Espacios verdes en casa: efectos positivos para la salud mental durante el confinamiento por COVID-19
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sep 15, 2021
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En este estudio, se ha analizado la influencia de los espacios naturales/verdes conformados en el hogar, como recurso de afrontamiento ante las repercusiones que sobre la salud mental (nivel de estrés, depresión, ansiedad, hostilidad y alegría) tiene el estado de confinamiento derivado de la pandemia por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Para ello, una muestra de 337 participantes españoles respondieron, durante el periodo de confinamiento, a un cuestionario sobre variables estructurales de su vivienda, sobre sus estados emocionales y sobre la frecuencia con la que hacían determinadas pautas o rutinas conductuales como recursos de afrontamiento. Los resultados hallados ponen de manifiesto que las personas con disponibilidad de zonas verdes en sus hogares, ponían en marcha mayores estrategias de afrontamiento y presentaban estados emocionales más positivos, que aquellas que no disponían de espacios verdes en sus hogares. Se evidencia el efecto positivo y restaurador de la naturaleza ante la experiencia del confinamiento, así como el papel del mantenimiento de rutinas conductuales para preservar la salud mental.
Keywords
confinement, coping strategies, stress, green spaces, mental healthconfinamiento, estrategias de afrontamiento, estrés, espacios verdes, salud
References
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Berto, R. (2014). The role of nature in coping with psycho-physiological stress: A literature review on restorativeness. Behavioral Sciences, 4(4), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs4040394
Betrabet Gulwadi, G. (2009). Restorative home environments for family caregivers. Journal of Aging Studies, 23(3), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2007.11.005
Bratman, G. N., Daily, G. C., Levy, B. J., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.005
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2.ª ed.). LEA.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Gulwadi, G. B. (2013). Negotiating continuity of self at home: Restorative strategies and home spaces used by caregivers and care recipients. Interiors: Design, Architecture, Culture, 4(3), 249-266. https://doi.org/10.2752/204191213X13817427789235
Hartig, T. (2012). Restorative housing environments. En S. J. Smith (Ed.), International encyclopedia of housing and home (pp. 144-147). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00499-9
Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, L. D., Davis, D. S., & Gärling, T. (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(2), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3
Hossain, M. M., Sultana, A., & Purohit, N. (marzo, 2020). Mental health outcomes of quarantine and isolation for infection prevention: A systematic umbrella review of the global evidence. Epidemiology and Health, 42. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561265
Ibáñez-Vizoso, J. E., Alberdi-Páramo, Í., & Díaz-Marsá, M. (2020). International mental health perspectives on the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Revista de Psiquiatria y Salud Mental, 13(2), 51-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.04.002
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. CUP Archive.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2
Kirkegaard, T., & Brinkmann, S. (2016). «Which coping strategies does the working environment offer you?» A field study of the distributed nature of stress and coping. Nordic Psychology, 68(1), 12-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2015.1045543
Lima, C. K. T., Carvalho, P. M. de M., Lima, I. de A. A. S., Nunes, J. V. A. de O., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I., da Silva, C. G. L., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, 112915. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
Maller, C., Townsend, M., Pryor, A., Brown, P., & St Leger, L. (2006). Healthy nature healthy people: «Contact with nature» as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations». Health Promotion International, 21(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dai032
Porcelli, P. (2020). Fear, anxiety and health-related consequences after the COVID-19 epidemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 17(2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200215
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52. 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Remor, E. (2006). Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006004
Rodríguez-Rey, R., Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., & Collado, S. (2020). Psychological impact and associated factors during the initial stage of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic among the general population in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1540. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2020.01540
Sanz, J. (2001). Un instrumento para evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de inducción de estado de ánimo: la «Escala de Valoración del estado de ánimo». Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 27(111), 71-110. https://eprints.ucm.es/37320/
Shader, R. I. (junio, 2020). COVID-19 and Depression. Clinical Therapeutics, 42(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.04.010
Shermeyer, L., Morrow, M. T., & Mediate, N. (2019). College students’ daily coping, mood, and quality of life: Benefits of problem-focused engagement. Stress and Health, 35(2), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2847
Shin, H., Park, Y. M., Ying, J. Y., Kim, B., Noh, H., & Lee, S. M. (2014). Relationships between coping strategies and burnout symptoms: A meta-analytic approach. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035220
Smith, N., Barrett, E., & Sandal, G. M. (2018). Monitoring daily events, coping strategies, and emotion during a desert expedition in the Middle East. Stress and Health, 34(4), 534-544. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2814
Talevi, D., Socci, V., Carai, M., Carnaghi, G., Faleri, S., Trebbi, E., Di Bernardo, A., Capelli, F., & Pacitti, F. (2020). Mental health outcomes of the CoViD-19 pandemic. Rivista di Psichiatria, 55(3), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1708/3382.33569
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 244(4647), 420-421. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6143402
Ulrich, R. S. (1991). Effects of interior design on wellness: Theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Health Care Interior Design, 3, 97-109. https://www.academia.edu/2459820/Effects_of_interior_design_on_wellness_theory_and_recent_scientific_research
van den Berg, A. E., Hartig, T., & Staats, H. (2007). Preference for nature in urbanized societies: Stress, restoration, and the pursuit of sustainability. Journal of Social Issues, 63(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00497.x
Vassilaki, E., Roussi, P., Moschandreas, J., & Kritikos, I. (2008). Perceived control, coping and their relationship to mood in a Greek rheumatoid arthritis population. Studia Psychologica, 50(1), 55-107. https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.63e63413-7a7e-3786-8f0d-59023eb58dbf
Yun, G. W., & Trumbo, C. W. (septiembre, 2006). Comparative response to a survey executed by post, e-mail, & web form. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00112.x
Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1207-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x
Asociación de Psicología Ambiental. (2020). Pautas para estar en casa COVID-19. https://www.psicamb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:pautas-ante-el-confinamiento-por-el-covid-9&catid=9:noticias&lang=es&Itemid=187
Berto, R. (2014). The role of nature in coping with psycho-physiological stress: A literature review on restorativeness. Behavioral Sciences, 4(4), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs4040394
Betrabet Gulwadi, G. (2009). Restorative home environments for family caregivers. Journal of Aging Studies, 23(3), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2007.11.005
Bratman, G. N., Daily, G. C., Levy, B. J., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.005
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2.ª ed.). LEA.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Gulwadi, G. B. (2013). Negotiating continuity of self at home: Restorative strategies and home spaces used by caregivers and care recipients. Interiors: Design, Architecture, Culture, 4(3), 249-266. https://doi.org/10.2752/204191213X13817427789235
Hartig, T. (2012). Restorative housing environments. En S. J. Smith (Ed.), International encyclopedia of housing and home (pp. 144-147). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00499-9
Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, L. D., Davis, D. S., & Gärling, T. (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(2), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3
Hossain, M. M., Sultana, A., & Purohit, N. (marzo, 2020). Mental health outcomes of quarantine and isolation for infection prevention: A systematic umbrella review of the global evidence. Epidemiology and Health, 42. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561265
Ibáñez-Vizoso, J. E., Alberdi-Páramo, Í., & Díaz-Marsá, M. (2020). International mental health perspectives on the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Revista de Psiquiatria y Salud Mental, 13(2), 51-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.04.002
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. CUP Archive.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2
Kirkegaard, T., & Brinkmann, S. (2016). «Which coping strategies does the working environment offer you?» A field study of the distributed nature of stress and coping. Nordic Psychology, 68(1), 12-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2015.1045543
Lima, C. K. T., Carvalho, P. M. de M., Lima, I. de A. A. S., Nunes, J. V. A. de O., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I., da Silva, C. G. L., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, 112915. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
Maller, C., Townsend, M., Pryor, A., Brown, P., & St Leger, L. (2006). Healthy nature healthy people: «Contact with nature» as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations». Health Promotion International, 21(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dai032
Porcelli, P. (2020). Fear, anxiety and health-related consequences after the COVID-19 epidemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 17(2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200215
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52. 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Remor, E. (2006). Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006004
Rodríguez-Rey, R., Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., & Collado, S. (2020). Psychological impact and associated factors during the initial stage of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic among the general population in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1540. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2020.01540
Sanz, J. (2001). Un instrumento para evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de inducción de estado de ánimo: la «Escala de Valoración del estado de ánimo». Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 27(111), 71-110. https://eprints.ucm.es/37320/
Shader, R. I. (junio, 2020). COVID-19 and Depression. Clinical Therapeutics, 42(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.04.010
Shermeyer, L., Morrow, M. T., & Mediate, N. (2019). College students’ daily coping, mood, and quality of life: Benefits of problem-focused engagement. Stress and Health, 35(2), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2847
Shin, H., Park, Y. M., Ying, J. Y., Kim, B., Noh, H., & Lee, S. M. (2014). Relationships between coping strategies and burnout symptoms: A meta-analytic approach. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035220
Smith, N., Barrett, E., & Sandal, G. M. (2018). Monitoring daily events, coping strategies, and emotion during a desert expedition in the Middle East. Stress and Health, 34(4), 534-544. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2814
Talevi, D., Socci, V., Carai, M., Carnaghi, G., Faleri, S., Trebbi, E., Di Bernardo, A., Capelli, F., & Pacitti, F. (2020). Mental health outcomes of the CoViD-19 pandemic. Rivista di Psichiatria, 55(3), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1708/3382.33569
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 244(4647), 420-421. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6143402
Ulrich, R. S. (1991). Effects of interior design on wellness: Theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Health Care Interior Design, 3, 97-109. https://www.academia.edu/2459820/Effects_of_interior_design_on_wellness_theory_and_recent_scientific_research
van den Berg, A. E., Hartig, T., & Staats, H. (2007). Preference for nature in urbanized societies: Stress, restoration, and the pursuit of sustainability. Journal of Social Issues, 63(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00497.x
Vassilaki, E., Roussi, P., Moschandreas, J., & Kritikos, I. (2008). Perceived control, coping and their relationship to mood in a Greek rheumatoid arthritis population. Studia Psychologica, 50(1), 55-107. https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.63e63413-7a7e-3786-8f0d-59023eb58dbf
Yun, G. W., & Trumbo, C. W. (septiembre, 2006). Comparative response to a survey executed by post, e-mail, & web form. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00112.x
Cómo citar
Aguilar-Luzón, M. del C., Carmona-Moya, B., & Calvo-Salguero, A. (2021). Espacios verdes en casa: efectos positivos para la salud mental durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Universitas Psychologica, 19, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy19.evce (Original work published 8 de septiembre de 2021)
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