Palabras clave
burocracia
corrupción política
corrupción publica
sector público
Cómo citar
Resumen
Esta investigación tiene como objetivo comprender las relaciones causales que se presentan alrededor del fenómeno de la corrupción pública, y que han sido abordadas en las investigaciones académicas de mayor relevancia. Con este propósito se realizó una revisión de literatura que analizó 156 de los artículos, más los citados distribuidos en 19 países y contenidos en la base de datos Scopus a enero de 2020, que respondían a la búsqueda del término public corruption. Como resultado se identificaron 33 agrupaciones conceptuales que permitieron construir 4 categorías emergentes denominadas explicaciones, de las que se infiere la necesidad de abordar de forma transdisciplinar el fenómeno a partir de la economía, la política, la administración pública y las ciencias humanas. A partir de estas agrupaciones conceptuales se construyeron diagramas causales que muestran la complementariedad y consistencia en los resultados de las investigaciones. Esta revisión se presenta como un punto de partida para los investigadores que deseen ahondar en las discusiones académicas actuales, y los legisladores que quieran enfocar sus esfuerzos a través de políticas públicas que ataquen la corrupción de forma integral.
Abbink, K. (2004). Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: an experimental study. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.10.008
Abdulbaqi, A. y Ahmad, K. (2011). The role of Finance Information Systems in anti financial corruptions: A theoretical review. 2011 International Conference on Research y Innovation in Information Systems, ICRIIS’11. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRIIS.2011.6125725
Adsera, A., Boix, C. y Payne, M. (2000). Are You Being Served? Political Accountability and Quality of Government. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/87999
Alatas, V., Cameron, L., Chaudhuri, A., Erkal, N. y Gangadharan, L. (2009). Subject pool effects in a corruption experiment: A comparison of Indonesian public servants and Indonesian students. Experimental Economics, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-008-9207-3
Alexander, D. E. (2014). Social Media in Disaster Risk Reduction and Crisis Management. Science and Engineering Ethics, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9502-z
Alutu, O. y Udhawuve, M. (2009). Unethical Practices in Nigerian Engineering Industries: Complications for Project Management. Journal of Management in Engineering, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2009)25:1(40)
Ameen, A. B. y Ahmad, K. (2013). A conceptual framework of Financial Information Systems to reduce corruption. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 54(1), pp. 59-72. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881499110&partnerID=40&md5=abfcd49fb759f98f3a6d959ebd9a3b45
Ameh, O. J. y Odusami, K. T. (2010). Professionals ’ Ambivalence toward Ethics. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2010)136:1(9
Aparicio, S., Urbano, D. y Audretsch, D. (2016). Institutional factors, opportunity entrepreneurship and economic growth: Panel data evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.04.006
Argandoña, A. (2005). Corruption and companies: The use of facilitating payments. Journal of Business Ethics, 60(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-0133-4
Ashforth, B. E. y Anand, V. (2003). the Normalization of Corruption in Organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(03)25001-2
Asogwa, B. (2013). Electronic government as a paradigm shift for efficient public services: Opportunities and challenges for Nigerian government. Library Hi Tech, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831311303985
Auriol, E. (2006). Corruption in procurement and public purchase. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 24(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.11.001
Barbier, E., Damania, R. y Léonard, D. (2005). Corruption, trade and resource conversion. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 50(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2004.12.004
Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach Published by : The University of Chicago Press. Journal of Political Economy, 76(2). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1830482
Becker, S. O., Boeckh, K., Hainz, C. y Woessmann, L. (2016). The Empire Is Dead, Long Live the Empire! Long-Run Persistence of Trust and Corruption in the Bureaucracy. Economic Journal, 126(590). https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12220
Blackburn, K., Bose, N. y Haque, M. (2006). The Incidence and Persistence of Corruption in Economic Development. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 39(12). 10.1016/j.jedc.2005.07.007
Bresser-Pereira, L. C. (2004). Democracy and Public Management Reform: Building the Republican State. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199261180.001.0001
Brief, A. P., Buttram, R. T. y Dukerich, J. M. (2001). Collective corruption in the corporate world: Toward a process model. In Groups at work: Theory and research. (471–499). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Bowen, P. A., Edwards, P. J. and Cattell, K. (2012). Corruption in the South African construction industry: A thematic analysis of verbatim comments from survey participants. Construction Management and Economics, 30(10), 885–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2012.711909
Celentani, M. y Ganuza, J. J. (2002). Corruption and competition in procurement. European Economic Review, 46(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00147-7
Chan, A. P. C., Lam, P. T. I., Wen, Y., Ameyaw, E. E., Wang, S. y Ke, Y. (2015). Cross-sectional analysis of critical risk factors for PPP water projects in China. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000214
Chan, A. P. C., Yeung, J. F. Y., Yu, C. C. P., Wang, S. Q. y Ke, Y. (2011). Empirical study of risk assessment and allocation of public-private partnership projects in China. Journal of Management in Engineering, 27(3), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000049
Chang, E. C. C. y Golden, M. A. (2007). Electoral systems, district magnitude and corruption. British Journal of Political Science, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123407000063
Charron, N., Dijikstra, L. y Lapuente, V. (2014). European Quality of Government Index ( EQI ) Survey Micro Data Codebook Sample and Method. 48(1), pp. 68-90. DOI: 10.38191/iirr-jorr.22.008
Cohen, T. R., Wolf, S. T., Panter, A. T. y Insko, C. A. (2011). Introducing the GASP Scale: A New Measure of Guilt and Shame Proneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022641
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2006). Who cares about corruption? Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400223
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2008). The effectiveness of laws against bribery abroad. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400372
d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. y Pieroni, L. (2012). Corruption, Military Spending and Growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2012.663579
d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. y Pieroni, L. (2016). Government Spending, Corruption and Economic Growth. World Development, 84(c). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.011
Dahlström, C., Lapuente, V. y Teorell, J. (2012). The Merit of Meritocratization: Politics, Bureaucracy, and the Institutional Deterrents of Corruption. Political Research Quarterly, 65(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912911408109
Dal Bó, E. y Rossi, M. A. (2007). Corruption and inefficiency: Theory and evidence from electric utilities. Journal of Public Economics, 91(5–6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.11.005
Damania, R. (2002). Environmental controls with corrupt bureaucrats. Environment and Development Economics, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X02000256
Das, S. K. (2012). Public Office, Private Interest: Bureaucracy and Corruption in India. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195653823.001.0001
Davis, D. E. (2006). Undermining the rule of law: Democratization and the dark side of police reform in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(1). https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2006.1642460
De Mesquita, B., Morrow, J., Siverson, R. y Smith, A. (2002). Political institutions, policy choice and the survival of leaders. British Journal of Political Science, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123402000236
de Sousa, L. (2010). Anti-corruption agencies: Between empowerment and irrelevance. Crime, Law and Social Change, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-009-9211-3
Del Monte, A. y Papagni, E. (2001). Public expenditure, corruption, and economic growth: The case of Italy. European Journal of Political Economy, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(00)00025-2
Del Monte, A. y Papagni, E. (2007). The determinants of corruption in Italy: Regional panel data analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2006.03.004
Delavallade, C. (2006). Corruption and distribution of public spending in developing countries. Journal of Economics and Finance, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02761488
Della, D. (2001). A judges’ revolution? Political corruption and the judiciary in Italy. European Journal of Political Research, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007134509892
Denisova-schmidt, E., Huber, M. y Leontyeva, E. (2016). On the Development of Students’ Attitudes towards Corruption and Cheating in Russian Universities. European Journal of Higher Education, 6(2). 10.1080/21568235.2016.1154477
Di Tella, R. y Schargrodsky, E. (2003). The Role of Wages and Auditing during a Crackdown on Corruption in the City of Buenos Aires. The Journal of Law and Economics, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.1086/345578
Ding, C. (2003). Land policy reform in China: assessment and prospects. Land Use Policy, 20(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8377(02)00073-X
Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. y Shleifer, A. (2002). The regulation of entry. The Quaterly Journal of Economics, CXVII(3), pp. 1-37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2696481
Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. y Shleifer, A. (2010). Disclosure by politicians. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.2.179
Dobers, P. y Halme, M. (2009). Corporate social responsibility and developing countries. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.212
Dzhumashev, R. (2014). Corruption and growth: The role of governance, public spending, and economic development. Economic Modelling, 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.007
Fan, J., Rui, O. y Zhao, M. (2008). Public governance and corporate finance: Evidence from corruption cases. Journal of Comparative Economics, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2008.05.001
Fredriksson, P. G., List, J. A. y Millimet, D. L. (2003). Bureaucratic corruption, environmental policy and inbound US FDI: Theory and evidence. Journal of Public Economics, 87(7–8). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00016-6
Fredriksson, P., Vollebergh, H. y Dijkgraaf, E. (2004). Corruption and energy efficiency in OECD countries: Theory and evidence. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 47(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2003.08.001
Gerber, T. P. y Mendelson, S. E. (2008). Public Experiences of Police Violence and Corruption in Contemporary Russia: A Case of Predatory Policing? Law & Society Review, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00333.x
Golden, M. (2003). Electoral Connections: The Effects of the Personal Vote on Political Patronage, Bureaucracy and Legislation in Postwar Italy. British Journal of Political Science, 33(2). doi:10.1017/S0007123403000085
Goldsmith, A. A. (1999). Slapping the Grasping Hand. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1999.tb03398.x
Gorodnichenko, Y. y Sabirianova, K. (2007). Public sector pay and corruption: Measuring bribery from micro data. Journal of Public Economics, 91(5–6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.12.003
Grzymała-Busse, A. (2003). Political competition and the politicization of the state in east central Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 36(10). https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414003257610
Gupta, A. (1995). Blurred Boundaries: the Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State. American Ethnologist, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1995.22.2.02a00090
Hauk, E. y Saez-Marti, M. (2002). On the cultural transmission of corruption. Journal of Economic Theory, 107(2). https://doi.org/10.1006/jeth.2001.2956
Hellman, J., Jones, G. y Kaufmann, D. (2003). Seize the state, seize the day: state capture and influence in transition economies. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.09.006
Hyslop, J. (2005). Political corruption: Before and after apartheid. Journal of Southern African Studies, 31(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070500370555
Iyoha, F. O. y Oyerinde, D. (2010). Accounting infrastructure and accountability in the management of public expenditure in developing countries: A focus on Nigeria. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2009.06.002
Julius-Otusanya, O. (2011). Corruption as an obstacle to development in developing countries: a review of literature. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/13685201111173857
Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A. P. C. y Cheung, E. (2011). Understanding the risks in China’s PPP projects: Ranking of their probability and consequence. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/09699981111165176
Keshav, S. (2007). How to read a paper. Key Topics in Surgical Research and Methodology, 37(3). http://ccr.sigcomm.org/online/files/p83-keshavA.pdf
Kim, S. (2010). Public Trust in Government in Japan and South Korea: Does the Rise of Critical Citizens Matter? Public Administration Review, 70(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02207.x
Klitgaard, R. (1989). Incentive myopia. World Development, 17(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90254-4
Kochel, T., Parks, R. y Mastrofski, S. D. (2013). Examining Police Effectiveness as a Precursor to Legitimacy and Cooperation with Police. Justice Quarterly, 30(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.633544
Lambert-Mogiliansky, A. y Kosenok, G. (2009). Fine-tailored for the cartel-favoritism in procurement. Review of Industrial Organization, 35(1-2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-009-9220-5
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2002). Making corrupt deals: Contracting in the shadow of the law. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 48(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511492617.007
Le, Y., Shan, M., Chan, P. C. y Hu, Y. (2014). Investigating the Relationship between the Causes of Corruption and Corruption 2 Risks in the Public Construction Sector of China. https://kd.nsfc.gov.cn/paperDownload/1000008974166.pdf
Lesnikowski, A. C., Ford, J. D., Berrang-Ford, L., Barrera, M., Berry, P., Henderson, J. y Heymann, S. J. (2013). National-level factors affecting planned, public adaptation to health impacts of climate change. Global Environmental Change, 23(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.04.008
Levi, M. (2006). The media construction of financial white-collar crimes. British Journal of Criminology, 46(6). https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azl079
Lindelow, M. y Serneels, P. (2006). The performance of health workers in Ethiopia: Results from qualitative research. Social Science and Medicine, 62(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.015
Liu, B. y Tang, T. (2011). Does the Love of Money Moderate the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Job Satisfaction? The Case of Chinese Professionals in the Public Sector. Public Administration Review, 71(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02411.x
Liu, C. y Mikesell, J. (2014). The Impact of Public Officials’ Corruption on the Size and Allocation of U.S. State Spending. Public Administration Review, 74(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12212
Lodge, T. (1998). Political corruption in South Africa. African Affairs, 97. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007924
Martin, K., Cullen, J., Johnson, J. y Parboteeah, K. (2007). Deciding to bribe: A cross-level analysis of firm and home country influences on bribery activity. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), pp. 1401–1422. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20159481
Mauro, P. (1998). Corruption and the Composition of Government Expenditure’. Journal of Public Economics, 5(69). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(98)00025-5
McCann, J. A. y Domínguez, J. I. (1998). Mexicans react to electoral fraud and political corruption: an assessment of public opinion and voting behavior. Electoral Studies, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00026-2
Montinola, G. y Jackman, R. (2002). Sources of Corruption: A Cross-Country Study. British Journal of Political Science. 32(1). 10.1017/S0007123402000066.
Morris, S. y Klesner, J. (2010). Corruption and trust: Theoretical considerations and evidence from Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 43(10). https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010369072
Nguyen, T. y van Dijk, M. (2012). Corruption, growth, and governance: Private vs. state-owned firms in Vietnam. Journal of Banking and Finance, 36(11), 2935–2948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.03.027
Nwabuzor, A. (2005). Corruption y development: New initiatives in economic openness and strengthened rule of law. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(1), 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3402-3
Nye, J. (1967). Corruption and Political Development : A Cost-Benefit Analysis. The American Political Science Review, 61(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/1953254
Ogundiya, I. S. (2009). Political corruption in Nigeria: Theoretical perspectives and some explanations. Anthropologist, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2009.11891117
Olken, B. (2006). Corruption and the costs of redistribution: Micro evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Public Economics, 90(4–5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.05.004
Orloff, A. y Skocpol, T. (1984). Why Not Equal Protection? Explaining the Politics of Public Social Spending in Britain, 1900-1911, and the United States, 1880s-1920. American Sociological Review, 49(6). https://doi.org/10.2307/2095527
Osaghae, E. (2007). Fragile states. Development in Practice, 17(4-5). https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701470060
Osipov, G., Glotov, I. y Karepova, G. (2018). Population in the shadow market: petty corruption and unpaid taxes. VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center. 6(2).10.9770/jesi.2018.6.2(16)
Palmer, D. (2008). Extending the process model of collective corruption. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.005
Park, H. y Blenkinsopp, J. (2011). The roles of transparency and trust in the relationship between corruption and citizen satisfaction. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 77(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852311399230
Polterovich, V., Popov, V. y Tonis, A. (2007). Mechanisms of resource curse and economic policy. Voprosy Ekonomiki, 6, pp. 4-27.
Rana, N. P. y Dwivedi, Y. K. (2015). Citizen’s Adoption of an e-Government System : Validating Extended Social Cognitive Theory ( SCT ) Government Information Quarterly, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.02.002
Rana, N. P., Dwivedi, Y. K., Williams, M. D. y Weerakkody, V. (2014). Investigating success of an e-government initiative: Validation of an integrated IS success model. Information Systems Frontiers, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-014-9504-7
Rodriguez, P., Uhlenbruck, K. y Eden, L. (2005). Government corruption and the entry strategies of multinationals. Academy of Management Review, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2005.16387894
Rothschild, J. y Miethe, T. D. (1999). Whistle-Blower Disclosures and Management Retaliation. Work and Occupations, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888499026001006
Rothstein, B. y Uslaner, E. (2005). All for All: Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust. World Politics, 58(1). https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2006.0022
Sandholtz, W. y Gray, M. (2003). International Integration and National Corruption. International Organization, 57(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818303574045
Sandholtz, W. y Koetzle, W. (2000). Accounting for corruption: Economic structure, democracy, and trade. International Studies Quarterly, 44(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/0020-8833.00147
Seligson, M. A. (2002). Southern Political Science Association The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy : A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy : A Comparative Study of Four Latin American Countries. The Journal of Politics, 64(2), pp. 408-433. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2691854
Shim, D. C. y Eom, T. H. (2008). E-Government and anti-corruption: Empirical analysis of international data. International Journal of Public Administration, 31(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690701590553
Sidorkin, O. y Vorobyev, D. (2018). Political cycles and corruption in Russian regions. European Journal of Political Economy, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.05.001
Soares, R. R. (2004). Crime Reporting as a Measure of Institutional Development. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.1086/420900
Sohail, M. y Cavill, S. (2008). Accountability to Prevent Corruption. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 134. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:9(729)
Sullivan, J. (2014). China’s Weibo: Is faster different? New Media and Society, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812472966
Svensson, J. (2003). Who must pay bribes and how much? Evidence from a cross section of firms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1). https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360535180
Swamy, A., Knack, S., Lee, Y. y Azfar, O. (2001). Gender and corruption. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00123-1
Tabish, S. Z. y Jha, K. (2011). Analyses and evaluation of irregularities in public procurement in India. Construction Management and Economics, 29(3). 10.1080/01446193.2010.549138
Tangri, R. y Mwenda, A. (2001). Corruption and cronyism in Uganda’s privatization in the 1990s. African Affairs, 100(398). https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/100.398.117
Tankebe, J. (2009). Self-Help, Policing, and Procedural Justice: Ghanaian Vigilantism and the Rule of Law. Law & Society Review, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00372.x
Tankebe, J. (2010). Public confidence in the police: Testing the effects of public experiences of police corruption in Ghana. British Journal of Criminology, 50(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq001
Taylor, M. y Buranelli, V. C. (2007). Ending up in pizza: Accountability as a problem of institutional arrangement in Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society, 49(1), pp. 59-87.
Tkachenko, A., Yakovlev, A. y Kuznetsova, A. (2017). ‘Sweet deals’: State-owned enterprises, corruption and repeated contracts in public procurement. Economic Systems, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.12.002
Torgler, B. y Valev, N. T. (2010). Gender and public attitudes toward corruption and tax evasion. Contemporary Economic Policy, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00188.x
Treisman, D. (2000). The Causes of Corruption: A Cross National Study. In Pulp and Paper Week 27, (41). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00092-4
Uslaner, E. M. (2008). Corruption, Inequality, and the Rule of Law: The Bulging Pocket Makes the Easy Life. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511510410
Wade, R. (1985). The market for public office: Why the Indian state is not better at development. World Development, 13(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(85)90052-X
Wallace, C. y Latcheva, R. (2006). Economic transformation outside the law: Corruption, trust in public institutions and the informal economy in transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Europe - Asia Studies, 58(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130500401707
Warren, M. E. (2004). What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy? American Journal of Political Science, 48(2), 328–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00073.x
Warren, M. E. (2006). Democracy and Deceit: Regulating Appearances of Corruption. American Journal of Political Science, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00176.x
Whyte, D. (2007). The crimes of neo-liberal rule in occupied Iraq. British Journal of Criminology, 47(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azl065
Williams, C. y Shahid, M. (2016). Informal entrepreneurship and institutional theory: explaining the varying degrees of (in)formalization of entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 28(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2014.963889
Xu, Y., Yeung, J. F. Y., Chan, A. P. C., Chan, D. W. M., Wang, S. y Ke, Y. (2010). Developing a risk assessment model for PPP projects in China-A fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach. Automation in Construction, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.06.006
Yakovlev, A., Vyglovsky, O., Demidova, O. y Bashlyk, A. (2016). Incentives for repeated contracts in public sector: Empirical study of gasoline procurement in Russia. International Journal of Procurement Management, 9(3), pp. 272–289. RePEc:ids:ijpman:v:9:y:2016:i:3:p:272-289
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2023 Diego Alejandro Peralta Borray, Sebastián Zapata