Adaptación y Validación del Cuestionario de Barreras para la Búsqueda de Ayuda para Problemas de Salud Mental, en Adolescentes chilenos
Publicado
mar 15, 2018
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Cecilia Olivari
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-3886
Mónica Guzmán
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-3886
Mónica Guzmán
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Resumen
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo, adaptar y validar en adolescentes chilenos, el cuestionario de barreras para la búsqueda de ayuda para problemas de salud mental, versión breve (BASH-B). Este cuestionario mide las barreras o razones percibidas por los adolescentes para no buscar ayuda profesional cuando presentan algún problema psicológico. Los participantes fueron 387 adolescentes de entre 14 y 19 años (M = 15.71 años), escolarizados en establecimientos de enseñanza media de la comuna de Talca (Chile). Se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento. El análisis confirmatorio corroboró la estructura factorial unidimensional. Además, los índices de confiabilidad fueron adecuados. La escala presentó asociación significativa con las variables depresión y autoeficacia en las direcciones esperadas. En base a estos resultados, es posible decir que el BASH-B es un instrumento que posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para medir las barreras de la búsqueda de ayuda en el ámbito de la salud mental en adolescentes.
Keywords
help-Seeking, Barriers, Mental Health, Adolescent, Test AdaptationBúsqueda de ayuda, Barreras, Salud Mental, Adolescentes, Validación de instrumento
References
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Baker, G. (2007). Adolescents, social support and help-seeking behavior: An International literature review and program consultation with recommendations for actions. Ginebra: World Health Organization. Recuperado de http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43778/1/9789241595711_eng.pdf
Barker, G., Olukoya, A., & Aggleton, P. (2005). Young people, social support and help-seeking. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 17(4), 315-335. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2005.17.4.315
Barra, E., Cerna, R., Kramm, D., & Véliz, V. (2006). Problemas de salud, estrés, afrontamiento, depresión y apoyo social en adolescentes. Terapia psicológica, 24(1), 55-61.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Boyd, C., Francis, K., Aisbett, D., Newnham, K., Sewell, J., Dawes, G., & Nurse, S. (2007). Australian rural adolescents' experiences of accessing psychological help for a mental health problem. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 15(3), 196-200. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-113
Brown, T. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2da Edición). Guilford Press: Nueva York. Recuperado de http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-07729-000
Burns, J. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Adolescent mental health literacy: young people's knowledge of depression and help seeking. Journal of adolescence, 29(2), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.05.004
Carlisle, J., Shickle, D., Cork, M., & McDonagh, A. (2006). Concerns over confidentiality may deter adolescents from consulting their doctors. A qualitative exploration. Journal of Medical Ethics, 32(3), 133-137. http://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2004.011262
Carlton, P. A., & Deane, F. P. (2000). Impact of attitudes and suicidal ideation on adolescents’ intentions to seek professional psychological help. Journal of Adolescence, 23(1), 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0299
Cartmill, T., Deane, F., & Wilson, C. (2009). Gatekeeper training for youth workers: Impact on their help-seeking and referral skills. Youth Studies Australia, 28(1), 5-12. Recuperado de http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1239&context=hbspapers
Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Rickwood, D. (2002). Adolescents who need help the most are the least likely to seek it: The relationship between low emotional competence and low intention to seek help. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 30(2), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880220128047
Cid, P., Orellana, A., & Barriga, O. (2010). Validación de la escala de autoeficacia general en Chile. Revista médica de Chile, 138(5), 551-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872010000500004
Choi, N. (2004). Sex role group differences in specific, academic and general self-efficacy. The Journal of Psychology, 138(2), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.138.2.149-159
Cova, F., Melipillán, R., Valdivia, M., Bravo, E., & Valenzuela, B. (2007). Sintomatología depresiva y ansiosa en estudiantes de enseñanza media. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 78(2), 151-159. http://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.138.2.149-159
Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(5), 522-541. http://doi.org/10.1177/1077558709335173
Gempp, R., Avendaño, C., & Muñoz, C. (2004). Normas y punto de corte para la escala de depresión del centro para estudios epidemiológicos (CES-D) en población juvenil chilena. Terapia Psicológica, 22(2), 146-156. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/785/78522205.pdf
Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 10(113). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-113
Horn, J. L. (1965). On the use of random variables in factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 19(1), 127-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00361.x
Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008
Kuhl, J., Jarkon-Horlick, L., & Morrissey, R. F. (1997). Measuring barriers to help-seeking behavior in adolescents. Journal of youth and adolescence, 26(6), 637-650. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022367807715
Leshem, B., Haj-Yahia, M., & Guterman, N. B. (2015). The characteristics of help seeking among Palestinian adolescents following exposure to community violence. Children and youth services review, 49, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.12.022
Lindberg, C., Lewis-Spruill, C., & Crownover, R. (2006). Barriers to sexual and reproductive health care: urban male adolescents speak out. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing, 29(2), 73-88. http://doi.org/10.1080/01460860600677577
Lindsey, M. A., Korr, W. S., Broitman, M., Bone, L., Green, A., & Leaf, P. J. (2006). Help-seeking behaviors and depression among African American adolescent boys. Social Work, 51(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/51.1.49
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2006). FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 38(1), 88-91. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03192753
Lubman, D. I., Berridge, B. J., Blee, F., Jorm, A. F., Wilson, C. J., Allen, N. B . . . & Wolfe, R. (2016). A school-based health promotion programme to increase help-seeking for substance use and mental health problems: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 17(393). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1510-2
Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. The Journal of psychology, 139(5), 439-457. http://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
Lyren, A., Kodish, E., Lazebnik, R., & O’Riordan, M. A. (2006). Understanding confidentiality: perspectives of African American adolescents and their parents. Journal of adolescent health, 39(2), 261-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.002
Olivari, C., & Barra Almagiá, E. (2005). Influencia de la autoeficacia y autoestima en la conducta de fumar en adolescentes. Terapia Psicológica, 23(2), 5-11. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/html/785/78523201/
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2010). Mental Health Promotion in Young People an Investment for the Future. Copenhague: Oficina Regional de Europa OMS. Recuperado de https://consaludmental.org/publicaciones/Mentalhealthpromotionyoungpeople.pdf
Ranahan, P. (2010). Mental health literacy: A conceptual framework for future inquiry into child and youth care professionals’ practice with suicidal adolescents. Child & youth care forum, 39(1), 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-009-9087-5
Raviv, A., Raviv, A., Vago-Gefen, I., & Fink, A. (2009). The personal service gap: Factors affecting adolescents' willingness to seek help. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 483-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.07.004
Reina, M. C., Oliva, A., & Parra, A. (2010). Percepciones de autoevaluación: Autoestima, autoeficacia y satisfacción vital en la adolescencia. Psychology, Society & Education, 2(1), 55-69. Recuperado de http://repositorio.ual.es/bitstream/handle/10835/2913/Reina%20et%20Al.pdf?sequence=1
Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental health, 4(3), 218-251. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.3.218
Sanjuán Suárez, P., Pérez García, A. M., & Bermúdez Moreno, J. (2000). Escala de autoeficacia general: datos psicométricos de la adaptación para población española. Psicothema, 12(Su. 2), 509-513. Recuperado de https://www.unioviedo.es/reunido/index.php/PST/article/view/7741
Tishby, O., Turel, M., Gumpel, O., & Pinus, U. (2001). Help-seeking attitudes among Israeli adolescents. Adolescence, 36(142), 249-264. Recuperado de https://search.proquest.com/openview/397c148a93d253d0ce50fdce061c1ae3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41539
Vogel, D. L, Wester, S. R., & Larson, L. M. (2007). Avoidance of counseling: Psychological factors that inhibit seeking help. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(4), 410-422. Recuperado de http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00609.x/full
Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2010). Help-negation and suicidal ideation: the role of depression, anxiety and hopelessness. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(3), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9487-8
Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2012). Brief report: Need for autonomy and other perceived barriers relating to adolescents’ intentions to seek professional mental health care. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.06.011
Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., Ciarrochi, J., & Rickwood, D. (2005). Measuring help-seeking intentions: Properties of the general help-seeking questionnaire. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 39(1), 15-28. Recuperado de http://cjcp.journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/cjc/index.php/rcc/article/viewFile/265/588
Wilson, C. J., Rickwood, D. J., Bushnell, J. A., Caputi, P., & Thomas, S. J. (2011). The effects of need for autonomy and preference for seeking help from informal sources on emerging adults’ intentions to access mental health services for common mental disorders and suicidal thoughts. Advances in Mental Health, 10(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.2011.10.1.29
Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., Marshall, K. L., & Dalley, A. (2008). Reducing adolescents’ perceived barriers to treatment and increasing help-seeking intentions: effects of classroom presentations by general practitioners. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(10), 1257-1269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9225-z
Wilson, C. J., Rickwood, D., & Deane, F. P. (2007). Depressive symptoms and help-seeking intentions in young people. Clinical Psychologist, 11(3), 98-107. http://doi.org/10.1080/13284200701870954
Baker, G. (2007). Adolescents, social support and help-seeking behavior: An International literature review and program consultation with recommendations for actions. Ginebra: World Health Organization. Recuperado de http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43778/1/9789241595711_eng.pdf
Barker, G., Olukoya, A., & Aggleton, P. (2005). Young people, social support and help-seeking. International journal of adolescent medicine and health, 17(4), 315-335. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2005.17.4.315
Barra, E., Cerna, R., Kramm, D., & Véliz, V. (2006). Problemas de salud, estrés, afrontamiento, depresión y apoyo social en adolescentes. Terapia psicológica, 24(1), 55-61.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Boyd, C., Francis, K., Aisbett, D., Newnham, K., Sewell, J., Dawes, G., & Nurse, S. (2007). Australian rural adolescents' experiences of accessing psychological help for a mental health problem. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 15(3), 196-200. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-113
Brown, T. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2da Edición). Guilford Press: Nueva York. Recuperado de http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-07729-000
Burns, J. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Adolescent mental health literacy: young people's knowledge of depression and help seeking. Journal of adolescence, 29(2), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.05.004
Carlisle, J., Shickle, D., Cork, M., & McDonagh, A. (2006). Concerns over confidentiality may deter adolescents from consulting their doctors. A qualitative exploration. Journal of Medical Ethics, 32(3), 133-137. http://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2004.011262
Carlton, P. A., & Deane, F. P. (2000). Impact of attitudes and suicidal ideation on adolescents’ intentions to seek professional psychological help. Journal of Adolescence, 23(1), 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0299
Cartmill, T., Deane, F., & Wilson, C. (2009). Gatekeeper training for youth workers: Impact on their help-seeking and referral skills. Youth Studies Australia, 28(1), 5-12. Recuperado de http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1239&context=hbspapers
Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Rickwood, D. (2002). Adolescents who need help the most are the least likely to seek it: The relationship between low emotional competence and low intention to seek help. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 30(2), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880220128047
Cid, P., Orellana, A., & Barriga, O. (2010). Validación de la escala de autoeficacia general en Chile. Revista médica de Chile, 138(5), 551-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872010000500004
Choi, N. (2004). Sex role group differences in specific, academic and general self-efficacy. The Journal of Psychology, 138(2), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.138.2.149-159
Cova, F., Melipillán, R., Valdivia, M., Bravo, E., & Valenzuela, B. (2007). Sintomatología depresiva y ansiosa en estudiantes de enseñanza media. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 78(2), 151-159. http://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.138.2.149-159
Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(5), 522-541. http://doi.org/10.1177/1077558709335173
Gempp, R., Avendaño, C., & Muñoz, C. (2004). Normas y punto de corte para la escala de depresión del centro para estudios epidemiológicos (CES-D) en población juvenil chilena. Terapia Psicológica, 22(2), 146-156. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/785/78522205.pdf
Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 10(113). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-113
Horn, J. L. (1965). On the use of random variables in factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 19(1), 127-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00361.x
Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008
Kuhl, J., Jarkon-Horlick, L., & Morrissey, R. F. (1997). Measuring barriers to help-seeking behavior in adolescents. Journal of youth and adolescence, 26(6), 637-650. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022367807715
Leshem, B., Haj-Yahia, M., & Guterman, N. B. (2015). The characteristics of help seeking among Palestinian adolescents following exposure to community violence. Children and youth services review, 49, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.12.022
Lindberg, C., Lewis-Spruill, C., & Crownover, R. (2006). Barriers to sexual and reproductive health care: urban male adolescents speak out. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing, 29(2), 73-88. http://doi.org/10.1080/01460860600677577
Lindsey, M. A., Korr, W. S., Broitman, M., Bone, L., Green, A., & Leaf, P. J. (2006). Help-seeking behaviors and depression among African American adolescent boys. Social Work, 51(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/51.1.49
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2006). FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 38(1), 88-91. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03192753
Lubman, D. I., Berridge, B. J., Blee, F., Jorm, A. F., Wilson, C. J., Allen, N. B . . . & Wolfe, R. (2016). A school-based health promotion programme to increase help-seeking for substance use and mental health problems: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 17(393). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1510-2
Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. The Journal of psychology, 139(5), 439-457. http://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
Lyren, A., Kodish, E., Lazebnik, R., & O’Riordan, M. A. (2006). Understanding confidentiality: perspectives of African American adolescents and their parents. Journal of adolescent health, 39(2), 261-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.002
Olivari, C., & Barra Almagiá, E. (2005). Influencia de la autoeficacia y autoestima en la conducta de fumar en adolescentes. Terapia Psicológica, 23(2), 5-11. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/html/785/78523201/
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2010). Mental Health Promotion in Young People an Investment for the Future. Copenhague: Oficina Regional de Europa OMS. Recuperado de https://consaludmental.org/publicaciones/Mentalhealthpromotionyoungpeople.pdf
Ranahan, P. (2010). Mental health literacy: A conceptual framework for future inquiry into child and youth care professionals’ practice with suicidal adolescents. Child & youth care forum, 39(1), 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-009-9087-5
Raviv, A., Raviv, A., Vago-Gefen, I., & Fink, A. (2009). The personal service gap: Factors affecting adolescents' willingness to seek help. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 483-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.07.004
Reina, M. C., Oliva, A., & Parra, A. (2010). Percepciones de autoevaluación: Autoestima, autoeficacia y satisfacción vital en la adolescencia. Psychology, Society & Education, 2(1), 55-69. Recuperado de http://repositorio.ual.es/bitstream/handle/10835/2913/Reina%20et%20Al.pdf?sequence=1
Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental health, 4(3), 218-251. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.3.218
Sanjuán Suárez, P., Pérez García, A. M., & Bermúdez Moreno, J. (2000). Escala de autoeficacia general: datos psicométricos de la adaptación para población española. Psicothema, 12(Su. 2), 509-513. Recuperado de https://www.unioviedo.es/reunido/index.php/PST/article/view/7741
Tishby, O., Turel, M., Gumpel, O., & Pinus, U. (2001). Help-seeking attitudes among Israeli adolescents. Adolescence, 36(142), 249-264. Recuperado de https://search.proquest.com/openview/397c148a93d253d0ce50fdce061c1ae3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41539
Vogel, D. L, Wester, S. R., & Larson, L. M. (2007). Avoidance of counseling: Psychological factors that inhibit seeking help. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(4), 410-422. Recuperado de http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00609.x/full
Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2010). Help-negation and suicidal ideation: the role of depression, anxiety and hopelessness. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(3), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9487-8
Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F. P. (2012). Brief report: Need for autonomy and other perceived barriers relating to adolescents’ intentions to seek professional mental health care. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.06.011
Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., Ciarrochi, J., & Rickwood, D. (2005). Measuring help-seeking intentions: Properties of the general help-seeking questionnaire. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 39(1), 15-28. Recuperado de http://cjcp.journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/cjc/index.php/rcc/article/viewFile/265/588
Wilson, C. J., Rickwood, D. J., Bushnell, J. A., Caputi, P., & Thomas, S. J. (2011). The effects of need for autonomy and preference for seeking help from informal sources on emerging adults’ intentions to access mental health services for common mental disorders and suicidal thoughts. Advances in Mental Health, 10(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.2011.10.1.29
Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., Marshall, K. L., & Dalley, A. (2008). Reducing adolescents’ perceived barriers to treatment and increasing help-seeking intentions: effects of classroom presentations by general practitioners. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(10), 1257-1269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9225-z
Wilson, C. J., Rickwood, D., & Deane, F. P. (2007). Depressive symptoms and help-seeking intentions in young people. Clinical Psychologist, 11(3), 98-107. http://doi.org/10.1080/13284200701870954
Cómo citar
Olivari, C., & Guzmán, M. (2018). Adaptación y Validación del Cuestionario de Barreras para la Búsqueda de Ayuda para Problemas de Salud Mental, en Adolescentes chilenos. Universitas Psychologica, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-1.avcb
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