Diseño y evaluación de un adiestramiento para profesionales de ayuda sobre identificación y manejo de riesgo suicida en estudiantes universitarios
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jul 1, 2016
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Resumen
Este artículo describe el diseño, implementación y evaluación de un adiestramiento para profesionales de ayuda que trabajan en instituciones de educación superior en Puerto Rico dirigido al desarrollo de destrezas y conocimiento en la evaluación y el manejo del riesgo suicida en estudiantes universitarios/as. Se realizó un diseño cuasi experimental de medidas repetidas con 39 profesionales de las disciplinas de consejería, psicología y trabajo social. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la pre y post prueba, t (38) = -9.281, p = .000. Los resultados sugieren que un adiestramiento basado en la evidencia que utilice como guía las competencias e incorpore el uso de ejercicios prácticos aumenta el conocimiento y destrezas de intervención de profesionales de la salud mental en la evaluación y manejo de riesgo suicida.
Keywords
suicide, training, competencies, assessment and management, mental health professionalsadiestramiento, suicidio, competencias
References
American Association of Suicidology. (2004). Core competencies for the assessment and management of individuals at risk for suicide. Recuperado de http:// www.suicidology.org/training-accreditation/rrsr/ FAQ#What are the Core Competencies and why is it important that the training is based on them?
Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., & Orozco, R., (2010). Suicidio y conductas suicidas en México: Retrospectiva y situación actual. Salud Pública de México, 52(4), 292-304.
Berlim, M. T., Perizzolo, J., Lejderman, F., Fleck, M. P., & Joiner, T. E. (2007). Does a brief training on suicide prevention among general hospital personnel impact their baseline attitudes towards suicidal behaviour? Journal of Affective Disorders, 100(1-3), 233-239.
Bocquier, A., Pambrun, E., Dumesnil, H., Villani, P., Verdoux, H., & Verger, P. (2013). Characteristics associated with exploring suicide risk among patients with Depression: A French Panel Survey of General Practitioners. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080797.
Botega, N. J., Silva, S. V., Reginato, D. G., Rapeli, C. B., Cais, C., Mauro, M., & Cecconi, J. P. (2007). Maintained attitudinal changes in nursing personnel after a brief training on suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(2), 145-153.
Chagnon, F., Houle, J., Marcoux, I., & Renaud, J. (2007). Control-group study of an intervention training program for youth suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 37(2), 165-144. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1521/suli.2007.37.2.135
Chaiklin, H. (2011). Attitudes, behavior, and social practice. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 38(1), 31- 54. Recuperado de http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/ newsletters_journals/jssw.../38.1.Chaiklin.pdf
Chehil, S., & Kutcher, S. P. (2012). Suicide Risk Management: A Manual for Health Professionals. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Cramer, R. J., Johnson, S. M., McLaughlin, J., Rausch, E. M., & Conroy, M. A. (2013). Suicide risk assessment training for psychology doctoral programs: Core competencies and a framework for training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7(1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031836.
Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico. (2014). Informe epidemiológico del suicidio en Puerto Rico 2009 – 2013. Comisión para la Prevención del Suicidio. Recuperado de http://www.salud.gov.pr/Programas/ComisionparalaPrevenciondelSuicidio/Estadsticas/Informe%20Suicidio%202009-2013.pdf
Duarté-Vélez, Y., Lorenzo-Luaces, L., & Rosselló, J. (2012). Ideación suicida: Síntomas depresivos, pensamientos disfuncionales, auto-concepto, y estrategias de manejo en adolescentes puertorriqueños. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 23, 1-17.
Fenwick, C. D., Vassilas, C. A., Carter, H., & Haque, M. S. (2004). Training health professionals in the recognition, assessement and management of suicide risk. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 8(2), 117-121. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/13651500410005658
Gallagher, R. P., & Taylor, R. (2013). National Survey of College Counseling Centers 2013. Recuperado de http://www.collegecounseling.org
Goldsmith, S. K., Pellmar, T. C., Kleinman, A. M., & Bunney, W. E. (Eds.). (2002). Reducing suicide. A national imperative. Washington D. C.: The National Academies Press.
Jimenez-Chafey, M.I., Serra-Taylor, J. & Irizarry-Robles, C.Y. (2013). University Mental Health Professionals in Puerto Rico: Suicide Experiences, Attitudes, Practices, and Intervention Skills. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 27(3), 238-253, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2013.798225
Jones, J., Ramírez, R. R., Davies, M., Canino, G., & Goodwin, R. D. (2008). Suicidal behaviors among adolescents in Puerto Rico: Rates and correlates in clinical and community samples. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(2), 448-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374410801955789
Macana Tuta, N. L. (2011). Comportamiento del suicidio en Colombia, 2011. Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses. Recuperado de http://www.medicinalegal.gov. co/documents/10180/34616/6-F-11-Suicidio. pdf/6b2966e7-cbcb-4618-a3c3-af5cd111629e
Natal, O. I., & Javariz, G. (2012). Encuesta sobre alcohol, drogas, violencia y sexualidad en estudiantes universitarios. Consorcio Educativo Interuniversitario Sembrando Alianza de Alerta a las Drogas, el Alcohol y la Violencia en Puerto Rico (CRUSADA). Recuperado de http://www.uprag.edu/uploads/ opei/CRUSADA-UPRAG2012.pdf
Osteen, P. J., Frey, J. J., & Jungyai, K. (2014). Advancing training to identify, intervene, and follow up with individuals at risk for suicide through research. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(3 Suppl 2), S216-S221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.amepre.2014.05.033.
Pasco, S., Wallack, C., Sartin, R. M., & Dayton, R. (2012). The impact of experiential exercises on communication and relational skills in a suicide prevention gatekeeper-training program for college resident advisors. Journal of American College Health, 60(2), 134-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 07448481.2011.623489
Pisani, A. R., Cross, W. F., & Gould, M. S. The assessment and management of suicide risk: State of workshop education. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 41(3), 255-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1943-278X.2011.00026.x.
Posner, K., Brent, D., Gould, M., Stanley, B., Brown, G., Fisher, P., & Mann, J. (2009). Escala de Valoración de la Universidad de Columbia sobre la intensidad de ideas suicidas (C-SSRS). New York. Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc.
Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2011). The Columbia- Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS): Initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multi-site studies with adolescents and adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1266-1277.
Ramos de Souza, E., de Souza Minayo, M. C., & Malaquias, J. V. (2002). Suicide among young people in selected Brazilian state capitals. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 18(3), 673-683.
Reihl, K., Cash, R., Mackelprang, J., & Karle, J. (2014). Suicide intervention skills: Graduate training and exposure to suicide among psychology trainees. Training & Education in Professional Psychology, 8(2), 136-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ tep0000050.
Rudd, D., Cukrowicz, K. C., & Bryan, C. J. (2008). Core competencies in suicide risk assessment and management: Implications for supervision. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2(4), 219-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1931-3918.2.4.219
Schmitz, W. M. Jr., Allen, M. H., Feldman, B. N., Gutin, N. J., Jahn, D. R., Kleespies, P. M.,& Simpson, S. (2012). Preventing suicide through improved training in suicide risk assessment and care: an American Association of Suicidology Task Force report addressing serious gaps in U.S. mental health training. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 42(3), 292-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1943- 278X.2012.00090.x.
Wharff, E. A., Ross, A. M., & Lambert, S. (2014). Field note-developing suicide risk assessment training for hospital social workers: An academic-community partnership. Journal of Social Work Education, 50(1), 184-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1043779 7.2014.856249.
World Health Organization. (2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative. Recuperado de http://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/131056/1/9789241564779_ eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., & Orozco, R., (2010). Suicidio y conductas suicidas en México: Retrospectiva y situación actual. Salud Pública de México, 52(4), 292-304.
Berlim, M. T., Perizzolo, J., Lejderman, F., Fleck, M. P., & Joiner, T. E. (2007). Does a brief training on suicide prevention among general hospital personnel impact their baseline attitudes towards suicidal behaviour? Journal of Affective Disorders, 100(1-3), 233-239.
Bocquier, A., Pambrun, E., Dumesnil, H., Villani, P., Verdoux, H., & Verger, P. (2013). Characteristics associated with exploring suicide risk among patients with Depression: A French Panel Survey of General Practitioners. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080797.
Botega, N. J., Silva, S. V., Reginato, D. G., Rapeli, C. B., Cais, C., Mauro, M., & Cecconi, J. P. (2007). Maintained attitudinal changes in nursing personnel after a brief training on suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(2), 145-153.
Chagnon, F., Houle, J., Marcoux, I., & Renaud, J. (2007). Control-group study of an intervention training program for youth suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 37(2), 165-144. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1521/suli.2007.37.2.135
Chaiklin, H. (2011). Attitudes, behavior, and social practice. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 38(1), 31- 54. Recuperado de http://www.wmich.edu/hhs/ newsletters_journals/jssw.../38.1.Chaiklin.pdf
Chehil, S., & Kutcher, S. P. (2012). Suicide Risk Management: A Manual for Health Professionals. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Cramer, R. J., Johnson, S. M., McLaughlin, J., Rausch, E. M., & Conroy, M. A. (2013). Suicide risk assessment training for psychology doctoral programs: Core competencies and a framework for training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7(1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031836.
Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico. (2014). Informe epidemiológico del suicidio en Puerto Rico 2009 – 2013. Comisión para la Prevención del Suicidio. Recuperado de http://www.salud.gov.pr/Programas/ComisionparalaPrevenciondelSuicidio/Estadsticas/Informe%20Suicidio%202009-2013.pdf
Duarté-Vélez, Y., Lorenzo-Luaces, L., & Rosselló, J. (2012). Ideación suicida: Síntomas depresivos, pensamientos disfuncionales, auto-concepto, y estrategias de manejo en adolescentes puertorriqueños. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 23, 1-17.
Fenwick, C. D., Vassilas, C. A., Carter, H., & Haque, M. S. (2004). Training health professionals in the recognition, assessement and management of suicide risk. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 8(2), 117-121. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/13651500410005658
Gallagher, R. P., & Taylor, R. (2013). National Survey of College Counseling Centers 2013. Recuperado de http://www.collegecounseling.org
Goldsmith, S. K., Pellmar, T. C., Kleinman, A. M., & Bunney, W. E. (Eds.). (2002). Reducing suicide. A national imperative. Washington D. C.: The National Academies Press.
Jimenez-Chafey, M.I., Serra-Taylor, J. & Irizarry-Robles, C.Y. (2013). University Mental Health Professionals in Puerto Rico: Suicide Experiences, Attitudes, Practices, and Intervention Skills. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 27(3), 238-253, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2013.798225
Jones, J., Ramírez, R. R., Davies, M., Canino, G., & Goodwin, R. D. (2008). Suicidal behaviors among adolescents in Puerto Rico: Rates and correlates in clinical and community samples. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(2), 448-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374410801955789
Macana Tuta, N. L. (2011). Comportamiento del suicidio en Colombia, 2011. Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses. Recuperado de http://www.medicinalegal.gov. co/documents/10180/34616/6-F-11-Suicidio. pdf/6b2966e7-cbcb-4618-a3c3-af5cd111629e
Natal, O. I., & Javariz, G. (2012). Encuesta sobre alcohol, drogas, violencia y sexualidad en estudiantes universitarios. Consorcio Educativo Interuniversitario Sembrando Alianza de Alerta a las Drogas, el Alcohol y la Violencia en Puerto Rico (CRUSADA). Recuperado de http://www.uprag.edu/uploads/ opei/CRUSADA-UPRAG2012.pdf
Osteen, P. J., Frey, J. J., & Jungyai, K. (2014). Advancing training to identify, intervene, and follow up with individuals at risk for suicide through research. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(3 Suppl 2), S216-S221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.amepre.2014.05.033.
Pasco, S., Wallack, C., Sartin, R. M., & Dayton, R. (2012). The impact of experiential exercises on communication and relational skills in a suicide prevention gatekeeper-training program for college resident advisors. Journal of American College Health, 60(2), 134-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 07448481.2011.623489
Pisani, A. R., Cross, W. F., & Gould, M. S. The assessment and management of suicide risk: State of workshop education. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 41(3), 255-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1943-278X.2011.00026.x.
Posner, K., Brent, D., Gould, M., Stanley, B., Brown, G., Fisher, P., & Mann, J. (2009). Escala de Valoración de la Universidad de Columbia sobre la intensidad de ideas suicidas (C-SSRS). New York. Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc.
Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2011). The Columbia- Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS): Initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multi-site studies with adolescents and adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1266-1277.
Ramos de Souza, E., de Souza Minayo, M. C., & Malaquias, J. V. (2002). Suicide among young people in selected Brazilian state capitals. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 18(3), 673-683.
Reihl, K., Cash, R., Mackelprang, J., & Karle, J. (2014). Suicide intervention skills: Graduate training and exposure to suicide among psychology trainees. Training & Education in Professional Psychology, 8(2), 136-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ tep0000050.
Rudd, D., Cukrowicz, K. C., & Bryan, C. J. (2008). Core competencies in suicide risk assessment and management: Implications for supervision. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2(4), 219-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1931-3918.2.4.219
Schmitz, W. M. Jr., Allen, M. H., Feldman, B. N., Gutin, N. J., Jahn, D. R., Kleespies, P. M.,& Simpson, S. (2012). Preventing suicide through improved training in suicide risk assessment and care: an American Association of Suicidology Task Force report addressing serious gaps in U.S. mental health training. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 42(3), 292-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1943- 278X.2012.00090.x.
Wharff, E. A., Ross, A. M., & Lambert, S. (2014). Field note-developing suicide risk assessment training for hospital social workers: An academic-community partnership. Journal of Social Work Education, 50(1), 184-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1043779 7.2014.856249.
World Health Organization. (2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative. Recuperado de http://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/10665/131056/1/9789241564779_ eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
Cómo citar
Serra-Taylor, J., Jiménez-Chafey, M. I., & Irizarry-Robles, C. Y. (2016). Diseño y evaluación de un adiestramiento para profesionales de ayuda sobre identificación y manejo de riesgo suicida en estudiantes universitarios. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-1.deap
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