The requirement of a causal link between the breach of the duty to declare the true state of the risk and the subsequent materialisation of the loss -International projection and brief reference to Colombian law-
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
The main purpose of this paper is, as its title suggests, to carry out a preliminary study, and therefore an approximation, of one of the questions that we consider to be of greatest relevance – in both practical and theoretical aspects- at the present time in insurance matters. Specifically in the sphere of the regulation of the recognized duty to declare the true state of the risk in the pre-contractual phase of negotiations, in regard to the value that can or should be given to the possible non-existence of a causal link or concatenation aimed at linking the non-fulfilment of the aforementioned duty with the effective and subsequent materialization of the insured risk (loss). This, for the purpose of applying or not applying the corrective and sanctioning mechanisms that the different legal systems have adopted as a response to the breach of such a high duty, especially the nullity of the insurance.
This study will also briefly examine the reasons that have been put forward in comparative law for and against this causal requirement, which is certainly controversial and, as such, not unanimous. Although it is true that in recent times there has been a legislative change in this respect in some countries, this cannot be generalized, since it requires a detailed and careful examination of each of the individual legislations and systems, as well as the jurisprudence of each, in order to ensure coherence in the hermeneutical field, and to benefit legal stability, certainty and security. This is all the more so when there is clearly more than one normative response to this issue: either negative or positive in relation to the aforementioned causal requirement, and more than one nuance or exception, and a diversity of responses and edges that deserve to be taken into account, so as not to alter the reality of each legislation and its normative history. This is precisely the case in Colombia, in which it is necessary to differentiate the 'to be' from an eventual legislative 'should be', as the case may be.
For that purpose, this paper is oriented towards a comparative analysis of the aforementioned subject, from which it can be seen that in recent decades, in line with the new guidelines of contemporary insurance law (civil law and common law), a new approach in the legislative field has gradually made its way. This approach is aimed at attributing significance to the requirement of a causal relation as a requirement for the release of the insurer in the events in which reticence or inaccuracies have been proven, particularly in order to exalt the principle of the preservation of the effects of the contract, subject to the observance of specific limitations.
causal relation, misrepresentation, false statment, lossrelación causal, reticencia, declaración del estado del riesgo, siniestro
BALDASSERONI, Ascanio. Delle assicurazioni marittime: trattato, T I, Stamperia Bunducciana, Firenze, 1786.
BARG, Eric Sebastian. Die vorvertragllche Anzelgepfllcht des Verslcherungsnehmers lm VVG 2008 Logos, Berlin, 2008.
BASEDOW, Jürgen, BRIDS, John, CLARKE, Malcom, COUSY, Herman, HEISS, Helmut & LOACKER, Leander D. Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL), sellier, Munich, 2009.
BOUDOUSQUIÉ, Traité de l’assurance contre l’incendie, Achille Désauges, Paris, 1829.
BRUCK, Ernst. Reichsgesetz über den Versicherungsvertrag, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 1938.
BUTTARO, Luca. “Assicurazione (contratto di)” en Enciclopedia del Diritto, Vol III, Giuffrè, Milano, 1958.
CASTELLANO, Gaetano & SCARLATELLA, Sergio. Le assicurazioni private, UTET, Torino, 1981.
CERUTTI AICARDI, Héctor. “Falsa declaración y reticencia en la descripción del riesgo en el contrato de seguro de vida”, en Estudios jurídicos en memoria de Juan José Amézaga, Uruguay, 1958.
DE COURCY, Alfred. Questions de droit maritime, A. Cotillon et Cie, Paris, 1877.
DE GREGORIO, A. & FANELLI, G. Le assicurazioni, Società Editrice Dante Alighieri, 1975.
DEL PRADO SIMONS, Alonso Núñez. “La declaración del riesgo en los seguros para personas: deber de información y deber de informarse”, en Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Seguros, Vol 27, 2018.
DELANO, Robert B. “Chip”. “Primer on virginia law dealing with material misrepresentations in applications for life, health, and disability policies”, en Journal of Civil Litigation, Vol 26, No. 1, 2014.
DELANO, Robert B. “Chip”. BADO CARDOZO, Virginia Susana. La declaración de los riesgos en los contratos de seguros, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Valencia, 2014.
DONATI, Antigono & VOLPE PUTZOLU, Giovanna. Manuale di diritto delle assicurazione, Giuffrè Editore, 2009.
DONATI, Antigono. Tratto del diritto delle assicurazioni private, Vol II, Dott. Antonio Giuffrè, Milano, 1954.
DURÁN RONCANCIO, Natalia Alejandra, HERNÁNDEZ ORDOÑEZ, Joan Sebastián, MUÑOZ SALAS, Danilo Andrés y otros. “Identificación y análisis comparativo de las tendencias jurisprudenciales de la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia y la Corte Suprema de Justicia relativas al contrato de seguro”, en Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Seguros, Vol 27, 2018.
GARRIGUES, Joaquín. Contrato de seguro terrestre, Imprenta Aguirre, Madrid, 1982.
GASPERONI, Nicola. “Contratto di assicurazione (in generale)”, en Novissimo Digesto Italiano, T IV, Vnione Tipografico, Torino, 1959.
GASPERONI, Nicola. Le assicurazioni, Casa Editrice Dr. Francesco Vallardi, 1966.
GÓMEZ DUQUE, Arturo. Régimen de seguros. El contrato de seguro. Parte general, Diké, Medellín.
IFRÁN, Geraldine. “Consideraciones sobre la reticencia en el derecho uruguayo”, en Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Seguros, Vol 16, 2007.
INGRAM, John Dwight. “Misrepresentations in applications for insurance”, en University of Miami Buisness Law Review, Vol 14, 2005.
JARAMILLO JARAMILLO, Carlos Ignacio. Derecho de seguros, T II, Temis, Bogotá, 2021.
JARAMILLO JARAMILLO, Carlos Ignacio. La modificación sobreviniente de las circunstancias y la revisión de los contratos en la posmodernidad, Ibañez, Bogotá, 2021.
JARAMILLO MOR, Carlos Esteban. “La asegurabilidad del suicidio en el Derecho contemporáneo: evolución histórica y su proyección en el Derecho comparado y colombiano”, en Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Seguros, Vol 54, 2021.
JING, Zhen & ZHU, Ling. “Restrictions on the insurer’s defence of non-disclosure or misrepresentation in Chinese Insurance Law”, en Insurance Law Journal, 26, 2015.
JING, Zhen. “Remedies for breach of pre-contractual duty of disclosure in chinese insurance law”, en Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 23, 2017.
JING, Zhen. “Transparency in the insurance contract law of China”, en Transparency in insurance contract law, Springer, Cham, 2019.
JING, Zhen. Chinese insurance contracts, informa law from Routledge, 2016.
KULLMAN, Jérôme. “La déclaration de risque”, en Traité de droit des assurances: le contrat d’assurance, T III, LGDJ, Paris, 2002.
KEMELMAJER DE CARLUCCI, Aida. El criterio de la razonabilidad en el Derecho privado, Ibañez, Bogotá, 2020.
LA TORRE, Antonio. Le assicurazioni, Giuffrè Editore, Milano, 2000.
LACRÉ, Jean Guillaume. Esprit du Code de Commerce, T IV, Chez Garnery, Paris, 1811.
LOOSCHELDERS, Dirk. “Neuregelung der Obliegenheiten des Versicherungsnehmers durch das Versicherungsvertragsgesetz 2008”, en Jahrbuch der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 2008/2009, Düsseldorf, 2010.
MUÑOZ PAREDES, María Luisa. “Sobre la relación causal entre la circunstancia omitida y el siniestro en los seguros de personas con especial referencia al de vida”, en Revista de Derecho Mercantil, 2006
MUÑOZ PAREDES, María Luisa. El deber de declaración del riesgo en el seguro, Aranzadi, 2018.
NEUMANN, Philipp. Abkehr vom alles-oder-Nichts-Prinzip, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2004.
NOGUÉRO, David. “La declaration initiale des risques pour le contrat d'assurance en france”, en Retos y desafíos del contrato de seguro: del necesario aggiornamento a la metamorfosis del contrato, Thomson Reuters, Navarra, 2020.
NUÑEZ, Alonso: “La nueva ley del contrato de seguro en Perú” en Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Seguros, Vol. 26, 2017.
ORDOÑEZ, Andrés. Las obligaciones y las cargas de las partes en el contrato de seguro y la inoperancia del contrato de seguro, 2004.
ORDOÑEZ, Andrés. "Los deberes recíprocos de información en el contrato de seguro, y especialmente el deber de información del asegurador frente al tomador del seguro", en Estudios de Seguros, Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2012.
ORIÓN ÁLVAREZ PÉREZ, Andrés, ARROYAVE CÁRDENAS, Juan Camilo, & HENAO CORREA, María Catalina. Evolución jurisprudencial en Colombia acerca de la nulidad relativa por reticencia e inexactitud en el seguro de vida individual entre los años 2000-2012, Trabajo de grado para optar al título de Especialista en Derecho de Seguros, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Medellín, 2012.
OSSA, J. Efrén. Teoría general del seguro: el contrato, Temis, Bogotá, 1991.
PÉLISSIER A. & KULLMAN, J. “Le droit du contrat d’assurance cueilli à froid par le droit constitutionnel”, en Revue Générale de Droit des Assurances, 2014.
PICARD, Maurice & BESSON, André. Les assurances terrestres. Le contrat d’assurance, T I, L.G.D.J, Paris, 1982.
POUGET, Lous. Dictionnaire des assurances terrestres, T II, A. Durand, Paris, 1855.
ROSSETTI, Marco. Il diritto delle assicurazioni, Vol I, CEDAM, Padova 2011.
ROSSSETTI, Marco. Il diritto delle assicutazioni, Vol I, CEDAM, Padova, 2011.
ŠAHIN, Köksal. Risiko als Vertragsgegenstand, VV2, Karlsruhe, 2018.
SALANDRA, Vittorio. “Art. 1892-93”, en Commentario del códice civile: delle obbligazioni, L IV, Nicola Zanichelli Editore, Bologna, 1966.
SALINAS ADELANTADO, Carlos & LATORRE CHINER, Nuria. “Conclusión, documentación del contrato y deber de declaración del estado de riesgo”, en Comentarios a la Ley de Contrato de Seguro, tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2002.
SÁNCEZ CALERO, Fernando. “Deber de declaración del riesgo”, en Ley de Contrato de Seguro: comentarios a la Ley 5/1980, de 8 de octubre, y sus modificaciones, Aranzadi, Pamplona, 1999.
SCALFI, Gianguido. I contratti di assicurazione: l’assicurazione danni, UTET, Torino, 1991.
SCARLATELLA, Sergio. Le assicurazioni private, UTET, Torino, 1981.
SCHIAVO, Carlos A. Contrato de seguro: reticencia y agravación del riesgo, Hammurabi, Buenos Aires, 2006.
STEIDL, Enrico. Il contratto di assicurazione, Dott. A. Giuffrè, Milano, 1961.
TAPIAS ROCHA, Hernando. “La influencia ejercida por el comportamiento del asegurado sobre la garantía prevista en el contrato”, en Memorias, II Congreso Mundial de Derecho de Seguros de AIDA, Hamburgo, 1966.
TORRES GAMERO, Rolando J. “La reticencia y la declaración inexacta en el contrato de seguros en el Perú y en la legislación comparada”, en Lex, Nº 24, 2019, II.
VEIGA COPO, Abel Benito. “Suicidio y aseguramiento”, en Revista de responsabilidad civil, circulación y seguro, Nº 2, 2020.
VEIGA COPO, Abel. Tratado del contrato de seguro, T I, Thomson Reuters, Navarra, 2017.
VISINTINI, Giovanna. “La reticenza nel contratto di assicurazione”, en Rivista di diritto civile, CEDAM, Padova, 1971.
VIVANTE, Cesare. Il suicidio nella assicurazione sulla vita, Stabilimento Tipografico Zamorani e Albertazzi, Bolonia, 1890.
VOIT, Wolfgang. “§§ 16-22” en Berliner Kommentar Zum Versicherungs-vertrags-gesetz: Kommentar zum deutschen und österreichischen VVG, Vol III, Springer, 1998.
VRATIL, Kathryn H, & ANDREAS, Stacy M. “The misrepresentation defense in causal relation states: a primer”, en Trot & Insurance Law Journal, Vol 26, No. 4, 1991.
YANG, Yiqing. The past and future of utmost good faith: a comparative study between english and chinese insurance law, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Exeter, 2017.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.