Evolución conceptual del periodismo de paz Origen, desarrollo, críticas y aportes a los estudios sobre paz
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jul 25, 2022
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Resumen
Los medios masivos se han centrado en informar más sobre temas de guerra que de paz. De ahí que, el periodismo de paz surja como una alternativa narrativa que contribuye a la solución pacífica de conflictos, en un contexto donde son esenciales la verdad, la rigurosidad en la reportería y la responsabilidad social de la información. Pese a su importancia, el periodismo de paz es un subcampo escasamente explorado en la literatura de habla hispana. Este artículo realizado con técnicas de revisión documental y bibliométrica aporta a este campo de conocimiento un análisis de la génesis y desarrollo del periodismo de paz. Metodológicamente, se revisaron 10 libros de referencia y los 133 artículos existentes en Scopus sobre periodismo de paz, los cuales permitieron hacer un balance de sus aportes, críticas y evolución conceptual.
Keywords
peace journalism, peace media, war journalism, conflict, peaceperiodismo de paz, medios para la paz, periodismo de guerra, conflicto, paz
References
Arévalo-Salinas, A. I. (2014). Periodismo y comunicación para la paz. Indicadores y marco regulatorio. Commons. Revista de Comunicación y Ciudadanía Digital, 3(1), 56-92. https://doi.org/10.25267/commons.2014.v3.i1.03
Bonilla, J. I. (2002). Periodismo, guerra y paz. Campo Intelectual periodístico y agendas de la información en Colombia. Signo y Pensamiento, 21(40), 53-71. https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/signoypensamiento/article/view/2841
Bonilla, J. I. (2015). Algo más que mañas noticias. Revisión crítica de estudios de medios-guerra. Signo y Pensamiento, 34(66), 62-78. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/860/86041148002.pdf
Bonilla, J. I., y Tamayo, C. (2007). Las violencias en los medios, los medios en las violencias. Cinep.
Bratic, V. (2008). Examining peace-oriented media in áreas of violent conflict. The International Communication Gazette, 70(6), 487-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508096397
Chinchilla, M. (2007). Manual para el apoyo emocional de periodistas. Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa.
Cortés-Martínez, C. A., y Thomas, R. J. (2020). Probing peace journalism: The discursive construction of blackness within the racial democracy of Colombia. Journalism, 23(1), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920908117
Des Forges, A. (1999). Leave none to tell the story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch.
Ersoy, M. (2015). War-peace journalism in the Turkish press: Countries come to the brink of war. International Communication Gazette, 78(3), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516630717
Espinar-Ruiz, E, y Hernández-Sánchez, M. I. (2012). El periodismo de paz como paradigma de comunicación para el cambio social: características, dimensiones y obstáculos. CIC. Cuadernos de Informacion y comunicación, 17, 175-189. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ciyc.2012.v17.39263
Fawcett, L. (2002). Why peace journalism isn’t news. Journalism Studies, 3(2), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700220129982
Fong, Y. L., y Koon, J. H. G. (2019). The South China Sea dispute and war/peace journalism: A framing analysis of a Malaysian newspaper. Kome-an International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, 7(2), 17-36. https://doi.org/10.17646/KOME.75672.32
Franco, N., Nieto, P., y Rincón, O. (2010). Tácticas y estrategias para contar. Historias de la gente sobre conflicto y reconciliación en Colombia. Centro de Competencia en Comunicación para América Latina.
Freire, J., y Arroyave, J. (2020). Cobertura del cambio climático en los medios digitales de América Latina. Revista Chasqui, 144, 67-86. https://doi.org/10.16921/chasqui.v0i144
Galtung, J. (2006). Peace journalism as an ethical challenge. Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition, 1(2), 1-5. https://eirineftikidimosiografia.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/galtung-j-peace-journalism-as-an-ethical-challenge.pdf
Galtung, J., y Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104
Gonen, Y., Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., y Kampf, Z. (2020). Mediating the opponent's news: A study of inter-media citations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Media, War & Conflict, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635220953656
Hackett, R., y Zhao, Y. (1998). Sustaining democracy. Journalism and the politics of objectivity. Garamond Press.
Hamelink, C. J. (2002). Communication may not build peace, but it can certainly contribute to war. Media Development, 49(2), 36-37. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Communication-may-not-build-peace%2C-but-it-can-to-Hamelink/1239f177db215cdc6f556f7409af9805adfccb4d
Hamelink, C. J. (2015). Media studies and the peace issue. En J. Hoffman y V. Hawkins (Eds.), Communication and peace. Mapping an emerging field (pp. 34-47). Routledge.
Hanitzsch, T. (2004). Journalists as peacekeeping force? Peace journalism and mass communication theory. Journalism Studies, 5(4), 483-495. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700412331296419
Herrán, M., Guerrero, A., y Losada, D. (2005). Cubrimiento periodístico responsable del desplazamiento forzado interno. Corporación Medios para la Paz.
Hoffmann, J., y Hawkins, V. (2015). Communication and Peace: Mapping an emerging field. Routledge.
Hussain, S. (2020). Peace journalism for conflict reporting: Insights from Pakistan. Journalism Practice, 14(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1596753
Kempf, W. (2003). Constructive conflict coverage: A social-psychological research and development program. Conflict & Communication Online, 2(2), 1-13. https://www.cco.regener-online.de/2003_2/pdf_2003_2/kempf_engl.pdf
Kempf, W. (2008). The impact of political news on German students’ assessment of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Conflict & Communication Online, 7(2), 1-19. https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/11316
Kempf, W. (2012). Peace Journalism. En D. J. Christie (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp194
Kepplinger, H. M. (2008). News Values. En W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication (Vol. 7, pp. 3281-3286). Blackwell Publishing.
Kirschke, L. (1996). Broadcasting genocide: Censorship, propaganda, and state-sponsored violence in Rwanda 1990-1994. Article 19. https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_901777
Lee, S. T. (2010). Peace journalism: Principles and structural limitations in the news coverage on three conflicts. Mass Communication and Society, 13(4), 361-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430903348829
Lee, S. T., y Maslog, C. C. (2005). War or peace journalism? Asian newspaper coverage of conflicts. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02674.x
Lee, S. T., Maslog, C. C., y Kim, H. S. (2006). Asian conflict and the Iraq war: A comparative framing analysis. International Communication Gazette, 68(5-6), 499-518. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048506068727
Loyn, D. (2003, 20 de febrero). Witnessing the truth. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/article_993jsp/
Loyn, D. (2008). Good journalism or pace journalism? En W. Kempf (Ed.), The peace journalism controversy (pp. 53-68). Regener.
Lynch, J. (1998). The peace journalism option. Routledge.
Lynch, J. (2013). A global standard for reporting conflict. Routledge.
Lynch, J. (2018). Peace Journalism. Encyclopedia of Communication: Journalism Studies. Oxford University Press.
MacGinty, R., y Richmond, O. P. (2013). The local turn in peace building: A critical agenda for peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763-783. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
Maslog, C. C., Lee, S. T., y Kim, H. S. (2006). Framing analysis of a conflict: How newspapers in five Asian countries covered Iraq War. Asian Journal of Communication, 16(1), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980500118516
McGoldrick, A. (2000). Peace Journalism: An introduction. En Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Ed.), Medien im Konflikt—Mitta¨teroder Mediatoren? [The media in conflicts—accomplices or mediators?] (pp. 19-24). FES.
Nassanga, L. (2007) Peace journalism applied: An assessment of media coverage of the conflict in Northern Uganda. Conflict & Communication Online, 6(2). https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2007_2/pdf/nassanga.pdf
Nohrstedt, S. A., y Ottosen, R. (2015). Peace journalism: A proposition for conceptual and methodological improvement. Global Media and Communication, 11(3), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766515606289
Östgaard, E. (1965). Factors influencing the flow of news. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200103
Pfau, M., Haigh, M., Gettle, M., Donnelly, M., Scott, G., Warr, D., y Wittenberg, E. (2004). Embedding journalists in military combat units: Impact on newspaper story frames and tone. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100106
Rincón, O., y Ruiz, M. (2002). Bajo todos los fuegos. Los periodistas en el conflicto colombiano. Proyecto Antonio Nariño.
Roberts, N. L. (2008). Peace Journalism. En W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecp016
Rodríguez, D., y Valldeoriola, J. (2009). Metodología de la investigación. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.
Rogers, E. (1994). The history of communication studies: A biographical approach. The Free Press.
Schudson, M. (2003). The sociology of news. W. W. Norton.
Sierra, A., Lozano, P., Guerrero, A., y Salamanca, N. (2009). Niños vinculados al conflicto. Cubrimiento periodístico responsable. Corporación Medios para la Paz.
Shinar, D. (2007). [Epilogue]. Peace journalism. The state of the art. Conflict & Communication Online, 6(1), 1-9. https://1library.org/document/wyemgn1z-epilogue-peace-journalism-state-art.html
Shinar, D. (2009). Can peace journalism make progress? The International Communication Gazette, 71(6), 451-471. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048509339786
Stephenson, C. M. (2008). Peace Studies. Overview Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace & Conflict (pp. 1534-1548). Elsevier.
Tamayo, C., y Bonilla, J. I. (2014). Nuestro deber de la memoria. La agenda investigativa sobre la cobertura informativa del conflicto armado en Colombia, 2002-2012. Palabra Clave, 17(1), 13-45. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2014.17.1.1
Taylor, M., y Kent, M. (2000). Media in transition in Bosnia: From propagandistic past to uncertain future. International Communication Gazette, 62(5), 355-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549200062005002
Tenemboim-Weinblatt, K., Hanitzsch, T., y Nagar, R. (2016). Beyond peace journalism: Reclassifying conflict narratives in the Israeli new media. Journal of Peace Research, 53(2), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343315609091
Thompson, M. (1999). Forging war: The media in Serbia, Croatia and BosniaHercegovina. University of Luton Press.
Tsarwe, S., y Mare, A. (2019). Journalistic framing of electoral conflict in a politically fragile society: A comparative study of the Zimbabwean Weekly Press. African Journalism Studies, 40(1), 18-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1570297
Varis, T. (1986). Peace and communication. Universidad de la Paz.
Wolfsfeld, G. (1997). Promoting peace through the new media: Some initial lesson from the Oslo peace process. International Journal of Press/Politic, 2(4), 52-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180x97002004005
Workneh (2011). War journalism or peace journalism? A case study of U.S. and British newspapers coverage of the Somali conflict. Global Media Journal Mediterranean Edition, 6(1), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048520915668
Bonilla, J. I. (2002). Periodismo, guerra y paz. Campo Intelectual periodístico y agendas de la información en Colombia. Signo y Pensamiento, 21(40), 53-71. https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/signoypensamiento/article/view/2841
Bonilla, J. I. (2015). Algo más que mañas noticias. Revisión crítica de estudios de medios-guerra. Signo y Pensamiento, 34(66), 62-78. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/860/86041148002.pdf
Bonilla, J. I., y Tamayo, C. (2007). Las violencias en los medios, los medios en las violencias. Cinep.
Bratic, V. (2008). Examining peace-oriented media in áreas of violent conflict. The International Communication Gazette, 70(6), 487-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508096397
Chinchilla, M. (2007). Manual para el apoyo emocional de periodistas. Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa.
Cortés-Martínez, C. A., y Thomas, R. J. (2020). Probing peace journalism: The discursive construction of blackness within the racial democracy of Colombia. Journalism, 23(1), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920908117
Des Forges, A. (1999). Leave none to tell the story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch.
Ersoy, M. (2015). War-peace journalism in the Turkish press: Countries come to the brink of war. International Communication Gazette, 78(3), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516630717
Espinar-Ruiz, E, y Hernández-Sánchez, M. I. (2012). El periodismo de paz como paradigma de comunicación para el cambio social: características, dimensiones y obstáculos. CIC. Cuadernos de Informacion y comunicación, 17, 175-189. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ciyc.2012.v17.39263
Fawcett, L. (2002). Why peace journalism isn’t news. Journalism Studies, 3(2), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700220129982
Fong, Y. L., y Koon, J. H. G. (2019). The South China Sea dispute and war/peace journalism: A framing analysis of a Malaysian newspaper. Kome-an International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, 7(2), 17-36. https://doi.org/10.17646/KOME.75672.32
Franco, N., Nieto, P., y Rincón, O. (2010). Tácticas y estrategias para contar. Historias de la gente sobre conflicto y reconciliación en Colombia. Centro de Competencia en Comunicación para América Latina.
Freire, J., y Arroyave, J. (2020). Cobertura del cambio climático en los medios digitales de América Latina. Revista Chasqui, 144, 67-86. https://doi.org/10.16921/chasqui.v0i144
Galtung, J. (2006). Peace journalism as an ethical challenge. Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition, 1(2), 1-5. https://eirineftikidimosiografia.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/galtung-j-peace-journalism-as-an-ethical-challenge.pdf
Galtung, J., y Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104
Gonen, Y., Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., y Kampf, Z. (2020). Mediating the opponent's news: A study of inter-media citations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Media, War & Conflict, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635220953656
Hackett, R., y Zhao, Y. (1998). Sustaining democracy. Journalism and the politics of objectivity. Garamond Press.
Hamelink, C. J. (2002). Communication may not build peace, but it can certainly contribute to war. Media Development, 49(2), 36-37. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Communication-may-not-build-peace%2C-but-it-can-to-Hamelink/1239f177db215cdc6f556f7409af9805adfccb4d
Hamelink, C. J. (2015). Media studies and the peace issue. En J. Hoffman y V. Hawkins (Eds.), Communication and peace. Mapping an emerging field (pp. 34-47). Routledge.
Hanitzsch, T. (2004). Journalists as peacekeeping force? Peace journalism and mass communication theory. Journalism Studies, 5(4), 483-495. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700412331296419
Herrán, M., Guerrero, A., y Losada, D. (2005). Cubrimiento periodístico responsable del desplazamiento forzado interno. Corporación Medios para la Paz.
Hoffmann, J., y Hawkins, V. (2015). Communication and Peace: Mapping an emerging field. Routledge.
Hussain, S. (2020). Peace journalism for conflict reporting: Insights from Pakistan. Journalism Practice, 14(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1596753
Kempf, W. (2003). Constructive conflict coverage: A social-psychological research and development program. Conflict & Communication Online, 2(2), 1-13. https://www.cco.regener-online.de/2003_2/pdf_2003_2/kempf_engl.pdf
Kempf, W. (2008). The impact of political news on German students’ assessment of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Conflict & Communication Online, 7(2), 1-19. https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/11316
Kempf, W. (2012). Peace Journalism. En D. J. Christie (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp194
Kepplinger, H. M. (2008). News Values. En W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication (Vol. 7, pp. 3281-3286). Blackwell Publishing.
Kirschke, L. (1996). Broadcasting genocide: Censorship, propaganda, and state-sponsored violence in Rwanda 1990-1994. Article 19. https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_901777
Lee, S. T. (2010). Peace journalism: Principles and structural limitations in the news coverage on three conflicts. Mass Communication and Society, 13(4), 361-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430903348829
Lee, S. T., y Maslog, C. C. (2005). War or peace journalism? Asian newspaper coverage of conflicts. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02674.x
Lee, S. T., Maslog, C. C., y Kim, H. S. (2006). Asian conflict and the Iraq war: A comparative framing analysis. International Communication Gazette, 68(5-6), 499-518. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048506068727
Loyn, D. (2003, 20 de febrero). Witnessing the truth. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/article_993jsp/
Loyn, D. (2008). Good journalism or pace journalism? En W. Kempf (Ed.), The peace journalism controversy (pp. 53-68). Regener.
Lynch, J. (1998). The peace journalism option. Routledge.
Lynch, J. (2013). A global standard for reporting conflict. Routledge.
Lynch, J. (2018). Peace Journalism. Encyclopedia of Communication: Journalism Studies. Oxford University Press.
MacGinty, R., y Richmond, O. P. (2013). The local turn in peace building: A critical agenda for peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763-783. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
Maslog, C. C., Lee, S. T., y Kim, H. S. (2006). Framing analysis of a conflict: How newspapers in five Asian countries covered Iraq War. Asian Journal of Communication, 16(1), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980500118516
McGoldrick, A. (2000). Peace Journalism: An introduction. En Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Ed.), Medien im Konflikt—Mitta¨teroder Mediatoren? [The media in conflicts—accomplices or mediators?] (pp. 19-24). FES.
Nassanga, L. (2007) Peace journalism applied: An assessment of media coverage of the conflict in Northern Uganda. Conflict & Communication Online, 6(2). https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2007_2/pdf/nassanga.pdf
Nohrstedt, S. A., y Ottosen, R. (2015). Peace journalism: A proposition for conceptual and methodological improvement. Global Media and Communication, 11(3), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766515606289
Östgaard, E. (1965). Factors influencing the flow of news. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200103
Pfau, M., Haigh, M., Gettle, M., Donnelly, M., Scott, G., Warr, D., y Wittenberg, E. (2004). Embedding journalists in military combat units: Impact on newspaper story frames and tone. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100106
Rincón, O., y Ruiz, M. (2002). Bajo todos los fuegos. Los periodistas en el conflicto colombiano. Proyecto Antonio Nariño.
Roberts, N. L. (2008). Peace Journalism. En W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecp016
Rodríguez, D., y Valldeoriola, J. (2009). Metodología de la investigación. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.
Rogers, E. (1994). The history of communication studies: A biographical approach. The Free Press.
Schudson, M. (2003). The sociology of news. W. W. Norton.
Sierra, A., Lozano, P., Guerrero, A., y Salamanca, N. (2009). Niños vinculados al conflicto. Cubrimiento periodístico responsable. Corporación Medios para la Paz.
Shinar, D. (2007). [Epilogue]. Peace journalism. The state of the art. Conflict & Communication Online, 6(1), 1-9. https://1library.org/document/wyemgn1z-epilogue-peace-journalism-state-art.html
Shinar, D. (2009). Can peace journalism make progress? The International Communication Gazette, 71(6), 451-471. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048509339786
Stephenson, C. M. (2008). Peace Studies. Overview Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace & Conflict (pp. 1534-1548). Elsevier.
Tamayo, C., y Bonilla, J. I. (2014). Nuestro deber de la memoria. La agenda investigativa sobre la cobertura informativa del conflicto armado en Colombia, 2002-2012. Palabra Clave, 17(1), 13-45. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2014.17.1.1
Taylor, M., y Kent, M. (2000). Media in transition in Bosnia: From propagandistic past to uncertain future. International Communication Gazette, 62(5), 355-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549200062005002
Tenemboim-Weinblatt, K., Hanitzsch, T., y Nagar, R. (2016). Beyond peace journalism: Reclassifying conflict narratives in the Israeli new media. Journal of Peace Research, 53(2), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343315609091
Thompson, M. (1999). Forging war: The media in Serbia, Croatia and BosniaHercegovina. University of Luton Press.
Tsarwe, S., y Mare, A. (2019). Journalistic framing of electoral conflict in a politically fragile society: A comparative study of the Zimbabwean Weekly Press. African Journalism Studies, 40(1), 18-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1570297
Varis, T. (1986). Peace and communication. Universidad de la Paz.
Wolfsfeld, G. (1997). Promoting peace through the new media: Some initial lesson from the Oslo peace process. International Journal of Press/Politic, 2(4), 52-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180x97002004005
Workneh (2011). War journalism or peace journalism? A case study of U.S. and British newspapers coverage of the Somali conflict. Global Media Journal Mediterranean Edition, 6(1), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048520915668
Cómo citar
Arroyave, J., & Garcés Prettel, M. (2022). Evolución conceptual del periodismo de paz: Origen, desarrollo, críticas y aportes a los estudios sobre paz. Signo Y Pensamiento, 41. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.syp41.ecpp
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