamente posterior al trasplante, las concentraciones de lactato se relacionan con una mortalidad a 30 días con un área bajo de la curva del 77 %. Sin embargo, la escala MELD posoperatoria fue superior con una área bajo la curva de 81 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">40</xref>). Por otra parte, pacientes con depuración del lactato en las primeras 6 horas menor al 25 % predicen una mala respuesta inicial del injerto, con una sensibilidad del 95 % y una especificidad del 89 %, siendo superior a las escalas CHILD-Pugh y MELD (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">41</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusión</title>
<p>Aunque la interpretación de las concentraciones de lactato en pacientes con enfermedad hepática representa una dificultad para el médico clínico, en el contexto del paciente crítico existe una relación entre estas y la mortalidad del paciente con falla hepática aguda o crónica, principalmente en pacientes con choque séptico. El lactato también es útil para determinar qué pacientes podrían beneficiarse de trasplante hepático y para predecir la mortalidad postrasplante; incluso el lactato como complemento dentro de otras escalas de clasificación (BiLE o MELD más lactato) en estudios retrospectivos ha evidenciado una mejoría en las características operativas de estas escalas. Sin embargo, dado que estos resultados están basados en estudios retrospectivos y con un tamaño de muestra bajo, no es posible realizar una recomendación para su uso sistemático. Por todo lo anterior, el uso del lactato como marcador pronóstico y como meta de reanimación es un tema de interés tanto en hepatología como en el contexto de la UCI.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conflicto de intereses</title>
<p>No se reportan conflictos de intereses.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title>Agradecimientos</title>
<p>Al servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio.</p>
</ack>
<ref-list>
<title>Referencias</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1.</label>
<mixed-citation>1. Broder G, Weil MH. Excess lactate: an index of reversibility of shock in human patients. Science. 1984;(80). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.143.3613.1457">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.143.3613.1457</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Broder</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weil</surname>
<given-names>MH</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Excess lactate: an index of reversibility of shock in human patients</article-title>
<source>Science</source>
<year>1984</year>
<issue>80</issue>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.143.3613.1457">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.143.3613.1457</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.143.3613.1457</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2.</label>
<mixed-citation>2. Weil MH, Afifi AA. Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of the severity of acute circulatory failure (shock). Circulation. 1970;41(6):989-1001. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.41.6.989">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.41.6.989</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Weil</surname>
<given-names>MH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Afifi</surname>
<given-names>AA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of the severity of acute circulatory failure (shock)</article-title>
<source>Circulation</source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>989</fpage>
<lpage>1001</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.41.6.989">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.41.6.989</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.41.6.989</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3.</label>
<mixed-citation>3. Peretz DI, Mcgregor M, Dossetor JB. Lactic acidosis: a clinically significant aspect of shock. Can Med Assoc J. 1964;90(11):673-5.</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Peretz</surname>
<given-names>DI</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mcgregor</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dossetor</surname>
<given-names>JB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Lactic acidosis: a clinically significant aspect of shock</article-title>
<source>Can Med Assoc J</source>
<year>1964</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>673</fpage>
<lpage>675</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4.</label>
<mixed-citation>4. Vincent JL, De Backer D. Circulatory shock. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(18):17-26-34. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1208943">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1208943</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vincent</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>De Backer</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Circulatory shock</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>369</volume>
<issue>18</issue>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1208943">https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1208943</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMra1208943</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5.</label>
<mixed-citation>5. Vincent JL, Dufaye P, Berre J, Leeman M, Degaute JP, Kahn RJ. Serial lactate determinations during circulatory shock. Crit Care Med. 1983;11(6):449-51. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198306000-00012">https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198306000-00012</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vincent</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dufaye</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Berre</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Leeman</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Degaute</surname>
<given-names>JP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kahn</surname>
<given-names>RJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Serial lactate determinations during circulatory shock</article-title>
<source>Crit Care Med</source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>449</fpage>
<lpage>451</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198306000-00012">https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198306000-00012</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00003246-198306000-00012</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6.</label>
<mixed-citation>6. Orringer CE, Eustace JC, Wunsch CD, Gardner LB. Natural history of lactic acidosis after grand-mal seizures. N Engl J Med. 1977;297(15):796-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197710132971502">https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197710132971502</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Orringer</surname>
<given-names>CE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Eustace</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wunsch</surname>
<given-names>CD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gardner</surname>
<given-names>LB</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Natural history of lactic acidosis after grand-mal seizures</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>297</volume>
<issue>15</issue>
<fpage>796</fpage>
<lpage>799</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197710132971502">https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197710132971502</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/nejm197710132971502</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7.</label>
<mixed-citation>7. Vincent J-L, Quintairos E Silva A, Couto L Jr, Taccone FS. The value of blood lactate kinetics in critically ill patients: A systematic review. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):257. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/S13054-016-1403-5">https://doi.org/10.1186/S13054-016-1403-5</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vincent</surname>
<given-names>J-L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Quintairos</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Silva</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Couto</surname>
<given-names>L Jr</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Taccone</surname>
<given-names>FS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The value of blood lactate kinetics in critically ill patients: A systematic review</article-title>
<source>Crit Care</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>257</fpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/S13054-016-1403-5">https://doi.org/10.1186/S13054-016-1403-5</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/S13054-016-1403-5</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8.</label>
<mixed-citation>8. Jansen TC, Van Bommel J, Schoonderbeek FJ, et al. Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200912-1918OC">https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200912-1918OC</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jansen</surname>
<given-names>TC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Van Bommel</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schoonderbeek</surname>
<given-names>FJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial</article-title>
<source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
<year>2010</year>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200912-1918OC">https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200912-1918OC</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1164/rccm.200912-1918OC</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9.</label>
<mixed-citation>9. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Sleeswijk Visser SJ, van der Klooster JM, Lima AP, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004;182(6):752-61. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000117317.18092.E4">https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000117317.18092.E4</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dellinger</surname>
<given-names>RP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Carlet</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Masur</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sleeswijk Visser</surname>
<given-names>SJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>van der Klooster</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lima</surname>
<given-names>AP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock</article-title>
<source>Crit Care Med</source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>182</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>752</fpage>
<lpage>761</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000117317.18092.E4">https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000117317.18092.E4</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.CCM.0000117317.18092.E4</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10.</label>
<mixed-citation>10. Hernández G, Bellomo R, Bakker J. The ten pitfalls of lactate clearance in sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(1):82-5. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5213-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5213-x</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bellomo</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bakker</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The ten pitfalls of lactate clearance in sepsis</article-title>
<source>Intensive Care Med</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>82</fpage>
<lpage>85</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5213-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5213-x</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00134-018-5213-x</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11.</label>
<mixed-citation>11. Alegría L, Vera M, Dreyse J, Carpio D, Henriquez C, Gajardo D, et al. A hypoperfusion context may aid to interpret hyperlactatemia in sepsis-3 septic shock patients: a proof-of-concept study. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7(1):29. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-017-0253-x">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-017-0253-x</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alegría</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vera</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dreyse</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Carpio</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Henriquez</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gajardo</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A hypoperfusion context may aid to interpret hyperlactatemia in sepsis-3 septic shock patients: a proof-of-concept study</article-title>
<source>Ann Intensive Care</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>29</fpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-017-0253-x">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-017-0253-x</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13613-017-0253-x</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12.</label>
<mixed-citation>12. Hernández G, Luengo C, Bruhn A, Kattan E, Friedman G, Ospina-Tascon GA, et al. When to stop septic shock resuscitation: clues from a dynamic perfusion monitoring. Ann Intensive Care. 2014;4:30. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-014-0030-z">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-014-0030-z</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hernández</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Luengo</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bruhn</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kattan</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Friedman</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ospina-Tascon</surname>
<given-names>GA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>When to stop septic shock resuscitation: clues from a dynamic perfusion monitoring</article-title>
<source>Ann Intensive Care</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>30</issue>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-014-0030-z">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-014-0030-z</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13613-014-0030-z</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13.</label>
<mixed-citation>13. Nichol AD, Egi M, Pettila V, Bellomo R, French C, Hart G, et al. Relative hyperlactatemia and hospital mortality in critically ill patients: A retrospective multi-centre study. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R25. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8888">https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8888</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nichol</surname>
<given-names>AD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Egi</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pettila</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bellomo</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>French</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hart</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Relative hyperlactatemia and hospital mortality in critically ill patients: A retrospective multi-centre study</article-title>
<source>Crit Care</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8888">https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8888</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/cc8888</pub-id>
<elocation-id>R25</elocation-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14.</label>
<mixed-citation>14. Levy B. Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006;12(4):315-21. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccx.0000235208.77450.15">https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccx.0000235208.77450.15</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Levy</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view</article-title>
<source>Curr Opin Crit Care</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>315</fpage>
<lpage>321</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccx.0000235208.77450.15">https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccx.0000235208.77450.15</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.ccx.0000235208.77450.15</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15.</label>
<mixed-citation>15. García-Álvarez M, Marik P, Bellomo R. Stress hyperlactataemia: present understanding and controversy. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(4):339-47. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70154-2">https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70154-2</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García-Álvarez</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Marik</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bellomo</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Stress hyperlactataemia: present understanding and controversy</article-title>
<source>Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>339</fpage>
<lpage>347</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70154-2">https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70154-2</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70154-2</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16.</label>
<mixed-citation>16. Almenoff PL, Leavy J, Weil MH, Goldberg NB, Vega D, Rackow EC. Prolongation of the half-life of lactate after maximal exercise in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Crit Care Med. 1989;17(9):870-3. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198909000-00004">https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198909000-00004</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Almenoff</surname>
<given-names>PL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Leavy</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Weil</surname>
<given-names>MH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Goldberg</surname>
<given-names>NB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vega</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rackow</surname>
<given-names>EC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prolongation of the half-life of lactate after maximal exercise in patients with hepatic dysfunction</article-title>
<source>Crit Care Med</source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>870</fpage>
<lpage>873</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198909000-00004">https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198909000-00004</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00003246-198909000-00004</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17.</label>
<mixed-citation>17. Jeppesen JB, Mortensen C, Bendtsen F, Møller S. Lactate metabolism in chronic liver disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013;73(4):293-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2013.773591">https://doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2013.773591</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jeppesen</surname>
<given-names>JB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mortensen</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bendtsen</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Møller</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Lactate metabolism in chronic liver disease</article-title>
<source>Scand J Clin Lab Invest</source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>293</fpage>
<lpage>299</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2013.773591">https://doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2013.773591</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/00365513.2013.773591</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18.</label>
<mixed-citation>18. Clemmesen JO, Hoy CE, Kondrup J, Ott P. Splanchnic metabolism of fuel substrates in acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2000;33(6):941-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80126-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80126-9</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Clemmesen</surname>
<given-names>JO</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hoy</surname>
<given-names>CE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kondrup</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ott</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Splanchnic metabolism of fuel substrates in acute liver failure</article-title>
<source>J Hepatol</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>941</fpage>
<lpage>948</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80126-9">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80126-9</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80126-9</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19.</label>
<mixed-citation>19. Yao H, Sadoshima S, Fujii K, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Eur Neurol. 1987;27(3):182-7. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000116153">https://doi.org/10.1159/000116153</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sadoshima</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fujii</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in patients with hepatic encephalopathy</article-title>
<source>Eur Neurol</source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>182</fpage>
<lpage>187</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000116153">https://doi.org/10.1159/000116153</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000116153</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20.</label>
<mixed-citation>20. Tofteng F, Larsen FS. Monitoring extracellular concentrations of lactate, glutamate, and glycerol by in vivo microdialysis in the brain during liver transplantation in acute liver failure. Liver Transplant. 2002;8(3):302-5. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1053/jlts.2002.32283">https://doi.org/10.1053/jlts.2002.32283</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tofteng</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Larsen</surname>
<given-names>FS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Monitoring extracellular concentrations of lactate, glutamate, and glycerol by in vivo microdialysis in the brain during liver transplantation in acute liver failure</article-title>
<source>Liver Transplant</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>302</fpage>
<lpage>305</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1053/jlts.2002.32283">https://doi.org/10.1053/jlts.2002.32283</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/jlts.2002.32283</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21.</label>
<mixed-citation>21. Lai JC, Cooper AJ. Brain alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex: kinetic properties, regional distribution, and effects of inhibitors. J Neurochem. 1986;47(5):1376-86. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00768.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00768.x</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lai</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cooper</surname>
<given-names>AJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Brain alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex: kinetic properties, regional distribution, and effects of inhibitors</article-title>
<source>J Neurochem</source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1376</fpage>
<lpage>1386</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00768.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00768.x</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00768.x</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22.</label>
<mixed-citation>22. Eefsen M, Dethloff T, Frederiksen HJ, Hauerberg J, Hansen BA, Larsen FS. Comparison of terlipressin and noradrenalin on cerebral perfusion, intracranial pressure and cerebral extracellular concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in patients with acute liver failure in need of inotropic support. J Hepatol. 2007;47(3):381-6. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.015">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.015</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Eefsen</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Dethloff</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Frederiksen</surname>
<given-names>HJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hauerberg</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hansen</surname>
<given-names>BA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Larsen</surname>
<given-names>FS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Comparison of terlipressin and noradrenalin on cerebral perfusion, intracranial pressure and cerebral extracellular concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in patients with acute liver failure in need of inotropic support</article-title>
<source>J Hepatol</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>381</fpage>
<lpage>386</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.015">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.015</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.015</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23.</label>
<mixed-citation>23. Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The surviving sepsis campaign bundle: 2018 update. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(6):997-1000.. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003119">https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003119</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Levy</surname>
<given-names>MM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Evans</surname>
<given-names>LE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rhodes</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The surviving sepsis campaign bundle: 2018 update</article-title>
<source>Crit Care Med</source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>997</fpage>
<lpage>1000</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003119">https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003119</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/CCM.0000000000003119</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24.</label>
<mixed-citation>24. Drolz A, Horvatits T, Rutter K, Landahl F, Roedl K, Meersseman P, et al. lactate improves prediction of short-term mortality in critically ill patients with cirrhosis: a multinational study. Hepatology. 2019;69(1):258-69. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30151">https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30151</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Drolz</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Horvatits</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rutter</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Landahl</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Roedl</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Meersseman</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>lactate improves prediction of short-term mortality in critically ill patients with cirrhosis: a multinational study</article-title>
<source>Hepatology</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>258</fpage>
<lpage>269</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30151">https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30151</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/hep.30151</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25.</label>
<mixed-citation>25. Freire Jorge P, Wieringa N, de Felice E, van der Horst ICC, Oude Lansink A, Nijsten MW. The association of early combined lactate and glucose levels with subsequent renal and liver dysfunction and hospital mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):1-11. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1785-z">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1785-z</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Freire Jorge</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wieringa</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>de Felice</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>van der Horst</surname>
<given-names>ICC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Oude Lansink</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nijsten</surname>
<given-names>MW</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The association of early combined lactate and glucose levels with subsequent renal and liver dysfunction and hospital mortality in critically ill patients</article-title>
<source>Crit Care</source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1785-z">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1785-z</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13054-017-1785-z</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26.</label>
<mixed-citation>26. Cardoso FS, Abraldes JG, Sy E, Ronco JJ, Bagulho L, Mcphail MJ, et al. Lactate and number of organ failures predict intensive care unit mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int. 2019;39(7):1271-80. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14083">https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14083</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cardoso</surname>
<given-names>FS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Abraldes</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sy</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ronco</surname>
<given-names>JJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bagulho</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mcphail</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Lactate and number of organ failures predict intensive care unit mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure</article-title>
<source>Liver Int</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>1271</fpage>
<lpage>1280</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14083">https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14083</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/liv.14083</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27.</label>
<mixed-citation>27. Gao F, Huang XL, Cai MX, Lin MT, Wang BF, Wu W, et al. Prognostic value of serum lactate kinetics in critically ill patients with cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a multicenter study. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(13):4446-62. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102062">https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102062</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gao</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>XL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Cai</surname>
<given-names>MX</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>MT</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>BF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prognostic value of serum lactate kinetics in critically ill patients with cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a multicenter study</article-title>
<source>Aging (Albany NY)</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>13</issue>
<fpage>4446</fpage>
<lpage>4462</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102062">https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102062</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18632/aging.102062</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28.</label>
<mixed-citation>28. Schmidt LE, Larsen FS. Prognostic implications of hyperlactatemia, multiple organ failure, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(2):337-43. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000194724.70031.B6">https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000194724.70031.B6</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schmidt</surname>
<given-names>LE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Larsen</surname>
<given-names>FS</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prognostic implications of hyperlactatemia, multiple organ failure, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure</article-title>
<source>Crit Care Med</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>337</fpage>
<lpage>343</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000194724.70031.B6">https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000194724.70031.B6</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.CCM.0000194724.70031.B6</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29.</label>
<mixed-citation>29. MacQuillan GC, Seyam MS, Nightingale P, Neuberger JM, Murphy N. Blood lactate but not serum phosphate levels can predict patient outcome in fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Transplant. 2005;11(9):1073-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20427">https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20427</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>MacQuillan</surname>
<given-names>GC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Seyam</surname>
<given-names>MS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nightingale</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Neuberger</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Murphy</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Blood lactate but not serum phosphate levels can predict patient outcome in fulminant hepatic failure</article-title>
<source>Liver Transplant</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>1073</fpage>
<lpage>1079</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20427">https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20427</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/lt.20427</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30.</label>
<mixed-citation>30. Du WB, Pan XP, Li LJ. Prognostic models for acute liver failure. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2010;9(2):122-8.</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Du</surname>
<given-names>WB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pan</surname>
<given-names>XP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>LJ</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prognostic models for acute liver failure</article-title>
<source>Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>122</fpage>
<lpage>128</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31.</label>
<mixed-citation>31. Novelli G, Rossi M, Ferretti G, et al. Predictive criteria for the outcome of patients with acute liver failure treated with the albumin dialysis molecular adsorbent recirculating system. Ther Apher Dial. 2009;13(5):404-412. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00759.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00759.x</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Novelli</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rossi</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ferretti</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Predictive criteria for the outcome of patients with acute liver failure treated with the albumin dialysis molecular adsorbent recirculating system</article-title>
<source>Ther Apher Dial</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>404</fpage>
<lpage>412</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00759.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00759.x</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00759.x</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32.</label>
<mixed-citation>32. Hadem J, Stiefel P, Bahr MJ, Pugliese F, Ruberto F, Lai Q, et al. Prognostic Implications of Lactate, Bilirubin, and Etiology in German Patients With Acute Liver Failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(3):339-45. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.039">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.039</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hadem</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stiefel</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bahr</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pugliese</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ruberto</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lai</surname>
<given-names>Q</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Prognostic Implications of Lactate, Bilirubin, and Etiology in German Patients With Acute Liver Failure</article-title>
<source>Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>339</fpage>
<lpage>345</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.039">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.039</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.039</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33.</label>
<mixed-citation>33. Westbrook RH, Yeoman AD, Joshi D, Heaton ND, Quaglia A, O'Grady JG, et al. Outcomes of severe pregnancy-related liver disease: Refining the role of transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2010;10(11):2520-2526. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03301.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03301.x</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Westbrook</surname>
<given-names>RH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yeoman</surname>
<given-names>AD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Joshi</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heaton</surname>
<given-names>ND</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Quaglia</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>O'Grady</surname>
<given-names>JG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Outcomes of severe pregnancy-related liver disease: Refining the role of transplantation</article-title>
<source>Am J Transplant</source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>2520</fpage>
<lpage>2526</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03301.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03301.x</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03301.x</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34.</label>
<mixed-citation>34. Chandnani S, Rathi P, Udgirkar SS, Sonthalia N, Contractor Q, Jain S. Clinical utility of risk scores in variceal bleeding. Arq Gastroenterol. 2019;56(3):286-93. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-54">https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-54</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chandnani</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rathi</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Udgirkar</surname>
<given-names>SS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sonthalia</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Contractor</surname>
<given-names>Q</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jain</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Clinical utility of risk scores in variceal bleeding</article-title>
<source>Arq Gastroenterol</source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>286</fpage>
<lpage>293</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-54">https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-54</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-54</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35.</label>
<mixed-citation>35. Tsai MH, Chen YC, Lien JM, Tian YC, Peng YS, Fang JT, et al. Hemodynamics and metabolic studies on septic shock in patients with acute liver failure. J Crit Care. 2008;23(4):468-72. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.04.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.04.006</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tsai</surname>
<given-names>MH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>YC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lien</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Tian</surname>
<given-names>YC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Peng</surname>
<given-names>YS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fang</surname>
<given-names>JT</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Hemodynamics and metabolic studies on septic shock in patients with acute liver failure</article-title>
<source>J Crit Care</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>468</fpage>
<lpage>472</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.04.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.04.006</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.04.006</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36.</label>
<mixed-citation>36. Okonkwo E, Rozario N, Heffner AC. Presentation and outcomes of end stage liver disease patients presenting with septic shock to the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(7):1408-13. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.11.039">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.11.039</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Okonkwo</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rozario</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heffner</surname>
<given-names>AC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Presentation and outcomes of end stage liver disease patients presenting with septic shock to the emergency department</article-title>
<source>Am J Emerg Med</source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>1408</fpage>
<lpage>1413</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.11.039">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.11.039</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ajem.2019.11.039</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37.</label>
<mixed-citation>37. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2016;64(2):433-85. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.006</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<collab>European Association for the Study of the Liver</collab>
</person-group>
<article-title>EASL clinical practice guidelines: liver transplantation</article-title>
<source>J Hepatol</source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>433</fpage>
<lpage>485</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.006</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.006</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38.</label>
<mixed-citation>38. Michard F, Teboul JL. Predicting fluid responsiveness in ICU patients: a critical analysis of the evidence. Chest. 2002;121(6):2000-8. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.6.2000">https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.6.2000</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Michard</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Teboul</surname>
<given-names>JL</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Predicting fluid responsiveness in ICU patients: a critical analysis of the evidence</article-title>
<source>Chest</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>121</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>2000</fpage>
<lpage>2008</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.6.2000">https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.6.2000</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.121.6.2000</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39.</label>
<mixed-citation>39. Cardoso NM, Silva T, Basile-Filho A, Mente ED, Castro-E-Silva O. A new formula as a predictive score of post-liver transplantation outcome: postoperative MELD-lactate. Transplant Proc. 2014;46(5):1407-12. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.12.067">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.12.067</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cardoso</surname>
<given-names>NM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Silva</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Basile-Filho</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mente</surname>
<given-names>ED</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Castro-E-Silva</surname>
<given-names>O</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A new formula as a predictive score of post-liver transplantation outcome: postoperative MELD-lactate</article-title>
<source>Transplant Proc</source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1407</fpage>
<lpage>1412</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.12.067">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.12.067</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.12.067</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40.</label>
<mixed-citation>40. Basile-Filho A, Nicolini EA, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Silva Jr O de CE. The use of perioperative serial blood lactate levels, the APACHE II and the postoperative MELD as predictors of early mortality after liver transplantation. Acta Cir Bras. 2011;26(6):535-40. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502011000600021">https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502011000600021</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Basile-Filho</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Nicolini</surname>
<given-names>EA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Auxiliadora-Martins</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Silva</surname>
<given-names>Jr O de CE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The use of perioperative serial blood lactate levels, the APACHE II and the postoperative MELD as predictors of early mortality after liver transplantation</article-title>
<source>Acta Cir Bras</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>535</fpage>
<lpage>540</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502011000600021">https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502011000600021</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0102-86502011000600021</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41.</label>
<mixed-citation>41. Wu JF, Wu RY, Chen J, Ou-Yang B, Chen MY, Guan XD. Early lactate clearance as a reliable predictor of initial poor graft function after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2011;10(6):587-92. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-3872(11)60100-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-3872(11)60100-8</ext-link>
</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>JF</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Wu</surname>
<given-names>RY</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ou-Yang</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>MY</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Guan</surname>
<given-names>XD</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Early lactate clearance as a reliable predictor of initial poor graft function after orthotopic liver transplantation</article-title>
<source>Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>587</fpage>
<lpage>592</lpage>
<comment>
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-3872(11)60100-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1499-3872(11)60100-8</ext-link>
</comment>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1499-3872(11)60100-8</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>