Perfiles psicosociales de usuarios de entornos virtuales: motivaciones, conductas y consecuencias
Publicado
oct 16, 2019
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Miguel Ángel Gandarillas Solinís
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-4879
Manuel Montañés Serrano
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3107-8818
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-4879
Manuel Montañés Serrano
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3107-8818
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Resumen
Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los tipos de usuarios habituales de los entornos virtuales, de acuerdo a las dimensiones motivacionales, características conductuales y sus consecuencias. Para tal fin se administró un cuestionario a 332 usuarios de plataformas virtuales. Los datos se procesaron con técnicas de análisis factorial, ANOVAs, conglomerados y regresiones múltiples, donde se identificaron cinco tipos de motivaciones del uso de las plataformas virtuales: la estimulación intelectual, el poder, instrumental, el anonimato/libertad, el afecto, y la evasión. Atendiendo a estos factores surgen cinco tipos de usuarios: el lógico, el anónimo, el honesto, el interesado, el evasivo, y el poderoso. Todo ello sugiere la posibilidad de distinguir dos dimensiones principales que explican el comportamiento virtual: la más relevante caracterizada por la búsqueda positiva de estimulación intelectual, creatividad y conocimiento, y una segunda de carácter afectivo-emocional, más relacionada con factores de vulnerabilidad y riesgo.
Keywords
virtual behavior, psychosocial motivation, virtual consciousness, online user profile, online communicationcomportamiento virtual, motivación psicosocial, consciencia virtual, perfil usuario online, comunicación online
References
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Álvarez-García, D., Barreiro-Colazo, A, & Núñez, J.-C. (2017). Ciberagresión entre adolescentes: prevalencia y diferencias de género. Comunicar, 25(50), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.3916/C50-2017-08
Ang, R. P. (2015). Adolescent cyberbullying: A review of characteristics, prevention andintervention strategies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(A), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.011
Aristeidou, M., Scanlon, E., & Sharples, M. (2017). Profiles of engagement in online communities of citizen science participation. Computers in Human Behavior, 74,246-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.044
Barker, V. (2009). Older adolescents' motivations for social network site Use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12(2), 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0228
Beranuy, M., Carbonell, X., & Griffiths, M. D. (2013). A qualitative analysis of online gaming addicts in treatment. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-012-9405-2
Caplan, S. E., Williams, D., & Yee, N. (2009). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1312-1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.006.
Echeburúa, E., Amor, P.J., & Cenea, R. (1998). Adicción a Internet: Una nueva adicción psicológica. Monografías de Psiquiatría, 2, 38-44.
Festinger, L. (1981). Human nature and human competence. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 48(2), 306-321.
Gackenbach, J. I. (2006). Video game play and lucid dreams: Implications for the development of consciousness. Dreaming, 16(2), 96-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053‐ 0797.16.2.96
Garrett, R. K., Weeks, B. E., & Neo, R. L. (2016). Driving a wedge between evidence and beliefs: How online ideological news exposure promotes political misperceptions. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(5), 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12164
Guan, S. A., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2009). Youth Internet use: Risks and opportunities. Current Opinions in Psychiatry, 22(4), 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832bd7e0
Halberstam, Y., & Knight, B. (2016). Homophily, group size, and the diffusion of political information in social networks: Evidence from Twitter. Journal of Public Economics, 143, 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.08.011
Huang, H. C., Huang, L. S., Chou, Y. J., & Teng, C. I. (2017). Influence of temperament and character on line gamer loyalty: Perspectives from personality and flow theories. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.009
Janis, I. L. (1987). Pensamiento grupal. Revista de Psicología Social, 2(1-2), 126-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.1987.10821566
Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Gómez-Vela, M., González-Gil, F., & Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. Addiction Research & Theory, 15(3), 309-320.
Johnson, G. M., & Kulpa, A. (2007). Dimensions of online behavior: Toward a user typology. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10(6), 773-780. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0043
Keipi, T., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2014). Who prefers anonymous self-expression online? A survey-based study of Finns aged 15–30 years. Information, Communication & Society 18(6), 717-732. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.991342
Lelkes, Y. (2016). Mass polarization: Manifestations and measurements. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 392-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw005
Linares, K., Subrahmanyam, K., Cheng, R., & Guan, A.S. (2011). A Second Life within Second Life: Are virtual world users creating new selves and new lives? International Journal of CyberBehavior, Psychology and Learning 1(3), 50-71. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2011070104
Manzoni, G. M., Cesa, G. L., Bacchetta, M., Castelnuovo, G., Conti, S., Gaggioli, A.… Riva, G., (2016). Virtual reality-enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy for morbid obesity: A randomized controlled study with 1 year follow-up. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networks, 19(2),134-40. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0208
Marshall, T. C., Lefringhausen, K., & Ferenczi, N. (2015). The Big Five, self-esteem, and narcissism as predictors of the topics people write about in Facebook status updates. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.039
Montañés, M. (2009). La comunicación desde la perspectiva sociopráxica. Mediaciones Sociales, (4), 51-74. Recuperado de https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MESO/article/view/MESO0909120051A
Morahan-Martin, J. (2005). Internet Abuse: Addiction? Disorder? Symptom? Alternative Explanations? Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439304271533
Murray, C. D., Fox, J., & Pettifer, S. (2007). Absorption, dissociation, locus of control and presence in virtual reality. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1347-1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.12.010
Pawlak, C. (2002). Correlates of Internet use and addiction in adolescents. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 63(5-A), 17-27.
Pazukhina, S. V., & Filippova, S. A. (2014). Problem of comprehensive study of psychological risks to children on the Internet. European Journal of Natural History, (2), 42-44. Recuperado de https://world-science.ru/en/article/view?id=33277
Reich, S.M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Guadalupe, E. (2012). Friending, IMing, and Hanging Out Face-to-Face: Overlap in Adolescents’ Online and Offline Social Networks. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 356-368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026980.
Rice, R. E., Sheperd, A., Dutton, W. H., & Katz, J. E. (2007). Social interaction and the Internet: A comparative analysis of surveys in the US and Britain. In A. N. Joinson, K.Y.A. McKenna, T. Postmes & U-D. Reips (Eds.), Oxford handbook of Internet psychology (pp. 7-30). Osford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0002
Romera, E. M., Cano, J. J., García-Fernández, C. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Cyberbullying: competencia social, motivación y relaciones entre iguales. Comunicar, 24(48), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.3916/C48-2016-07
Schimitt, K, Dayanim, S, & Matthias, S. (2008). Personal homepage construction as an expression of social development. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 496-506. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.496
Serrano-Puche, J. (2016). Internet and emotions: New trends in an emerging field of research. Comunicar, 24(46), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.3916/C46-2016-02
Sherman, W. R., & Craig, A. B. (2002). Understanding virtual reality: Interface, application, and design. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Recuperado de https://www.elsevier.com/books/understanding-
virtual-reality/sherman/978-0-12-800965-9
Shore, J., Baek, J., & Dellarocas, C. (2016). Network structure and patterns of information diversity on Twitter. Boston University Questrom School of Business Research Paper No. 2813342, 1-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2813342
Subrahmanyam, K., Greenfield, P., Kraut, R., & Gross, E. (2001). The impact of computer use on children's and adolescent's development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(00)00063-0
Suhay, E., Bello-Pardo, E., & Maurer, B. (2018). The polarizing effects of online partisan criticism: Evidence from two experiments. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(1), 95-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740697
Suriá, R. (2015). Redes sociales online y perfiles resilientes en estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad. Anuario de Psicología, 45(3), 317-330. Recuperado de https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnuarioPsicologia/article/view/303462
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychology of intergroup relations, 5, 7-24.
Tewksbury, D., & Riles, J. M. (2015). Polarization as a function of citizen predispositions and exposure to news on the Internet. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(3), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1054996
Tran, P., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2015). Evidence-based guidelines for the informal use computers by children to promote the development of academic, cognitive and social skills. Ergonomics, 56(9), 1349-1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2013.820843
Tuzel, S., & Hobbs, R. (2017). The Use of Social Media and Popular Culture to Advance Cross-Cultural Understanding. Comunicar, 25(51), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.3916/C51-2017-06
Vidales-Bolaños, M. J., & Sádaba-Chalezquer, C. (2017). Adolescentes conectados: La medición del impacto del móvil en las relaciones sociales desde el capital social. Comunicar, 25(53), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.3916/C53-2017-02
Vivas, G. P. M., & Torres, F. C. (2011). Internet y pánico moral: revisión de la investigación sobre la interacción de niños y jóvenes con los nuevos medios. Universitas Psychologica, 10(3), 855. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy10-3.ipmr
Willoughby, T. (2008). A short-term longitudinal study of Internet and computer game use by adolescent boys and girls: Prevalence, frequency of use, and psychosocial predictors. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.195
Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998). Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire. Presence, 7(3), 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474698565686
Woolley, A. W., Aggarwal, I., & Malone, T. W. (2015). Collective intelligence and group performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 420-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415599543
Ye, Y., & Lin, L. (2015). Examining relations between locus of control, loneliness, subjective well-being, and preference for online social interaction. Psychological Reports, 116(1),164-175. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.09.PR0.116k14w3
Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Álvarez-García, D., Barreiro-Colazo, A, & Núñez, J.-C. (2017). Ciberagresión entre adolescentes: prevalencia y diferencias de género. Comunicar, 25(50), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.3916/C50-2017-08
Ang, R. P. (2015). Adolescent cyberbullying: A review of characteristics, prevention andintervention strategies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(A), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.011
Aristeidou, M., Scanlon, E., & Sharples, M. (2017). Profiles of engagement in online communities of citizen science participation. Computers in Human Behavior, 74,246-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.044
Barker, V. (2009). Older adolescents' motivations for social network site Use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12(2), 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0228
Beranuy, M., Carbonell, X., & Griffiths, M. D. (2013). A qualitative analysis of online gaming addicts in treatment. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-012-9405-2
Caplan, S. E., Williams, D., & Yee, N. (2009). Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1312-1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.006.
Echeburúa, E., Amor, P.J., & Cenea, R. (1998). Adicción a Internet: Una nueva adicción psicológica. Monografías de Psiquiatría, 2, 38-44.
Festinger, L. (1981). Human nature and human competence. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 48(2), 306-321.
Gackenbach, J. I. (2006). Video game play and lucid dreams: Implications for the development of consciousness. Dreaming, 16(2), 96-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053‐ 0797.16.2.96
Garrett, R. K., Weeks, B. E., & Neo, R. L. (2016). Driving a wedge between evidence and beliefs: How online ideological news exposure promotes political misperceptions. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(5), 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12164
Guan, S. A., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2009). Youth Internet use: Risks and opportunities. Current Opinions in Psychiatry, 22(4), 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832bd7e0
Halberstam, Y., & Knight, B. (2016). Homophily, group size, and the diffusion of political information in social networks: Evidence from Twitter. Journal of Public Economics, 143, 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.08.011
Huang, H. C., Huang, L. S., Chou, Y. J., & Teng, C. I. (2017). Influence of temperament and character on line gamer loyalty: Perspectives from personality and flow theories. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.009
Janis, I. L. (1987). Pensamiento grupal. Revista de Psicología Social, 2(1-2), 126-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.1987.10821566
Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Gómez-Vela, M., González-Gil, F., & Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. Addiction Research & Theory, 15(3), 309-320.
Johnson, G. M., & Kulpa, A. (2007). Dimensions of online behavior: Toward a user typology. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10(6), 773-780. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0043
Keipi, T., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2014). Who prefers anonymous self-expression online? A survey-based study of Finns aged 15–30 years. Information, Communication & Society 18(6), 717-732. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.991342
Lelkes, Y. (2016). Mass polarization: Manifestations and measurements. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 392-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw005
Linares, K., Subrahmanyam, K., Cheng, R., & Guan, A.S. (2011). A Second Life within Second Life: Are virtual world users creating new selves and new lives? International Journal of CyberBehavior, Psychology and Learning 1(3), 50-71. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2011070104
Manzoni, G. M., Cesa, G. L., Bacchetta, M., Castelnuovo, G., Conti, S., Gaggioli, A.… Riva, G., (2016). Virtual reality-enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy for morbid obesity: A randomized controlled study with 1 year follow-up. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networks, 19(2),134-40. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0208
Marshall, T. C., Lefringhausen, K., & Ferenczi, N. (2015). The Big Five, self-esteem, and narcissism as predictors of the topics people write about in Facebook status updates. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.039
Montañés, M. (2009). La comunicación desde la perspectiva sociopráxica. Mediaciones Sociales, (4), 51-74. Recuperado de https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MESO/article/view/MESO0909120051A
Morahan-Martin, J. (2005). Internet Abuse: Addiction? Disorder? Symptom? Alternative Explanations? Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439304271533
Murray, C. D., Fox, J., & Pettifer, S. (2007). Absorption, dissociation, locus of control and presence in virtual reality. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1347-1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.12.010
Pawlak, C. (2002). Correlates of Internet use and addiction in adolescents. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 63(5-A), 17-27.
Pazukhina, S. V., & Filippova, S. A. (2014). Problem of comprehensive study of psychological risks to children on the Internet. European Journal of Natural History, (2), 42-44. Recuperado de https://world-science.ru/en/article/view?id=33277
Reich, S.M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Guadalupe, E. (2012). Friending, IMing, and Hanging Out Face-to-Face: Overlap in Adolescents’ Online and Offline Social Networks. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 356-368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026980.
Rice, R. E., Sheperd, A., Dutton, W. H., & Katz, J. E. (2007). Social interaction and the Internet: A comparative analysis of surveys in the US and Britain. In A. N. Joinson, K.Y.A. McKenna, T. Postmes & U-D. Reips (Eds.), Oxford handbook of Internet psychology (pp. 7-30). Osford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0002
Romera, E. M., Cano, J. J., García-Fernández, C. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Cyberbullying: competencia social, motivación y relaciones entre iguales. Comunicar, 24(48), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.3916/C48-2016-07
Schimitt, K, Dayanim, S, & Matthias, S. (2008). Personal homepage construction as an expression of social development. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 496-506. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.496
Serrano-Puche, J. (2016). Internet and emotions: New trends in an emerging field of research. Comunicar, 24(46), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.3916/C46-2016-02
Sherman, W. R., & Craig, A. B. (2002). Understanding virtual reality: Interface, application, and design. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Recuperado de https://www.elsevier.com/books/understanding-
virtual-reality/sherman/978-0-12-800965-9
Shore, J., Baek, J., & Dellarocas, C. (2016). Network structure and patterns of information diversity on Twitter. Boston University Questrom School of Business Research Paper No. 2813342, 1-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2813342
Subrahmanyam, K., Greenfield, P., Kraut, R., & Gross, E. (2001). The impact of computer use on children's and adolescent's development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(00)00063-0
Suhay, E., Bello-Pardo, E., & Maurer, B. (2018). The polarizing effects of online partisan criticism: Evidence from two experiments. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(1), 95-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740697
Suriá, R. (2015). Redes sociales online y perfiles resilientes en estudiantes universitarios con discapacidad. Anuario de Psicología, 45(3), 317-330. Recuperado de https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnuarioPsicologia/article/view/303462
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychology of intergroup relations, 5, 7-24.
Tewksbury, D., & Riles, J. M. (2015). Polarization as a function of citizen predispositions and exposure to news on the Internet. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(3), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1054996
Tran, P., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2015). Evidence-based guidelines for the informal use computers by children to promote the development of academic, cognitive and social skills. Ergonomics, 56(9), 1349-1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2013.820843
Tuzel, S., & Hobbs, R. (2017). The Use of Social Media and Popular Culture to Advance Cross-Cultural Understanding. Comunicar, 25(51), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.3916/C51-2017-06
Vidales-Bolaños, M. J., & Sádaba-Chalezquer, C. (2017). Adolescentes conectados: La medición del impacto del móvil en las relaciones sociales desde el capital social. Comunicar, 25(53), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.3916/C53-2017-02
Vivas, G. P. M., & Torres, F. C. (2011). Internet y pánico moral: revisión de la investigación sobre la interacción de niños y jóvenes con los nuevos medios. Universitas Psychologica, 10(3), 855. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy10-3.ipmr
Willoughby, T. (2008). A short-term longitudinal study of Internet and computer game use by adolescent boys and girls: Prevalence, frequency of use, and psychosocial predictors. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.195
Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998). Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire. Presence, 7(3), 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474698565686
Woolley, A. W., Aggarwal, I., & Malone, T. W. (2015). Collective intelligence and group performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 420-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415599543
Ye, Y., & Lin, L. (2015). Examining relations between locus of control, loneliness, subjective well-being, and preference for online social interaction. Psychological Reports, 116(1),164-175. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.09.PR0.116k14w3
Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Cómo citar
Gandarillas Solinís, M. Ángel, & Montañés Serrano, M. (2019). Perfiles psicosociales de usuarios de entornos virtuales: motivaciones, conductas y consecuencias. Universitas Psychologica, 18(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-3.ppue
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