Políticos mentirosos y tramposos democráticos ¿Es la mentira política diferente de otras clases de mentiras?
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mar 29, 2019
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Resumen
En este artículo defiendo la idea de que existen diferencias relevantes entre la mentira común y la mentira política. Mi propósito es mostrar que las dificultades con la mentira política no tienen que ver solamente con cuestiones metafísicas o conceptuales acerca de la delimitación del ámbito de la política o del concepto de lo político, ni con la solidez de las excusas y justificaciones que se ofrecen en favor de los políticos mentirosos. Sostengo que la mentira política es una forma especial de mentira debido, primero, a la peculiaridad del uso del lenguaje en política y, segundo, a la función de las mentiras políticas, a saber, socavar diversas clases de condiciones epistémicas necesarias para la discusión imparcial de los desacuerdos sociales. En este trabajo dejo sin responder la pregunta de cuál sea la mejor forma de articular aquellas condiciones epistémicas en la discusión política democrática.
Keywords
lying, politics, discussion, persuasion, democracymentira, política, discusión, persuación, democracia
References
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Arendt, H. (2006). Los orígenes del totalitarismo. Madrid: Alianza.
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Barnes, J. A. (1994). A Pack of Lies: Towards A Sociology of Lying. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bok, S. (2010). Mentir. La elección moral en la vida pública y privada. Ciudad de México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Carson, T. (2010). Lying and Deception. Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chisholm, R., & Feehan, T. (1977). The Intent to Deceive. The Journal of Philosophy, 74(3), 143-159.
Coleman, L., & Kay, P. (1981). Prototype Semantics: The English Verb ‘lie’. Language, 57(1), 26-44.
Ekman, P. (2005). Cómo detectar las mentiras. Una guía para utilizar en el trabajo, la política y la familia. Barcelona: Paidós.
El tal paro nacional agrario no existe. (2013, agosto 25). Dinero. Recuperado de: https://www.dinero.com
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Fallis, D., & Mathiesen K. (2017). “The Greatest Liar Has His Believers” The Social Epistemology of Political Lying. En: E. Crookston, D. Killoren, & J. Trerise (Eds.). Ethics in Politics (pp. 35-53). London: Routledge.
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Gardiner, J. (2007). Defining Corruption. En: A. Heidenheimer, & M. Johnston (Eds.). Political Corruption. Concepts and Contexts (pp. 25-40). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Grant, R. W. (1997). Hypocrisy and Integrity. Machiavelli, Rousseau and the Ethics of Politics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Green, S. P. (2006). Lying, Cheating, and Stealing. A Moral Theory of White-Collar Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hardin, K. J. (2010). The Spanish Notion of Lie: Revisiting Coleman and Kay. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(12), 3199-3213. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.07.006
Jay, M. (2010). The Virtues of Mendacity: On Lying in Politics. Charlottesville-London: University of Virginia Press.
Kemp, K. W., & Sullivan T. (1993). Speaking Falsely and Telling Lies. Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 67(1), 151-170.
Koyré, A. (1945). The Political Function of the Modern Lie. Contemporary Jewish Record, 8(3), 290-300.
Landemore, H. (2013). Democratic Reason. Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Levy, N., (2017). The Bad News About Fake News. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 6(8), 20-36.
Mahon, J. (2016). The Definition of Lying and Deception. En: E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.). Recuperado de: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/lying-definition.
Margolis, J. (1962). “Lying Is Wrong” and “Lying Is Not Always Wrong”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 23(1), 414-418.
McGonagle, T. (2017). ‘Fake News’: False Fears or Real Concerns. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 35(4), 203-209. doi: 10.1177/0924051917738685
McIntyre, L. (2018). Post-Truth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Meibauer, J. (2005). Lying and Falsely Implicating. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(1), 1373-1399. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2004.12.007
Meibauer, J. (2011). On Lying: Intentionality, Implicature, and Imprecision. Intercultural Pragmatics, 8(1), 277-292. doi: 10.1515/iprg.2011.013
Meibauer, J. (2014). Lying at the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Boston-Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Oborne, P. (2005). The Rise of Political Lying. London: Simon & Schuster.
Perelman, C., & Oldbrechts-Tyteca L. (1969). The New Rhetoric. A Treatise on Argumentation. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Proctor, R. (2011). The Golden Holocaust. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rabin-Havt, A. (2016). Lies Incorporated: The World of Post-Truth Politics. New York: Anchor Books.
Ramsey, M. (2000). Justifications for Lying in Politics. L. Cliffe, M. Ramsey, & D. Bartlett (Eds.). The Politics of Lying. Implications for Democracy. London-New York: McMillan Press.
Redlawsk, D., Civettini A., & Emmerson K. (2010). The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever ‘Get It’? Political Psychology, 31(4), 563-593. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x
Rini, R. (2017). Fake News and Partisan Epistemology. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 27(2, Supplement), E43-E64.
Santos: ‘El tal paro nacional agrario no existe’. (2013, agosto 25). Semana. Recuperado de: https://www.semana.com
Saul, J. (2012). Lying, Misleading, and What Is Said. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shapin, S. (1995). A Social History of Truth. Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Simpson, D. (1992). Lying, Liars and Language. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 52(1), 623-639.
Sorensen, R., (2007). Bald-Faced Lies! Lying Without the Intent to Deceive. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 88(1), 251-264. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0114.2007.00290.x
Stanley, J. (2012, agosto 30). Speech, Lies, and Apathy. The New York Times. Recuperado de: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com
Szabados, B., & Soifer, E. (2004). Hypocrisy, Ethical Investigations. Toronto: Broadview Press.
Talisse, R. (2018, junio 9). There’s No Such Thing As Fake News (and That’s Bad News). 3:AM Magazine. Recuperado de: http://www.3ammagazine.com
Thomson, D. F. (1999). La ética política y el ejercicio de cargos públicos. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Trilling, L. (1971-1972). Sincerity and Authenticity, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Tullock, G. (1967). Toward a Mathematics of Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Waldron, J. (1999). Law and Disagreement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams, B. (2002). Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Williams, B. (2005). Truth, Politics, and Self-Deception. In the Beginning Was the Deed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Anderson, E. (2006). The Epistemology of Democracy. Episteme, 3(1), 8-22. doi:10.1353/epi.0.0000
Applbaum, A. I. (1999). Ethics for Adversaries. The Morality of Roles in Public and Professional Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Arendt, H. (1997). ¿Qué es la política? Barcelona: Paidós.
Arendt, H. (2006). Los orígenes del totalitarismo. Madrid: Alianza.
Arendt, H. (2017a). Verdad y política. En: Verdad y mentira en la política (pp. 11-80). Barcelona: Página Indómita.
Arendt, H. (2017b). La mentira en la política. En: Verdad y mentira en la política (pp. 81-142). Barcelona: Página Indómita.
Baier A., (1993). Why Honesty is a Hard Virtue? En: O. Flanagan & A. Oksenberg Rorty (Eds.). Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology (pp. 259-282). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Barnes, J. A. (1994). A Pack of Lies: Towards A Sociology of Lying. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bok, S. (2010). Mentir. La elección moral en la vida pública y privada. Ciudad de México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Carson, T. (2010). Lying and Deception. Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chisholm, R., & Feehan, T. (1977). The Intent to Deceive. The Journal of Philosophy, 74(3), 143-159.
Coleman, L., & Kay, P. (1981). Prototype Semantics: The English Verb ‘lie’. Language, 57(1), 26-44.
Ekman, P. (2005). Cómo detectar las mentiras. Una guía para utilizar en el trabajo, la política y la familia. Barcelona: Paidós.
El tal paro nacional agrario no existe. (2013, agosto 25). Dinero. Recuperado de: https://www.dinero.com
Fallis, D. (2009). What is Lying? Journal of Philosophy, 106(1), 29-56. doi: 10.5840/jphil200910612
Fallis, D., & Mathiesen K. (2017). “The Greatest Liar Has His Believers” The Social Epistemology of Political Lying. En: E. Crookston, D. Killoren, & J. Trerise (Eds.). Ethics in Politics (pp. 35-53). London: Routledge.
Feinberg, J. (1984). Harm to Others, New York: Oxford University Press.
Foucault, M. (2010). El coraje de la verdad. El gobierno de sí y de los otros II. Curso en el Collège de France (1983-1984). F. Gros (Ed.). Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Gardiner, J. (2007). Defining Corruption. En: A. Heidenheimer, & M. Johnston (Eds.). Political Corruption. Concepts and Contexts (pp. 25-40). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Grant, R. W. (1997). Hypocrisy and Integrity. Machiavelli, Rousseau and the Ethics of Politics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Green, S. P. (2006). Lying, Cheating, and Stealing. A Moral Theory of White-Collar Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hardin, K. J. (2010). The Spanish Notion of Lie: Revisiting Coleman and Kay. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(12), 3199-3213. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.07.006
Jay, M. (2010). The Virtues of Mendacity: On Lying in Politics. Charlottesville-London: University of Virginia Press.
Kemp, K. W., & Sullivan T. (1993). Speaking Falsely and Telling Lies. Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 67(1), 151-170.
Koyré, A. (1945). The Political Function of the Modern Lie. Contemporary Jewish Record, 8(3), 290-300.
Landemore, H. (2013). Democratic Reason. Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Levy, N., (2017). The Bad News About Fake News. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 6(8), 20-36.
Mahon, J. (2016). The Definition of Lying and Deception. En: E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.). Recuperado de: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/lying-definition.
Margolis, J. (1962). “Lying Is Wrong” and “Lying Is Not Always Wrong”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 23(1), 414-418.
McGonagle, T. (2017). ‘Fake News’: False Fears or Real Concerns. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 35(4), 203-209. doi: 10.1177/0924051917738685
McIntyre, L. (2018). Post-Truth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Meibauer, J. (2005). Lying and Falsely Implicating. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(1), 1373-1399. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2004.12.007
Meibauer, J. (2011). On Lying: Intentionality, Implicature, and Imprecision. Intercultural Pragmatics, 8(1), 277-292. doi: 10.1515/iprg.2011.013
Meibauer, J. (2014). Lying at the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Boston-Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Oborne, P. (2005). The Rise of Political Lying. London: Simon & Schuster.
Perelman, C., & Oldbrechts-Tyteca L. (1969). The New Rhetoric. A Treatise on Argumentation. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Proctor, R. (2011). The Golden Holocaust. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rabin-Havt, A. (2016). Lies Incorporated: The World of Post-Truth Politics. New York: Anchor Books.
Ramsey, M. (2000). Justifications for Lying in Politics. L. Cliffe, M. Ramsey, & D. Bartlett (Eds.). The Politics of Lying. Implications for Democracy. London-New York: McMillan Press.
Redlawsk, D., Civettini A., & Emmerson K. (2010). The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever ‘Get It’? Political Psychology, 31(4), 563-593. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x
Rini, R. (2017). Fake News and Partisan Epistemology. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 27(2, Supplement), E43-E64.
Santos: ‘El tal paro nacional agrario no existe’. (2013, agosto 25). Semana. Recuperado de: https://www.semana.com
Saul, J. (2012). Lying, Misleading, and What Is Said. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shapin, S. (1995). A Social History of Truth. Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Simpson, D. (1992). Lying, Liars and Language. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 52(1), 623-639.
Sorensen, R., (2007). Bald-Faced Lies! Lying Without the Intent to Deceive. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 88(1), 251-264. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0114.2007.00290.x
Stanley, J. (2012, agosto 30). Speech, Lies, and Apathy. The New York Times. Recuperado de: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com
Szabados, B., & Soifer, E. (2004). Hypocrisy, Ethical Investigations. Toronto: Broadview Press.
Talisse, R. (2018, junio 9). There’s No Such Thing As Fake News (and That’s Bad News). 3:AM Magazine. Recuperado de: http://www.3ammagazine.com
Thomson, D. F. (1999). La ética política y el ejercicio de cargos públicos. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Trilling, L. (1971-1972). Sincerity and Authenticity, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Tullock, G. (1967). Toward a Mathematics of Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Waldron, J. (1999). Law and Disagreement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Williams, B. (2002). Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Williams, B. (2005). Truth, Politics, and Self-Deception. In the Beginning Was the Deed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cómo citar
Santos Castro, J. S. (2019). Políticos mentirosos y tramposos democráticos ¿Es la mentira política diferente de otras clases de mentiras?. Universitas Philosophica, 36(72), 17–52. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.uph36-72.pmtd
Sección
Dossier: "Mentira, engaño y democracia"