Actitudes de las acciones afirmativas en universitarios: Efecto de la raza, creencias políticas y prejuicio
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jul 16, 2019
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Ronaldo Pilati
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2982-5033
Mathieu Turgeon
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0134-4027
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2982-5033
Mathieu Turgeon
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0134-4027
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Resumen
La interacción entre las actitudes explícitas e implícitas hacia las políticas de acción afirmativa (AA) es relevante para la psicología aplicada. Su comprensión ayuda a mejorar nuestra capacidad para evaluar el apoyo a tales políticas. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar en qué medida la raza de los estudiantes, la opinión política de la acción afirmativa y el prejuicio contra las minorías influyen en la relación entre las actitudes implícitas y explícitas hacia las políticas de acción afirmativa. 492 estudiantes participantes de una gran universidad pública brasileña fueron encuestados acerca las cuotas raciales en las admisiones. Se aplicaron medidas de actitud implícita y explícita sobre el proceso de admisión, junto con medidas de opinión política de acción afirmativa, prejuicios contra las minorías y la raza. Los resultados muestran que la raza tiene poco efecto en la diferencia entre las actitudes implícitas y explícitas sobre el proceso de admisión, pero que los prejuicios y la posición política ejercen fuertes efectos. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que se deben usar medidas implícitas de actitudes al evaluar actitudes sobre AA.
Keywords
attitudes, implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, affirmative action, prejudice, university studentsactitudes, actitudes implícitas, actitudes explícitas, acción afirmativa, prejuicio, universitarios
References
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Raccuia, L. (2016). Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT) Predict Voting Behavior of Decided and Undecided Voters in Swiss Referendums. PLOS ONE, 11(10), e0163872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163872
Schmermund, A., Sellers, R., Mueller, B., & Crosby, F. (2001). Attitudes toward affirmative action as a function of racial identity among African Americans. Political Psychology, 22(4), 759-774. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00261
Sniderman, P. M., & Grob, D. B. (1996). Innovations in experimental design in attitude surveys. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1), 377-399. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.377
Sniderman, P. M., Crosby, G. C., & Howell, W. G. (2000). The politics of race. In: D. O. Sears, J. Sidanius & L. Bobo (Eds.), Racialized politics: The debate about racism in America (pp. 236-279). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press
Steffens, M. C. (2004). Is the implicit association test immune to faking? Experimental Psychology, 51(3), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.3.165
Stein, L. M., & Gomes, C. F. (2009). Normas brasileiras para listas de palavras associadas: Associação semântica, concretude, frequencia e emocionalidade [Brazilian norms for word lists: Semantic Association, concreteness, word frequency, and emotionality]. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 25(4), 537-546. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-37722009000400009
Telles, E., & Bailey, S. (2002). Políticas contra o racismo e opinião pública: comparações entre Brasil e Estados Unidos [Anti-racismo policies and public opinion: Comparisons between Brazil and United States]. Opinião Pública, 8(1), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762002000100002
Theodoro, M., Jaccoud, L., Osório, R. G., & Soares, S. (2009). As políticas públicas e a desigualdade racial no Brasil 120 anos após a abolição [Public policies and racial inequality in Brazil 120 years after slavery abolition]. Brasília: IPEA.
Theodoridis, A. G. (2017). Me, Myself, and (I), (D), or (R)? Partisanship and political cognition through the lens of implicity identity. The Journal of Politics, 79(4), 1253-1267. Retrieved from https://pages.ucsd.edu/~mboyle/COGS2/readings/Me,%20Myself,%20and%20(I),%20(D),%20or%20(R)%20Partisanship%20and%20Political%20Cognition%20through%20the%20Lens%20of%20Implicit%20Identity.pdf
Turgeon, M., Chaves, B. S., & Wives, W. W. (2014). Políticas de ação afirmativa e o experimento de listas: o caso das cotas raciais na universidade brasileira [Affirmative action policies and the list experimente: The case of racial quotas in brazilian university]. Opinião Pública, 20(3), 363-376. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-01912014203363
Vidigal, R. (2018). Affirmative Action Attitudes of Whites: Evidence from a List Experiment Survey in Brazil. Brazilian Political Science Review, 12(2), e0003. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-3821201800020003
Bailey, S. R., Fialho, F, & Peria, M. (2015). Support for race-targeted affirmative action in Brazil. Ethnicities. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796814567787
Bos, L., Sheets, P., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2018). The Role of Implicit Attitudes in Populist Radical-Right Support. Political Psychology, 39(1), 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12401
Cumming, G. (2014). The new statistics: Why and how. Psychological Science, 25(1), 7–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613504966
Debell, M. (2016). Polarized opinions on racial progress and inequality: Measurement and application to affirmative action preferences. Political Psychology, 38, 481-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12342
de Rezende-Pinto, J. M. (2004). O acesso à educação superior no Brasil [Access to Higher Education in Brazil]. Educação & Sociedade, 25(88), 727-756. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-73302004000300005
dos Santos, J. T. (2012). Cotas nas universidades: Análises dos processos de decisão [University quotas: Analysis of the decision processes]. Salvador: UFBA.
Friese, M., Smith, C. T., Koever, M., & Bluemke, M. (2016). Implicit Measures of Attitudes and Political Voting Behavior. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(4), 188-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12246
Gawronski, B., Galdi, S., & Arcuri, L. (2015). What can political psychology learn from implicit measures? Empirical evidence and new directions. Political Psychology, 36(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12094
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
Hahn, A., & Gawronski, B. (2018). Implicit Social Cognition. In S. Ghetti (Ed.), Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience (Vol. 4, pp. 1-33). Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119170174.epcn412
Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Nosek, B. A., & Schmitt, M. (2005). What moderates implicit-explicit consistency? European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 335–390. doi: 10.1080/10463280500443228
Htun, M. (2004). From “racial democracy” to affirmative action: Changing state policy on race in Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 39(1), 60-89. https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2004.0010
Kang, J., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). Fair measures: A behavioral realist revision of “affirmative action”. California Law Review, 94(4), 1063-1118. https://doi.org/10.2307/20439059
Karpen, S. C., Jia, L., & Rydell, R. J. (2012). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit attitude measures as an indicator of attitude strength. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.849
Kim, S. H. & Kim, S. (2016). Social Desirability Bias in Measuring Public Service Motivation. International Public Management Journal, 19(3), 293-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2015.1021497
Kravitz, D. A., Harrison, D. A., Turner, M. E., Levine, E. L., Chaves, W., Brannick, M. T., … Conard, M. A. (1997). Affirmative action: A review of psychological and behavioral research. Bowling Green, OH: Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Kuklinski, J., Sniderman, P., Knight, K., Piazza, T., Tetlock, P., Lawrence, G., & Mellers, B. (1997). Racial Prejudice and Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action. American Journal of Political Science,41(2), 402-419. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111770
Ksiazkiewicz, A., Vitriol, J., & Farhart, C. (2018). Implicit Candidate-Trait Associations in Political Campaigns. Political Psychology, 39(1), 177-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12398
Modesto, J. G. N., & Pilati, R. (2015). Implicit deservingness: Implicit association test for belief in a just world. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 203-212. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=28446019006
Nosek, B. A. (2007). Implicit–explicit relations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00477.x
Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2011). Implicit social cognition: from measures to mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(4), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005
Raccuia, L. (2016). Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT) Predict Voting Behavior of Decided and Undecided Voters in Swiss Referendums. PLOS ONE, 11(10), e0163872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163872
Schmermund, A., Sellers, R., Mueller, B., & Crosby, F. (2001). Attitudes toward affirmative action as a function of racial identity among African Americans. Political Psychology, 22(4), 759-774. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00261
Sniderman, P. M., & Grob, D. B. (1996). Innovations in experimental design in attitude surveys. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1), 377-399. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.377
Sniderman, P. M., Crosby, G. C., & Howell, W. G. (2000). The politics of race. In: D. O. Sears, J. Sidanius & L. Bobo (Eds.), Racialized politics: The debate about racism in America (pp. 236-279). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press
Steffens, M. C. (2004). Is the implicit association test immune to faking? Experimental Psychology, 51(3), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.3.165
Stein, L. M., & Gomes, C. F. (2009). Normas brasileiras para listas de palavras associadas: Associação semântica, concretude, frequencia e emocionalidade [Brazilian norms for word lists: Semantic Association, concreteness, word frequency, and emotionality]. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 25(4), 537-546. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-37722009000400009
Telles, E., & Bailey, S. (2002). Políticas contra o racismo e opinião pública: comparações entre Brasil e Estados Unidos [Anti-racismo policies and public opinion: Comparisons between Brazil and United States]. Opinião Pública, 8(1), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762002000100002
Theodoro, M., Jaccoud, L., Osório, R. G., & Soares, S. (2009). As políticas públicas e a desigualdade racial no Brasil 120 anos após a abolição [Public policies and racial inequality in Brazil 120 years after slavery abolition]. Brasília: IPEA.
Theodoridis, A. G. (2017). Me, Myself, and (I), (D), or (R)? Partisanship and political cognition through the lens of implicity identity. The Journal of Politics, 79(4), 1253-1267. Retrieved from https://pages.ucsd.edu/~mboyle/COGS2/readings/Me,%20Myself,%20and%20(I),%20(D),%20or%20(R)%20Partisanship%20and%20Political%20Cognition%20through%20the%20Lens%20of%20Implicit%20Identity.pdf
Turgeon, M., Chaves, B. S., & Wives, W. W. (2014). Políticas de ação afirmativa e o experimento de listas: o caso das cotas raciais na universidade brasileira [Affirmative action policies and the list experimente: The case of racial quotas in brazilian university]. Opinião Pública, 20(3), 363-376. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-01912014203363
Vidigal, R. (2018). Affirmative Action Attitudes of Whites: Evidence from a List Experiment Survey in Brazil. Brazilian Political Science Review, 12(2), e0003. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-3821201800020003
Cómo citar
Pilati, R., & Turgeon, M. (2019). Actitudes de las acciones afirmativas en universitarios: Efecto de la raza, creencias políticas y prejuicio. Universitas Psychologica, 18(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-2.aaau
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