La persistencia de los metadatos de la primera época en los entornos en línea y la resistencia del discurso imperial
Publicado
sep 9, 2020
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Resumen
Los metadatos informan de nuestra interacción con los objetos visuales (imágenes) que se encuentran en contextos digitales (sitios web) y tienen un impacto perdurable y transhistórico en la forma en que entendemos el mundo que nos rodea, pero se han realizado pocos intentos de estudiar críticamente los impactos de los metadatos, en particular con respecto a las formas en que pueden género y racializar al sujeto representado. Este artículo trata de explorar el funcionamiento de los metadatos y su relación con las imágenes de la Edad Moderna que han sido digitalizadas y para las que se han generado metadatos. Utilizando el ejemplo de la cultura visual asociada a Bartolomé de Las Casas, este artículo rastrea el modo en que los metadatos dan forma a la representación de los nativos americanos en los entornos en línea, al tiempo que reflexiona críticamente sobre las consecuencias de los metadatos existentes y las plataformas que permiten a los usuarios encontrar información en línea.
Keywords
metadatos, cultura visual, modernidad temprana, Las Casas, nativos americanosmetadados, cultura visual, modernidade precoce, Las Casas, nativos americanosmetadata, visual culture, early modernity, Las Casas, Native Americans
References
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Attig, J., Copeland, A., & Pelikan, M. (2004). Context and Meaning: The Challenges of Metadata for a Digital Image Library within the University. College & Research Libraries, 65(3), 251-261.
Banivanua Mar, T., & Edmonds, P. (Eds.). (2010). Making Settler Colonial Space: Perspectives on Race, Place and Identity. Palgrave MacMillan.
Barbour, C. (2015). When Captain America Was an Indian: Heroic Masculinity, National Identity, and Appropriation? Journal of Popular Culture, 48(2), 269-284.
Beck, L. (2011). Illustrating the Spanish Conquest in the Long Eighteenth Century: Theodore de Bry and his Legacy. In C. Ionescu (Ed.), Book Illustration in the Long Eighteenth Century: Reconfiguring the Visual Periphery of the Text (pp. 494-533). Cambridge Scholarly Press.
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Brunstetter, D. R. (2012). Tensions of Modernity: Las Casas and His Legacy in the French Enlightenment. Routledge.
Bryson, N. (2001). Vision and Painting: The Logic of the Gaze. Palgrave.
Bryson, N., Ann Holly, M., & Moxey, K. (Eds.). (1994). Visual Culture: Images and Interpretations. Wesleyan University Press.
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Bucher, B. (1977). La Sauvage aux seins pendants. Hermann.
Bucher, B. (1981). Icon and Conquest: A Structural Analysis of the Illustrations of de Bry’s Great Voyages. The University of Chicago Press.
Calloway, C. (2013). Pen and Ink Witchcraft: Treaties and Treaty Making in American Indian History. Oxford University Press.
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Coulthard, G. (2014). Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. UBC Press.
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Dittmar, J. (2011). Information Technology and Economic Changes: The Impact of the Printing Press. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(3), 1133-1172.
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Falzetti, A. (2015). Archival Absence: The Burden of History. Settler Colonial Studies, 5(2), 128-144.
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Green, H. E., & Courtney, A. (2015). Beyond the Scanned Image: A Needs Assessment of Scholarly Users of Digital Collections. College & Research Libraries, 76(5), 690-707.
Greer, M. R., Mignolo, W. D., & Quilligan, M. (Eds.). (2007). Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empires. University of Chicago Press.
Guamán Poma, F. (1615). Nueva corónica y buen gobierno. Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen, GKS 2232.
Harris, M. D. (2003). Colored Pictures: Race and Visual Representation. University of North Carolina Press.
Hobart, M. E., & Schiffman, Z. S. (2000). Information Ages: Literacy, Numeracy, and the Computer Revolution. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hunt, D. (2016). Nikîkîwân 1: Contesting Settler Colonial Archives through Indigenous Oral History. Canadian Literature, (230/231), 25-42.
imgur. (2015). To Anyone Who Thought They Were Edgy or Going Against the Grain Saying They Liked Columbus Day Yesterday. https://imgur.com/gallery/uDzqr
Jager, R. K. (2016). Malinche, Pocahontas, and Sacagawea: Indian Women as Cultural Intermediaries and National Symbols. University of Oklahoma Press.
John, G. E. (2001). Cultural Nationalism, Westward Expansion and the Production of Imperial Landscape: George Catlin’s Native American West. Ecumene, 8(2), 175-203.
Johnson, C. L. (2011). Cultural Hierarchy in Sixteenth-century Europe: The Ottomans and Mexicans. Cambridge University Press.
Kam, D. V. (2007). Subject Headings for Aboriginals: The Power of Naming. Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America, 26(2), 18-22.
Kratz, C. A. (2011). Rhetorics of Value: Constituting Worth and Meaning through Cultural Display. Visual Anthropology Review, 27(1), 21-48.
Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. Routledge.
Las Casas, B. de (1552). Breuissima relacion de la destruycion de las Indias. Sebastian Trugillo.
Las Casas, B. de. (1598). Narratio regionum Indicarum per Hispanos quosdam deuastatarum verissima. Theodore de Bry.
Lefèvre, W., Renn, J., & Schoepflin, U. (Eds.). (2012). The Power of Images in Early Modern Science. Springer.
Manguel, A. (2000). Reading Pictures: A History of Love and Hate. Random House.
Martinec, R., & Salway, A. (2005). A System for Image–Text Relations in New (and Old) Media. Visual Communication, 4(3), 337-371.
Matthews, S. (2008). Identity and Information Technology. In J. van den Hoven & J. Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2019). Malinche. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malinche
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1994). Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. University of Chicago Press.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (2002). Showing Seeing: A Critique of Visual Culture. Journal of Visual Culture, (1), 165-181.
Muehlebach, A. (2003). What Self in Self Determination? Notes from the Frontiers of Transnational Indigenous Activism. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 10(2), 241-268.
Nakamura, L. (2008). Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet. University of Minnesota Press.
Niño-Murcia, M., & Salomon, F. (2011). The Lettered Mountain: A Peruvian Village’s Way with Writing. Duke University Press.
O’Brien, J. M. (2010). Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians Out of Existence in New England. University of Minnesota Press.
Oldenziel, R. (1999). Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women and Modern Machines in America, 1870-1945. Amsterdam University Press.
OmniGlot. (2019). Nahuatl. https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nahuatl.htm
Ong, W. J. (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. New York: Routledge.
Palmater, P. (2011). Beyond Blood: Rethinking Indigenous Identity. UBC Press.
Posada, José Guadalupe (1900). Fray Bartolomé de las Casas o la protección de los Indios. Maucci Hermanos.
Poulter, G. (2009). Becoming Native in a Foreign Land: Sport, Visual Culture, and Identity in Montreal, 1840-85. University of British Columbia Press.
Rabasa, J. (2015). Inventing America: Spanish Historiography and the Formation of Eurocentrism. University of Oklahoma Press.
Renn, J. (Ed.). (2012). The Globalization of Knowledge in History. Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Studies.
Robertson, L. G. (2005). Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands. Oxford University Press.
Sáenz-López Pérez, S. (2011). Las primeras imágenes occidentales de los indígenas americanos: entre la tradición medieval y los inicios de la antropología moderna. Anales de Historia del Arte, Extra, 463-481. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ANHA.2011.37474
Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. Alfred A. Knopf.
Schreffler, M. (2007). The Art of Allegiance. Visual Culture and Imperial Power in Baroque New Spain. Pennsylvania State University Press.
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Skinner, Q. (1978). The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (2 vols.). Cambridge University Press.
Skinner, Q. (2002). Visions of Politics (2 vols.). Cambridge University Press.
Smith, I. (2009). Race and Rhetoric in the Renaissance: Barbarian Errors. Palgrave Macmillan.
Staum, M. S. (2003). Labeling People: French Scholars on Society, Race and Empire, 1815-1848. McGill-Queens University Press.
ThoughtCo. (2019). Biography of Malinche. https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-malinche-2136516
Todorov, T. (1992). The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. Harper & Row.
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Alker, H. R. (1992). The Humanistic Moment in International Studies. Reflections on Machiavelli and Las Casas. International Studies Quarterly, 36(4), 347-371.
Andermann, J., & W. Rowe (Eds.). (2005). Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America. Berghahn Books.
Ashcroft, B. (2014). Caliban’s Voice: The Transformation of English in Post-Colonial Literatures. Routledge.
Arnold, D. Y., & J. de Dios Yapita. (2006). The Metamorphosis of Heads: Textual Struggles, Education, and Land in the Andes. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Assimina, K., & M. Wallace. (2009). Acts of Seeing: Artists, Scientists and the History of the Visual. Central Saint Martin’s College of Art and Design.
Attig, J., Copeland, A., & Pelikan, M. (2004). Context and Meaning: The Challenges of Metadata for a Digital Image Library within the University. College & Research Libraries, 65(3), 251-261.
Banivanua Mar, T., & Edmonds, P. (Eds.). (2010). Making Settler Colonial Space: Perspectives on Race, Place and Identity. Palgrave MacMillan.
Barbour, C. (2015). When Captain America Was an Indian: Heroic Masculinity, National Identity, and Appropriation? Journal of Popular Culture, 48(2), 269-284.
Beck, L. (2011). Illustrating the Spanish Conquest in the Long Eighteenth Century: Theodore de Bry and his Legacy. In C. Ionescu (Ed.), Book Illustration in the Long Eighteenth Century: Reconfiguring the Visual Periphery of the Text (pp. 494-533). Cambridge Scholarly Press.
Bell, A. (2014). Relating Indigenous and Settler Identities: Beyond Domination. Palgrave-MacMillan.
Boone, E. H., & Mignolo, W. D. (Eds.). (1994). Writing without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica & the Andes. Duke University Press.
Brunstetter, D. R. (2012). Tensions of Modernity: Las Casas and His Legacy in the French Enlightenment. Routledge.
Bryson, N. (2001). Vision and Painting: The Logic of the Gaze. Palgrave.
Bryson, N., Ann Holly, M., & Moxey, K. (Eds.). (1994). Visual Culture: Images and Interpretations. Wesleyan University Press.
Byrd, J. A. (2011). The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism. University of Minnesota Press.
Bucher, B. (1977). La Sauvage aux seins pendants. Hermann.
Bucher, B. (1981). Icon and Conquest: A Structural Analysis of the Illustrations of de Bry’s Great Voyages. The University of Chicago Press.
Calloway, C. (2013). Pen and Ink Witchcraft: Treaties and Treaty Making in American Indian History. Oxford University Press.
Castellanos, L. (2017). The Feminist Indigenous Candidate Running for President of Mexico. Vice.com. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9kqbqd/the-feminist-indigenous-candidate-running-for-president-of-mexico
Chairish. (2019). Nahua Woman Original Mexican Oil Painting. https://www.chairish.com/product/378579/nahua-woman-original-mexican-oil-painting
Cheyfitz, E. (1997). The Poetics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from The Tempest to Tarzan. University of Philadelphia Press.
Coulthard, G. (2014). Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. UBC Press.
Crowley, J. E. (2011). Imperial Landscapes: Britain’s Global Visual Culture, 1745-1820. The Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, Yale University Press.
Deloria, P. J. (2004). Indians in Unexpected Places. University Press of Kansas.
Dittmar, J. (2011). Information Technology and Economic Changes: The Impact of the Printing Press. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(3), 1133-1172.
Dussel, E. (1995). The Invention of the Americas: Eclipse of ‘The Other’ and the Myth of Modernity. Continuum.
Dyson, L. E., Hendriks, M., & Grant, Sg. (Eds.). (2006). Information Technology and Indigenous People. Information Science Publishing.
Falzetti, A. (2015). Archival Absence: The Burden of History. Settler Colonial Studies, 5(2), 128-144.
Forte, M. C. (Ed.). (2013). Who Is an Indian? Race, Place, and the Politics of Indigeneity in the Americas. University of Toronto Press.
Getty Images. (2019). Bartolomé de las Casas, circa 1484-1566. https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/bartolom%C3%A9-de-las-casas-c-1484-1566-16th-century-spanish-news-photo/929215132
Gonzalbo Aizpuru, P. (1990). Historia de la educación en la época colonial. El mundo indígena. Centro de Estudios Históricos, El Colegio de México.
Google. (2019a). Google Image Best Practices. https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/114016?hl=en
Google. (2019b). Nahua Woman. https://www.google.ca/search?q=%22nahua+woman%22&ie=&oe=
Google. (2019c). Nahua Woman Original Mexican Oil Painting. https://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fchairish-prod.freetls.fastly.net%2Fimage%2Fproduct%2Fsized%2Fcca8c6f6-32fd-4eef-bf63-74238818dbf6%2Fnahua-woman-original-mexican-oil-painting-1702%3Faspect%3Dfit%26width%3D640%26height%3D640&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chairish.com%2Fproduct%2F378579%2Fnahua-woman-original-mexican-oil-painting%3Futm_content%3DPinterestFeed_Paintings%26utm_source%3Dpinterest%26utm_term%3D378579&docid=6f8A-tXUto6LXM&tbnid=Uygw6dzfx9p5xM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjV6Zuwp4rmAhVSwlkKHUeEDOUQMwhkKBUwFQ..i&w=566&h=566&itg=1&bih=718&biw=1477&q=%22nahua%20woman%22&ved=0ahUKEwjV6Zuwp4rmAhVSwlkKHUeEDOUQMwhkKBUwFQ&iact=mrc&uact=8
Google. (2019d). Create Good Titles and Snippets in Search Results. https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/35624
Gray, A. (2009). Institutional Repositories for Creative and Applied Arts Research: The Kultur Project. Ariadne, 60. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/1941/
Green, H. E., & Courtney, A. (2015). Beyond the Scanned Image: A Needs Assessment of Scholarly Users of Digital Collections. College & Research Libraries, 76(5), 690-707.
Greer, M. R., Mignolo, W. D., & Quilligan, M. (Eds.). (2007). Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empires. University of Chicago Press.
Guamán Poma, F. (1615). Nueva corónica y buen gobierno. Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen, GKS 2232.
Harris, M. D. (2003). Colored Pictures: Race and Visual Representation. University of North Carolina Press.
Hobart, M. E., & Schiffman, Z. S. (2000). Information Ages: Literacy, Numeracy, and the Computer Revolution. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hunt, D. (2016). Nikîkîwân 1: Contesting Settler Colonial Archives through Indigenous Oral History. Canadian Literature, (230/231), 25-42.
imgur. (2015). To Anyone Who Thought They Were Edgy or Going Against the Grain Saying They Liked Columbus Day Yesterday. https://imgur.com/gallery/uDzqr
Jager, R. K. (2016). Malinche, Pocahontas, and Sacagawea: Indian Women as Cultural Intermediaries and National Symbols. University of Oklahoma Press.
John, G. E. (2001). Cultural Nationalism, Westward Expansion and the Production of Imperial Landscape: George Catlin’s Native American West. Ecumene, 8(2), 175-203.
Johnson, C. L. (2011). Cultural Hierarchy in Sixteenth-century Europe: The Ottomans and Mexicans. Cambridge University Press.
Kam, D. V. (2007). Subject Headings for Aboriginals: The Power of Naming. Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America, 26(2), 18-22.
Kratz, C. A. (2011). Rhetorics of Value: Constituting Worth and Meaning through Cultural Display. Visual Anthropology Review, 27(1), 21-48.
Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. Routledge.
Las Casas, B. de (1552). Breuissima relacion de la destruycion de las Indias. Sebastian Trugillo.
Las Casas, B. de. (1598). Narratio regionum Indicarum per Hispanos quosdam deuastatarum verissima. Theodore de Bry.
Lefèvre, W., Renn, J., & Schoepflin, U. (Eds.). (2012). The Power of Images in Early Modern Science. Springer.
Manguel, A. (2000). Reading Pictures: A History of Love and Hate. Random House.
Martinec, R., & Salway, A. (2005). A System for Image–Text Relations in New (and Old) Media. Visual Communication, 4(3), 337-371.
Matthews, S. (2008). Identity and Information Technology. In J. van den Hoven & J. Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2019). Malinche. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/malinche
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1994). Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. University of Chicago Press.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (2002). Showing Seeing: A Critique of Visual Culture. Journal of Visual Culture, (1), 165-181.
Muehlebach, A. (2003). What Self in Self Determination? Notes from the Frontiers of Transnational Indigenous Activism. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 10(2), 241-268.
Nakamura, L. (2008). Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet. University of Minnesota Press.
Niño-Murcia, M., & Salomon, F. (2011). The Lettered Mountain: A Peruvian Village’s Way with Writing. Duke University Press.
O’Brien, J. M. (2010). Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians Out of Existence in New England. University of Minnesota Press.
Oldenziel, R. (1999). Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women and Modern Machines in America, 1870-1945. Amsterdam University Press.
OmniGlot. (2019). Nahuatl. https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nahuatl.htm
Ong, W. J. (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. New York: Routledge.
Palmater, P. (2011). Beyond Blood: Rethinking Indigenous Identity. UBC Press.
Posada, José Guadalupe (1900). Fray Bartolomé de las Casas o la protección de los Indios. Maucci Hermanos.
Poulter, G. (2009). Becoming Native in a Foreign Land: Sport, Visual Culture, and Identity in Montreal, 1840-85. University of British Columbia Press.
Rabasa, J. (2015). Inventing America: Spanish Historiography and the Formation of Eurocentrism. University of Oklahoma Press.
Renn, J. (Ed.). (2012). The Globalization of Knowledge in History. Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Studies.
Robertson, L. G. (2005). Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands. Oxford University Press.
Sáenz-López Pérez, S. (2011). Las primeras imágenes occidentales de los indígenas americanos: entre la tradición medieval y los inicios de la antropología moderna. Anales de Historia del Arte, Extra, 463-481. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ANHA.2011.37474
Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. Alfred A. Knopf.
Schreffler, M. (2007). The Art of Allegiance. Visual Culture and Imperial Power in Baroque New Spain. Pennsylvania State University Press.
Sha, R. (2002). The Power of the English Nineteenth-Century Visual and Verbal Sketch: Appropriation, Discipline, Mastery. Nineteenth-Century Contexts, 24(1), 73-100.
Shutterstock. (2019). Bartolome Images. https://www.shutterstock.com/search/bartolome?missing_image_id=87202129
Skinner, Q. (1978). The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (2 vols.). Cambridge University Press.
Skinner, Q. (2002). Visions of Politics (2 vols.). Cambridge University Press.
Smith, I. (2009). Race and Rhetoric in the Renaissance: Barbarian Errors. Palgrave Macmillan.
Staum, M. S. (2003). Labeling People: French Scholars on Society, Race and Empire, 1815-1848. McGill-Queens University Press.
ThoughtCo. (2019). Biography of Malinche. https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-malinche-2136516
Todorov, T. (1992). The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. Harper & Row.
Universidad de Guadalajara. (2018). 24 de agosto de 1474: Nace fray Bartolomé de las Casas, cronista y defensor de los indígenas. https://www.udg.mx/es/efemerides/2018/24-ago
Wikipedia. (2019). La Malinche Statue. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Malinche_statue.jpg
Williams Jr., R. A. (2014). Savage Anxieties: The Invention of Western Civilization. St. Martin’s Press.
YouTube. (2019). Nahua: When A Language Dies (Narrated in Nahuatl). https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=w3BpWxjLr2w&feature=emb_title
Cómo citar
Beck, L. (2020). La persistencia de los metadatos de la primera época en los entornos en línea y la resistencia del discurso imperial. Universitas Humanística, 90. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.uh90.pemo
Sección
Dossier: Humanidades digitales II
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