Critical Analysis of the Identity Discourse of Colombians in the National Geographic Magazine (1903-1926)
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Abstract
This article analyzes the media framings from which National Geographic Magazine -NGM- (1903-1926) contributed to the construction of the identity of Colombians at the beginning of the 20th century.
The main argument of this paper defends the idea that the media framings found are directly supported by the ideologies of Manifest Destiny and Positivism. By means of the rhetoric strategy of appropriation, the framings found promote two values associated with the Manifest Destiny: the virtue of the institutions of the United States and the mission to transform the world in accordance with the values professed by this country.
Regarding the ideology of positivism, the media framings reproduce this ideology through the rhetorical strategy of classification, given that the reports observe the identity of Colombians through the lens of the scientific theory of Darwinism.
Keywords
critical discourse analysis, identity, Colombia, manifest destiny, pan-AmericanismAnálise Crítica do Discurso, Identidade, Colômbia, Destino Manifesto, Pan-americanismoanálisis crítico del discurso, identidad, Colombia, Destino manifiesto, panamericanismo
References
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Bortree, D., Ahern, L., Dou, X. y Smith, A. (2012). Framing environmental advocacy: A study of 30 years of advertising in National Geographic Magazine. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing, 17(2), 77-91. doi:10.1002/nvsm.437
Bottomore,T.B.(2002).TheFrankfurtSchooland its critics. Nueva York: Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Brown, R. H. (1986). Rhetoric and the science of history: The debate between evolutionism and empiricism as a conflict of metaphors. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 72(2), 148-161.
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Cannadine, D. (2013). The undivided past: Huma- nity beyond our differences. Nueva York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Chapman, F. M. (1921). Over the Andes to Bogotá. National Geographic Magazine Oct. 1921: 353+. National Geographic Virtual Library. Web. 6 Dec. 2013.
Darling-Wolf, F. y Mendelson, A. L. (2008). Seeing themselves through the lens of the other: An analysis of the cross-cultural pro- duction and negotiation of national geogra- phic’s “The Samurai Way” story. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 10(3), 285-322.
Daly, M. (1978). Gyn/Ecology: The metaethics of radical feminism. Boston: Beacon Press.
Escobar, A. (2012). Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press.
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Gudykunst, W. B. (2004). Bridging differences: Effective intergroup communication (4.a. ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Gudykunst, W. B. (2005). An anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) Theory Effective Com- munication: Making the mesh of the net finer. En W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 281-322). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
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Bhabha, H. K. (2004). The location of culture. Nueva York: Routledge.
Boguski, T. (2010). Life cycle carbon footprint of the National Geographic Magazine. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15(7), 635-643.
Bortree, D., Ahern, L., Dou, X. y Smith, A. (2012). Framing environmental advocacy: A study of 30 years of advertising in National Geographic Magazine. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing, 17(2), 77-91. doi:10.1002/nvsm.437
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Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Brown, R. H. (1986). Rhetoric and the science of history: The debate between evolutionism and empiricism as a conflict of metaphors. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 72(2), 148-161.
Bryan, C. D. B. (1987). The National Geographic Society: 100 years of adventure and discovery. Washington: National Geographic Society.
Cannadine, D. (2013). The undivided past: Huma- nity beyond our differences. Nueva York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Chapman, F. M. (1921). Over the Andes to Bogotá. National Geographic Magazine Oct. 1921: 353+. National Geographic Virtual Library. Web. 6 Dec. 2013.
Darling-Wolf, F. y Mendelson, A. L. (2008). Seeing themselves through the lens of the other: An analysis of the cross-cultural pro- duction and negotiation of national geogra- phic’s “The Samurai Way” story. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 10(3), 285-322.
Daly, M. (1978). Gyn/Ecology: The metaethics of radical feminism. Boston: Beacon Press.
Escobar, A. (2012). Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Londres: Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Media Discourse. Nueva York: Hodder.
Fairclough, N. (2008). El análisis crítico del discurso y la mercantilización del discurso público: las universidades. Discurso y Sociedad, 2(1), 170-185.
Finkelman, P. (2000). Manifest Destiny. In, Ency- clopedia of the United States in the Nine- teenth Century. New York: Scribner’s Sons. Recuperado de http://libproxy.unm.edu/ login?url=http://www.credoreference.com. libproxy.unm.edu/entry/galeus/manifest_ destiny
Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Nueva York: Continuum.
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. Nueva York: Routledge.
Fowler, R., Hodge, B., Kress, G. y Trew, T. (1979). Language and control. Londres: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Out- line of the theory of structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gilbert, D. y Kahl, J.A. (1982). The American class structure: A new synthesis. Homewood: Dorsey. Giles, H., Coupland, N. y Coupland, J. (Eds.). (1991). The context of accommodation. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Giles, H. y Ogay, T. (2006). Communication accommodation theory. En B. Whaley y W. Samter (Eds.), Explaining communication: Contemporary theories and exemplars (pp. 293-310). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Giles, H. (2008). Accommodating translational research. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 36, 121-127.
Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the New Left / Todd Gitlin. University of California Press.
Gramsci, A. (1992). Prison notebooks. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Nueva York: Harper & Row.
Grosvenor, G. H. (1903). Notes on Panama and Colombia. National Geographic Magazine Dec. 1903: 458. National Geographic Virtual Library. Web. 3 Nov. 2013.
Guba, E. G. y Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. En N. K. Denzin y Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The landscape of qualitative research (3.a ed.) (pp. 255-286). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Gudykunst, W. B. (1995). Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory: Current sta- tus. En R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural Communication Theory (pp. 8-58). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Gudykunst, W. B. (2004). Bridging differences: Effective intergroup communication (4.a. ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Gudykunst, W. B. (2005). An anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) Theory Effective Com- munication: Making the mesh of the net finer. En W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 281-322). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Gumucio-Dragon A. y Tufte, T. (2008). Anto- logía de comunicación para el cambio social: Lecturas históricas y contemporáneas. New Jersey: Consorcio de Comunicación para el Cambio Social.
Hall. S. (1985). Signification, representation, ideology: Althusser and the post-structuralist debate. Critical Studies in Mass Communica- tion, 2(2), 91-114.
Hall, S. (1997). The work of representation. En S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural repre- sentations and signifying practices, (pp. 13-74). London: Sage.
Halliday, M. (1978). Language as social semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. (1985). An introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. y Hasan, R. (1985). Language, context and text. Geelong: Deakin University Press.
Hardt, M. y Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time. New York: Harper.
Hodge, R. y Kress, G. (1993). Language as ideology. London: Routledge.
Hofstede, G. y Hofstede, G. J. (2004). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (2.a ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Hyndman, D. (2002). Indigenous representation of the T’boli and the Tasaday lost tribe contro- versy in postcolonial Philippines: Interpreting the eroticised, effeminising gaze in National Geographic. Social Identities: Journal for The Study Of Race, Nation and Culture, 8(1), 45-66. doi:10.1080/13504630220132017
Kim, M. S. (1993). Culture-based conversational constraints in explaining cross-cultural strate- gic competence. En R. L. Wiseman y J. Koester (Eds.), Intercultural communication competence (pp. 132-150). Newbury Park: Sage.
Kim, M. S. (1994). Cross-cultural comparisons of the perceived importance of conversational constraints. Human Communication Research, 21, 128-151.
Kim, M. S. (1995). Toward a theory of conversa- tional constraints. En R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 148- 169). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Kim, M. S. (2004). Culture-based conversational constraints theory: Individual and culture- level analyses. En W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 93-117). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Kinder, D. y Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of white opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Social Cognition, 8, 73-103.
Jansson, D. R. (2003). American national iden- tity and the progress of the New South in National Geographic Magazine. Geographical Review, 93(3), 350-369.
Laclau, E. y Mouffe, C. (2001). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics. New York: Verso.
Lakoff, G. y Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
Lutz, C. y Collins, J. (1993). Reading National geographic. University of Chicago Press.
Lyotard, J. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. University of Minnesota Press.
Martin-Barbero, J. (1993). Communication, culture and hegemony. From the media to the media- tions. London: Sage.
Martin-Barbero, J. (2002). Identities: Traditions and new communities. Media, Culture & Society, 24, 621-641.
Marx, K. & Engels, F. (2007). El manifiesto comunista de Marx y Engels. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Mignolo, W. (2000). Local histories/global designs. Coloniality, subaltern knowledges and border thinking. Princenton University Press.
Miller, T. (2001). What it is and what it isn’t: Introducing ...Cultural Studies. En Miller, T. (Ed.), A companion to cultural studies (pp. 1-19). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Moseley, W. (2005). Reflecting on National Geo- graphic Magazine and academic geography: The September 2005 Special Issue on Africa. African Geographical Review. Recuperado de http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108 0/19376812.2005.9756188
Murdock, G. (1995). Across the great divide: Cultural analysis and the condition of democracy. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 12(1), 89-95.
Neuhaus, J. (1997). Colonizing the coffee table: National Geographic Magazine and erasure of difference in the representation of women. American Periodicals, 7,1-26.
Nygren, A. (2006). Representations of tropical forests and tropical forest-dwellers in travel accounts of National Geographic. Environ- mental Values, 15(4), 505-525.
Obregon, R., Tufte, T. y K. Wilkins (Eds.). (2013). The Handbook of Development Communication and Social Change. Boston: Wiley. Pauly, P. (1979). The world and all that is in it: The National Geographic Society, 1888-1918. American Quarterly, 31, 517-32.
Palacios, M. (1980). Coffee in Colombia. 1850-1970. Cambridge University Press.
Pan, Z. y Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing Analysis: An approach to News Discourses. Political Communication, 10(1), 55-75.
Pérez-Marín, M. (2016). Critical Discourse Analysis of Colombian identities and humanature in National Geographic Magazine (1903-1952) (Tesis doctoral). University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Recuperado de http://dspace. unm.edu/handle/1928/32326
Perivolaris, J. D. (2007). ‘Porto Rico’: The view from National Geographic, 1899-1924. Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 84(2), 196-211. doi:10.3828/bhs.84.2.6
Popenoe, W. (1926). Round about Bogotá: A hunt for new fruits and plants among the mountain forests of Colombia’s unique capital. Natio- nal Geographic Magazine Feb. 1926: [127]+. National Geographic Virtual Library. Web. 6 Dec. 2013.
Pratt, M. (1992). Imperial eyes: Travel writing and transculturation. New York: Routledge.
Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
Rojas, C. (2002). Civilization and violence: Regimes of representation in nineteenth-century Colom- bia. University of Minnesota Press.
Rothengberg, T. (2007). Presenting America’s world: Strategies of innocence in National Geographic Magazine, 1888-1945. Hampshire: Ashgate.
Safford, F. (1976). The ideal of the practical: Colombian’s struggle to form a technical elite. University of Texas Press.
Said, E. 1978 [2003]. Orientalism. Nueva York: Random House.
Said, E. (1998). The myth of the clash of civilizations: Professor Edward Said in lecture Northampton: Media Education Foundation.
Schlesinger, S. C. y Kinzer, S. (1982). Bitter fruit: The untold story of the American coup in Guatemala (1.a ed.). Garden City: Doubleday.
Schwartz-Du Pre, R. L. (2010). Portraying the political: National Geographic’s 1985 Afghan girl and a US alibi for aid. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 27(4), 336-356.
Spurr, D. (1993). The rhetoric of empire: Colonial discourse in journalism, travel writing, and imperial administration. Durham: Duke University Press.
Tatel, Jr., C. P. (2011). Non-Western peoples as Filipinos: mediating notions of “otherness” in photographs from the National Geographic Magazine in the early 20th Century. Asian Anthropology, 10, 61-79.
America ́s Library. (s.f.). National Geographic Pres- ident Gilbert H. Grosvenor Was Born October 28, 1875. Recuperado de http://www. americaslibrary.gov/jb /recon /jb_recon_nat- geo_2.html
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How to Cite
Pérez Marín, M. (2018). Critical Analysis of the Identity Discourse of Colombians in the National Geographic Magazine (1903-1926). Signo Y Pensamiento, 36(71), 134–152. Retrieved from https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/signoypensamiento/article/view/21094
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