“Estamos los ganadiarios y están los ganaderos”: microfísicas del poder en un sistema campesino de abasto agroalimentario en México
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sep 8, 2022
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Resumen
Tras el surgimiento del concepto de régimen agroalimentario, los estudios rurales experimentaron un recambio en las lecturas internas del poder de las sociedades agrarias, frente a los análisis verticales sobre las relaciones contractuales que los complejos agroindustriales establecen con los campesinos. A partir de una investigación mixta, que incluyó observación participante, encuestas a 120 grupos domésticos y entrevistas con sujetos sociales clave, retomamos una lectura foucaultiana para analizar críticamente la conformación histórica, así como las implicaciones actuales de las microfísicas del poder que se reproducen en un sistema campesino de abasto agroalimentario en Chiapas, México. Se concluyó una reflexión alrededor del carácter de epifenómeno rural que expresan los micropoderes campesinos.
Keywords
microfísicas del poder, abasto agro-alimentario, ejido, campesinado, epifenómeno ruralmicrophysics of power, agrifood supply, agrarian communities, peasantry, rural epiphenomenon
References
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Agarwal, B. (2014). Food sovereignty, food security and democratic choice: Critical contradictions, difficult conciliations. Journal of Peasant Studies 41(6), 1247-1268. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.876996
Alonso-Fadrejas, A., Borras Jr, S. M., Holmes, T., Holt-Gimenez, E., Robbins, M. J. (2015). Food sovereignty: convergence and contradictions, conditions and challenges. Third World Q., 36 (3), 431–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1023567
Álvarez, S., Timler, C. J., Michalscheck, M., Paas, W., Descheemaeker, K., Tittonell, P., and Groot, J. C. (2018). Capturing farm diversity with hypothesis-based typologies: An innovative methodological framework for farming system typology development. PLoS One 13(5), e0194757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194757
Appendini, K. (2014). Reconstructing the Maize Market in Rural Mexico. Journal of Agrarian Change, 14(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12013
Appendini, K., García-Barrios, R., y de la Tejera, B. (2003). Seguridad alimentaria y ‘calidad’ de los alimentos: ¿una estrategia campesina? Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe (75), 65-83. http://doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9694
Bacon, C., Sundstrom, W., Gómez, M., Méndez, E., Santos, R., Goldoftas, B. and Dougherty, I. (2014). Explaining the ‘hungry farmer paradox’: Smallholders and fair trade cooperatives navigate seasonality and change in Nicaragua’s corn and coffee markets. Global Environmental Change, 25, 133-149. https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/ess/14/
Barkin, D. (1987). The end to food self-sufficiency in Mexico. Latin American Perspectives, 14(3), 271-297. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2633682
Bartra, R. (1972). Campesinado y poder político en México. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 34(3/4), 659-684. https://doi.org/10.2307/3539254
Bazant, J. (1975). Cinco haciendas mexicanas. Colegio de México, D. F.
Bernard, H. (2011). Research methods in anthropology. AltaMira, Walnut Creek.
Bernstein, H. (2010). Class dynamics of agrarian change. Fernwood Publishing, Halifax and Winnipeg.
Bernstein, H. (2014). Food sovereignty via the ‘peasant way’: a sceptical view. Journal of Peasant Studies 41(6), 1031-1063. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.852082
Berry, R. (1999). Collecting data by in-depth interviewing. British Educational Research Association Annual Conference. University of Sussex at Brighton.
Cernea, M. M., y Kassam, A. H. (Eds.). (2006). Researching the culture in agri-culture: Social research for international development. CABI Publicaciones, Oxford.
Cousins, B. (2013). Smallholder irrigation schemes, agrarian reform and ‘accumulation from above and below’ in South Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change 13(1), 116–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12000
Cruz-Morales, J. (2014). Desafíos para construir la democracia ambiental en la Cuenca Alta del Río El Tablón, Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura, Chiapas, México. In C. Legorreta Díaz, C. Márquez Rosano, y T. Trench. (CoordsParadojas de las tierras protegidas: Democracia y política ambiental en reservas de la biosfera en Chiapas, UNAM/Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México.
Desmarais, A. (2008). The power of peasants: Reflections on the meanings of La Vía Campesina. Journal of rural studies, 24(2), 138-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.12.002
DeWalt, K. M, y DeWalt, B. R. (2001). Participant Observation. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek.
Edelman, M. (2014). Food sovereignty: Forgotten genealogies and future regulatory challenges. Journal of Peasant Studies, 41(6), 959-978. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.876998
Ellis, F. (1993). Peasant economics: Farm households in agrarian development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Foucault, M. (1978). Microfísica del poder. El Viejo Topo, España.
Friedmann, H. (1987). International regimes of food and agriculture since 1870. In T. Shanin (ed.), Peasants and Peasant Societies (pp. 258-276). Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
Galeski, B. (1974). From peasant to farmer: social changes in rural Poland. Polish Sociology, 231-243.
Galeski, B. (1977). Sociología del Campesinado. Península.
García-Barrios, L., J. Cruz-Morales, M., Braasch, Y., Dechnik-Vázquez, A., Gutiérrez-Navarro, A., Meza-Jiménez, T., Rivera-Núñez, E., Speelman, V., Valencia, and A. Zabala. (2020). Challenges for rural livelihoods, participatory agroforestry, and biodiversity conservation in a neotropical biosphere reserve in Mexico. In C. Baldauf (ed.). Participatory biodiversity conservation: concepts, experiences, and perspectives (pp. 69-89). Springer, Cham.
Gilruth‐Rivera, J. (2016). A Semi‐Autonomous Mexican Peasant Community and Globalization: The Role of the Cacique (Broker) in Maintaining Traditional Agroecology. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 38(2), 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/cuag.12074
Goodman, D., y Watts, M. (1997). Globalizing food: agrarian questions and global restructuring. Routledge.
Heinze, A., Bongers, F., Marcial, N. R., Barrios, L. G., y Kuyper, T. W. (2020). The montane multifunctional landscape: How stakeholders in a biosphere reserve derive benefits and address trade-offs in ecosystem service supply. Ecosystem Services, 44, 101134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101134
Helbig, C. (1976). Chiapas, geografía de un estado mexicano. Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas. Tuxtla Gutiérrez.
Janvry, A. (1983). Historical Forces That Have Shaped World Agriculture: A Structuralist Perspective. In R. Haynes (ed.). Agriculture, Change and Human Values (pp. 83-104). University of Florida.
Kay, C. (1974). Comparative development of the European manorial system and the Latin American hacienda system. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 2(1), 69-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066157408437916
Lazos, E. (2017). L’intégration des connaissances locales sur le maïs dans les politiques agroalimentaires au Mexique est-elle possible? Autrepart, (1), 57-74. https://www.cairn.info/revue-autrepart-2017-1-page-57.htm
Lynch, R. (2014). Foucault’s theory of power. In D. Taylor (ed.). Michel Foucault: key concepts (pp. 13-26). . Acumen.
McMichael, P. (2009). A food regime genealogy. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 36 (1), 139-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150902820354
McNetting, R. (1993). Smallholders, Householders: farm families and the ecology of intensive, sustainable agriculture. Stanford University Press.
Morris, K., Méndez, E., Olson, M. (2013). ‘Los meses flacos’: seasonal food insecurity in a Salvadoran organic coffee farming cooperative. Journal of Peasant Studies 40(2), 457–480. https://www.uvm.edu/agroecology/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/MorrisKSEtAl_LosMesesFlacosElSalvador_13.pdf
Morse, S., y McNamara, N. (2013). Sustainable livelihood approach: A critique of theory and practice. Springer.
Nuijten, M. (2003). Power, Community and the State: The Political Anthropology of Organisation in Mexico. Pluto Press.
Pagés, J. (2004). Analyse Factorielle de Donnees Mixtes. Revue Statistique Appliquee 4, 93–111. http://www.numdam.org/article/RSA_2004__52_4_93_0.pdf
Pretty, J. N. (2002). Agri-culture: Reconnecting people, land, and nature. Routledge.
Rubio, B. (2001). Explotados y excluidos: los campesinos lationoamericanos en la fase agroexportadora neolibral. Plaza y Valdés.
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale university Press.
Sevilla-Guzmán, E. (2006). Desde el pensamiento social agrario. Universidad de Córdoba.
Shanin, T. (1971). Peasants and Peasant Societies. Blackwell Publishers.
Soper, R. (2019). From protecting peasant livelihoods to essentializing peasant agriculture: problematic trends in food sovereignty discourse. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1543274
Strauss, A., y Corbin, J. (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Sage.
Tria Kerkvliet, B. (2009). Everyday politics in peasant societies (and ours). The journal of peasant studies, 36(1), 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150902820487
Valdivieso-Pérez, I., García-Barrios, L., Álvarez-Solís, D., and Nahed-Toral, J. (2012). De maizales a potreros: cambio en la calidad del suelo. Terra Latinoamericana, 30(4). https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/573/57325814008.pdf
Van der Ploeg, J. (2009). The new peasantries: struggles for autonomy and sustainability in an era of empire and globalization. Earthscan
Van der Ploeg, J. (2014). Peasants and the art of farming: A Chayanovian manifesto. Halifax.
Van der Ploeg, J. (2018). Differentiation: old controversies, new insights. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(3), 489-524.
Van der Ploeg, J., y Ventura, F. (2014). Heterogeneity reconsidered. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 8, 23-28. https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/heterogeneity-reconsidered
Vergara‐Camus, L., y Kay, C. (2017). Agribusiness, peasants, left‐wing governments, and the state in Latin America: An overview and theoretical reflections. Journal of Agrarian Change, 17(2), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12215
Wolf, E. (1990). Facing power: old insights, new questions. American anthropologist, 92(3), 586-596. https://www.jstor.org/stable/680336
Agarwal, B. (2014). Food sovereignty, food security and democratic choice: Critical contradictions, difficult conciliations. Journal of Peasant Studies 41(6), 1247-1268. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.876996
Alonso-Fadrejas, A., Borras Jr, S. M., Holmes, T., Holt-Gimenez, E., Robbins, M. J. (2015). Food sovereignty: convergence and contradictions, conditions and challenges. Third World Q., 36 (3), 431–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1023567
Álvarez, S., Timler, C. J., Michalscheck, M., Paas, W., Descheemaeker, K., Tittonell, P., and Groot, J. C. (2018). Capturing farm diversity with hypothesis-based typologies: An innovative methodological framework for farming system typology development. PLoS One 13(5), e0194757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194757
Appendini, K. (2014). Reconstructing the Maize Market in Rural Mexico. Journal of Agrarian Change, 14(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12013
Appendini, K., García-Barrios, R., y de la Tejera, B. (2003). Seguridad alimentaria y ‘calidad’ de los alimentos: ¿una estrategia campesina? Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe (75), 65-83. http://doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9694
Bacon, C., Sundstrom, W., Gómez, M., Méndez, E., Santos, R., Goldoftas, B. and Dougherty, I. (2014). Explaining the ‘hungry farmer paradox’: Smallholders and fair trade cooperatives navigate seasonality and change in Nicaragua’s corn and coffee markets. Global Environmental Change, 25, 133-149. https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/ess/14/
Barkin, D. (1987). The end to food self-sufficiency in Mexico. Latin American Perspectives, 14(3), 271-297. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2633682
Bartra, R. (1972). Campesinado y poder político en México. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 34(3/4), 659-684. https://doi.org/10.2307/3539254
Bazant, J. (1975). Cinco haciendas mexicanas. Colegio de México, D. F.
Bernard, H. (2011). Research methods in anthropology. AltaMira, Walnut Creek.
Bernstein, H. (2010). Class dynamics of agrarian change. Fernwood Publishing, Halifax and Winnipeg.
Bernstein, H. (2014). Food sovereignty via the ‘peasant way’: a sceptical view. Journal of Peasant Studies 41(6), 1031-1063. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.852082
Berry, R. (1999). Collecting data by in-depth interviewing. British Educational Research Association Annual Conference. University of Sussex at Brighton.
Cernea, M. M., y Kassam, A. H. (Eds.). (2006). Researching the culture in agri-culture: Social research for international development. CABI Publicaciones, Oxford.
Cousins, B. (2013). Smallholder irrigation schemes, agrarian reform and ‘accumulation from above and below’ in South Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change 13(1), 116–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12000
Cruz-Morales, J. (2014). Desafíos para construir la democracia ambiental en la Cuenca Alta del Río El Tablón, Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura, Chiapas, México. In C. Legorreta Díaz, C. Márquez Rosano, y T. Trench. (CoordsParadojas de las tierras protegidas: Democracia y política ambiental en reservas de la biosfera en Chiapas, UNAM/Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México.
Desmarais, A. (2008). The power of peasants: Reflections on the meanings of La Vía Campesina. Journal of rural studies, 24(2), 138-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.12.002
DeWalt, K. M, y DeWalt, B. R. (2001). Participant Observation. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek.
Edelman, M. (2014). Food sovereignty: Forgotten genealogies and future regulatory challenges. Journal of Peasant Studies, 41(6), 959-978. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.876998
Ellis, F. (1993). Peasant economics: Farm households in agrarian development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Foucault, M. (1978). Microfísica del poder. El Viejo Topo, España.
Friedmann, H. (1987). International regimes of food and agriculture since 1870. In T. Shanin (ed.), Peasants and Peasant Societies (pp. 258-276). Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
Galeski, B. (1974). From peasant to farmer: social changes in rural Poland. Polish Sociology, 231-243.
Galeski, B. (1977). Sociología del Campesinado. Península.
García-Barrios, L., J. Cruz-Morales, M., Braasch, Y., Dechnik-Vázquez, A., Gutiérrez-Navarro, A., Meza-Jiménez, T., Rivera-Núñez, E., Speelman, V., Valencia, and A. Zabala. (2020). Challenges for rural livelihoods, participatory agroforestry, and biodiversity conservation in a neotropical biosphere reserve in Mexico. In C. Baldauf (ed.). Participatory biodiversity conservation: concepts, experiences, and perspectives (pp. 69-89). Springer, Cham.
Gilruth‐Rivera, J. (2016). A Semi‐Autonomous Mexican Peasant Community and Globalization: The Role of the Cacique (Broker) in Maintaining Traditional Agroecology. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 38(2), 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/cuag.12074
Goodman, D., y Watts, M. (1997). Globalizing food: agrarian questions and global restructuring. Routledge.
Heinze, A., Bongers, F., Marcial, N. R., Barrios, L. G., y Kuyper, T. W. (2020). The montane multifunctional landscape: How stakeholders in a biosphere reserve derive benefits and address trade-offs in ecosystem service supply. Ecosystem Services, 44, 101134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101134
Helbig, C. (1976). Chiapas, geografía de un estado mexicano. Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas. Tuxtla Gutiérrez.
Janvry, A. (1983). Historical Forces That Have Shaped World Agriculture: A Structuralist Perspective. In R. Haynes (ed.). Agriculture, Change and Human Values (pp. 83-104). University of Florida.
Kay, C. (1974). Comparative development of the European manorial system and the Latin American hacienda system. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 2(1), 69-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066157408437916
Lazos, E. (2017). L’intégration des connaissances locales sur le maïs dans les politiques agroalimentaires au Mexique est-elle possible? Autrepart, (1), 57-74. https://www.cairn.info/revue-autrepart-2017-1-page-57.htm
Lynch, R. (2014). Foucault’s theory of power. In D. Taylor (ed.). Michel Foucault: key concepts (pp. 13-26). . Acumen.
McMichael, P. (2009). A food regime genealogy. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 36 (1), 139-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150902820354
McNetting, R. (1993). Smallholders, Householders: farm families and the ecology of intensive, sustainable agriculture. Stanford University Press.
Morris, K., Méndez, E., Olson, M. (2013). ‘Los meses flacos’: seasonal food insecurity in a Salvadoran organic coffee farming cooperative. Journal of Peasant Studies 40(2), 457–480. https://www.uvm.edu/agroecology/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/MorrisKSEtAl_LosMesesFlacosElSalvador_13.pdf
Morse, S., y McNamara, N. (2013). Sustainable livelihood approach: A critique of theory and practice. Springer.
Nuijten, M. (2003). Power, Community and the State: The Political Anthropology of Organisation in Mexico. Pluto Press.
Pagés, J. (2004). Analyse Factorielle de Donnees Mixtes. Revue Statistique Appliquee 4, 93–111. http://www.numdam.org/article/RSA_2004__52_4_93_0.pdf
Pretty, J. N. (2002). Agri-culture: Reconnecting people, land, and nature. Routledge.
Rubio, B. (2001). Explotados y excluidos: los campesinos lationoamericanos en la fase agroexportadora neolibral. Plaza y Valdés.
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale university Press.
Sevilla-Guzmán, E. (2006). Desde el pensamiento social agrario. Universidad de Córdoba.
Shanin, T. (1971). Peasants and Peasant Societies. Blackwell Publishers.
Soper, R. (2019). From protecting peasant livelihoods to essentializing peasant agriculture: problematic trends in food sovereignty discourse. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1543274
Strauss, A., y Corbin, J. (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Sage.
Tria Kerkvliet, B. (2009). Everyday politics in peasant societies (and ours). The journal of peasant studies, 36(1), 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150902820487
Valdivieso-Pérez, I., García-Barrios, L., Álvarez-Solís, D., and Nahed-Toral, J. (2012). De maizales a potreros: cambio en la calidad del suelo. Terra Latinoamericana, 30(4). https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/573/57325814008.pdf
Van der Ploeg, J. (2009). The new peasantries: struggles for autonomy and sustainability in an era of empire and globalization. Earthscan
Van der Ploeg, J. (2014). Peasants and the art of farming: A Chayanovian manifesto. Halifax.
Van der Ploeg, J. (2018). Differentiation: old controversies, new insights. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(3), 489-524.
Van der Ploeg, J., y Ventura, F. (2014). Heterogeneity reconsidered. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 8, 23-28. https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/heterogeneity-reconsidered
Vergara‐Camus, L., y Kay, C. (2017). Agribusiness, peasants, left‐wing governments, and the state in Latin America: An overview and theoretical reflections. Journal of Agrarian Change, 17(2), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12215
Wolf, E. (1990). Facing power: old insights, new questions. American anthropologist, 92(3), 586-596. https://www.jstor.org/stable/680336
Cómo citar
Rivera Núñez, T., & Lazos Chavero, E. (2022). “Estamos los ganadiarios y están los ganaderos”:: microfísicas del poder en un sistema campesino de abasto agroalimentario en México. Cuadernos De Desarrollo Rural, 19. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.cdr19.egeg
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Artículos Investigación
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