Application of dielectric vegetable oil in electrical transformers
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Jun 7, 2012
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Abstract
Since the early 1990s, dielectric fluids have been developed from plants. The use of plants has the main advantage of improving the limitations of petroleum oils. Plant fluids are highly biodegradable and have a high flash point; but their high cost and their not-very-wide in-service evaluation (performance), because of its relatively short time of use, have limited their application. This study reviews the state of the art of dielectric oils of plant origin to be used in transformers, including an overview of their evolution from their origin until today.
Keywords
Dielectric devices, dielectrics, electric insulators and insulation oils, electric transformersDispositivos dieléctricos, dieléctricos, aceites para aisladores eléctricos, transformadores eléctricos
References
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ASEA BROWN BOVERI (ABB). BIOTEMP: Biodegradable Dielectric Insultaing Fluid. s. e., 2002.
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Especificação de óleo vegetal isolante novo. Brasilia: ABNT, 2006.
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BADENT, R.; HEMMER, M. y SCHWAB, A. J. Inhibited rape-seed oil as substitute for mineral oils. En Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena [publicación en línea]. 2002, pp. 268-271. [Consultado 19-10-2011].
BERTRAND, Y.; HOANG, L. C. y VALENTIN, G. Des huiles végétales comme alternative aux huiles minérales isolantes. s. d., 2009, pp. 1-5.
BERTRAND, Y. y HOANG, L. C. Vegetal oils as substitute for mineral oils. En Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (Cat. No.03CH37417) [documento en línea]. 2003, vol. 2, pp. 491-494. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=1218460 [Consultado: 17-01-2011].
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BINTI Md, A. y FADILLA AZWANI, N. Comparison of electrical properties between new insulating oil with petroleum based mineral oil as liquid insulating. s. d., 2010.
CADAVID, H. et ál. Evaluación de la aplicación del aceite dieléctrico de origen vegetal en transformadores de distribución. Santiago de Cali: s. e., 2010.
CECATO, M. Aplicação de óleos vegetais como fluidos isolantes em transformadores de distribuição da rede elétrica. s. d., 2009.
CONSEJO INTERNACIONAL DE GRANDES SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS (CIGRÉ). Experiences in Service with New Insulating Liquids. Paris, 2010.
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CPFL ENERGIA. Transformador verde. Revista P&D: Projetos Ambientais, núm 23.
DEL FIACCO, E.; GREVEN, J.-Y. y BINGENHEIMER, D. Sustainable electrical energy enabled by natural éster technology. En European Conference on HV & MV Substation Equipment -MatPost. Lyon: s. e., 2011.
DIX, L. y HOPKINSON, P. J. Tapchangers for De-energized Operation in Natural Éster Fluid, Mineral Oil, and Silicone. En 2005/2006 PES TD [documento en línea]. 2006, pp. 40-44.[Consultado 21-10-2011].
EBERHARDT, R. et ál. Dissolved gas analysis investigations on éster liquids after breakdown. En 2011 IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids [documento en línea]. 2011, pp. 1-4. [Consultado: 21-10-2011].
GÓMEZ, N. A. et ál. Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of a vegetable oil used as dielectric coolant in distribution transformers. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 2011, pp. 1-12.
HOPKINSON, P. J. Panel discussion to focus on natural ester fluids. The Line. 2006, núm 240, pp. 8-11.
HOSIER, I. L. et ál. Selection of a suitable vegetable oil for high voltage insulation applications. Journal of Physics: Conference Series [publicación en línea]. 2009, núm. 183, pp. 1-6. http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/183/i=1/a=012014?key=crossref.31f1ee5f339e2d6e4f2649493575a0d7 [Consultado: 10-10-2011].
LINAZA, D. B.; GISBERT, N. y CALVO, S. The Spanish experience in the use of HV/LV integrated transformer substations, environmentally friendly. In IET Conference Publications, 775-775, (Prague): IET, 2009. Available from world wide web:.(cited 20 October 2011).
LIU, Q. y WANG, Z. Streamer characteristic and breakdown in synthetic and natural éster transformer liquids under standard lightning impulse voltage. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation [publicación en línea]. 2011, núm. 18, pp. 285-294.. [Citado 18-10-2011].
LOPES OLIVEIRA, A. A. Utilização de óleos biodegradáveis em transformadores de distribuição [publicación en línea]. Porto, 2005..
LUCIANE, T. Estudo do envelhecimento acelerado de óleo vegetal isolante em escala laboratorial. s. d., 2008.
LUKSICH, J. Loading Guide A and B Factors for Envirotemp FR3 Fluid and Thermally Upgraded Kraft Insulation. s. d., 2003.
MAK, J. et ál. Transformador de distribuição de maior vida útil e menor agressividade ambiental. En IV Workspot - CE A2 Transformador, pp. 1-8. Recife (PE): Cigré Brasil, 2006.
MARCHESAN, T. B. y FANCHIN, A. J. Natural éster fluid: The transformer design perspective. En 2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America (T&D-LA) [documento en línea]. Sao Paulo: IEEE, 2010, pp. 329-333. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=5762902 [Consultado: 15-10-2011).
MARULANDA, A. R.; ARTIGAS, M. A.; GAVIDIA, A.; LABARCA, F. y PAZ, N. Study of the vegetal oil as a substitute for mineral oils in distribution transformer. En 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America, 2008, pp. 1-6. [Consultado 20-10-2011].
MCSHANE, C. P.; LUKSICH, J. y MARTINS, M. N. Field experience with natural ester (vegetable oil) dielectric fluid - the first decade. En IV Workspot - CE A2 Transformador. 2006, vol. 18, pp. 1-10.
MCSHANE, C. P. Vegetable-oil-based dielectric coolants. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine [documento en línea]. 2002, núm. 8, pp. 34-41. [Consultado: 17-01-2011].
MCSHANE, C. P. New dielectric coolant concepts for distribution and power transformers. En Conference Record of 1999 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.99CH36338) [documento en línea]. 1999, pp. 55-62. [Consultado: 19-10-2011].
MCSHANE, C. P. et ál. Aging of paper insulation in natural éster dielectric fluid. En 2001 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Developing New Perspectives (Cat. No.01CH37294) [documento en línea]. 2002, vol. 2, pp. 675-679. [Consultado: 21-10-2011].
MCSHANE, P. C. Vegetable oil based dielectric coolant. s. d., 1999.
MINERÍA CHILENA. Cooper Power System y Cargill Industrias Oils y Lubricants extiende alianza por Envirotemp FR#. Electronoticias [documento en línea]. 2005..
OOMMEN, T. V. Vegetable oils for liquid-filled transformers. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine [documento en línea]. 2002a, núm. 18, pp. 6-11. [Consultado: 17-01-2011].
OOMMEN, T. V. Vegetable oils for liquid-filled transformers. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine [documento en línea]. 2002b, núm. 18, pp. 6-11. [Consultado: 21-10-2011].
OOMMEN, T. V.; CLAIBORNE, C. C.; WALSH, E. J. y BAKER, J. P. A new vegetable oil based transformer fluid: development and verification. En 2000 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (Cat. No.00CH37132) [documento en línea]. 2000, vol. 1, pp. 308-312. [Consultado 17-01-2011].
OOMMEN, T. V.; CLAIBORNE, C. C. y MULLEN, J. T. Biodegradable electrical insulation fluids. En Proceedings: Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Conference [documento en línea]. Rosemont (IL): IEEE, 1997, pp. 465-468.. [Consultado: 16-01-2011].
OOMMEN, T. V.; CLAIBORNE, C. C. y WALSH, E. J. Introduction of a new fully biodegradable dielectric fluid. En 1998 IEEE Annual Textile, Fiber and Film Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.98CH36246) [documento en línea]. 1998, núms. 3/1-3/4. [Consultado: 17-01-2011].
OOMMEN, T. V. y CLAIBORNE, C. C. Electrical transformers containing electrical insulation fluids comprising high oleic acid compositions. s. d., 1999.
PERRIER, C.; MARUGAN, M. y SARAVOLAC, M. DGA comparison between éster and mineral oils. Liquids (ICDL) [documento en línea]. 2011, pp. 1-4. [Consultado: 21-10-2011].
PERRIER, C. y BEROUAL, A. Experimental Investigations on Mineral and Ester Oils for Power Transformers. En Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation [documento en línea]. Vancouver, BC: IEEE, 2008, pp. 178-181. [Consultado: 27-10-2010].
ROA, J. Transformadores de distribución inmersos en líquidos biodegradables. Mundo Eléctrico. 2011, pp. 120-124.
SIEMENS. Primer transformador de energía amigable con el medio ambiente. Mundo Eléctrico. 2010, p. 1.
SIQUEIRA FRANCH, V. Avaliação da compatibilidade de óleos vegetais isolantes com materiais internos do transformador. s. d., 2010.
SMITH, S. D. y BEASTER, B. L. Design and test experience with natural ester fluid for power transformers update. En 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting [do- cumento en línea]. 2009, pp. 1-3. [Consultado: 21-10-2011].
STOCCO, M. B. C. Avaliação do potencial de aplicação de óleos vegetais como fluidos isolantes em transformadores de distribuição da rede elétrica. Annals of Physics [documento en línea]. 2009, núm. 54, p. 129.. [Consultado: 27-10-2010].
THOTTATHIL, V.; OOMMEN, C. y CLAIBORNE, C. High oleic acid oil compositions and methods of making and electrical insulation fluids and devices comprising the same. ABB Technology. 2004 May. US 20040089855 (28 worldwide citation).
TRANSFORMERS COMMITTEE IEC. Power Transformers – Part 14: Design and application of liquid-immersed power transformers using high-temperature insulation materials. 2 Ed. IEC/TS, 2009.
TRANSFORMERS COMMITTEE IEEE. Draft standard for the design, testing and application of liquid-immersed distribution, power and regulating transformers using high-temperature insulation systems and operating at elevated temperatures, 2010.
TRANSFORMERS COMMITTEE IEEE. IEEE Std C57.147TM-2008, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Natural Éster Fluids in Transformers. 2008.
UHREN, W. Aplicação de óleo vegetal como meio isolante em equipamentos elétricos, em substituição ao óleo mineral [documento en línea]. 2007..
UNIDAD DE COMPRAS EPM. Pliego de condiciones y especificaciones técnicas para compraventa de 30 transformadores de distribución sumergidos en aceite vegetal para el sistema de distribución de energía de las Empresas Públicas de Medellín E.S.P. Medellín, 2011, pp. 1-99.
WESTERN AREA POWER ADMINISTRATION. Maintenance of Liquid Insulation. s. l., 1990.
WILHELM, H. M.; Luciane, T. y Uhren, W. Produção e uso de óles vegetais isolantes no setor elétrico. Revista Engenharia. 2009, pp. 121-124.
WRUSS, G. Environmentally- friendly Distribution Transformers. s. d., 2008.
YANG, L.; LIAO, R.; CAIXIN, S. y ZHU, M. Influence of vegetable oil on the thermal aging of transformer paper and its mechanism. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation [document en línea]. 2011, núm. 18, pp. 692-700. [Consultado: 15-10-2011].
AMAAH, M.; ISLAM S. M., y CHAMI, S. Analyses of physical characteristics of vegetable oils as an alternative source to mineral oil-based dielectric fluid. Dielectric Liquids [publicación en línea]. 2005.
ASEA BROWN BOVERI (ABB). BIOTEMP: Biodegradable Dielectric Insultaing Fluid. s. e., 2002.
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. Especificação de óleo vegetal isolante novo. Brasilia: ABNT, 2006.
ASTM INTERNATIONAL. Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oi) Éster Fluids Used in Electrical. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 2008. núm. 3, pp. 1-4.
BADENT, R.; HEMMER, M. y SCHWAB, A. J. Inhibited rape-seed oil as substitute for mineral oils. En Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena [publicación en línea]. 2002, pp. 268-271.
BERTRAND, Y.; HOANG, L. C. y VALENTIN, G. Des huiles végétales comme alternative aux huiles minérales isolantes. s. d., 2009, pp. 1-5.
BERTRAND, Y. y HOANG, L. C. Vegetal oils as substitute for mineral oils. En Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (Cat. No.03CH37417) [documento en línea]. 2003, vol. 2, pp. 491-494. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=1218460 [Consultado: 17-01-2011].
BINGENHEIMER, D. et ál. Sustainable electrical energy using natural éster technology. En 21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution. 2011, 4, (Frankfurt).
BINTI Md, A. y FADILLA AZWANI, N. Comparison of electrical properties between new insulating oil with petroleum based mineral oil as liquid insulating. s. d., 2010.
CADAVID, H. et ál. Evaluación de la aplicación del aceite dieléctrico de origen vegetal en transformadores de distribución. Santiago de Cali: s. e., 2010.
CECATO, M. Aplicação de óleos vegetais como fluidos isolantes em transformadores de distribuição da rede elétrica. s. d., 2009.
CONSEJO INTERNACIONAL DE GRANDES SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS (CIGRÉ). Experiences in Service with New Insulating Liquids. Paris, 2010.
COOPER POWER SYSTEM. Medium y Large Power Transformer Users List Retrofill & New Installations. 2010, pp. 1-9.
CPFL ENERGIA. Transformador verde. Revista P&D: Projetos Ambientais, núm 23.
DEL FIACCO, E.; GREVEN, J.-Y. y BINGENHEIMER, D. Sustainable electrical energy enabled by natural éster technology. En European Conference on HV & MV Substation Equipment -MatPost. Lyon: s. e., 2011.
DIX, L. y HOPKINSON, P. J. Tapchangers for De-energized Operation in Natural Éster Fluid, Mineral Oil, and Silicone. En 2005/2006 PES TD [documento en línea]. 2006, pp. 40-44.
EBERHARDT, R. et ál. Dissolved gas analysis investigations on éster liquids after breakdown. En 2011 IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids [documento en línea]. 2011, pp. 1-4.
GÓMEZ, N. A. et ál. Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of a vegetable oil used as dielectric coolant in distribution transformers. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 2011, pp. 1-12.
HOPKINSON, P. J. Panel discussion to focus on natural ester fluids. The Line. 2006, núm 240, pp. 8-11.
HOSIER, I. L. et ál. Selection of a suitable vegetable oil for high voltage insulation applications. Journal of Physics: Conference Series [publicación en línea]. 2009, núm. 183, pp. 1-6. http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/183/i=1/a=012014?key=crossref.31f1ee5f339e2d6e4f2649493575a0d7 [Consultado: 10-10-2011].
LINAZA, D. B.; GISBERT, N. y CALVO, S. The Spanish experience in the use of HV/LV integrated transformer substations, environmentally friendly. In IET Conference Publications, 775-775, (Prague): IET, 2009. Available from world wide web:
LIU, Q. y WANG, Z. Streamer characteristic and breakdown in synthetic and natural éster transformer liquids under standard lightning impulse voltage. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation [publicación en línea]. 2011, núm. 18, pp. 285-294.
LOPES OLIVEIRA, A. A. Utilização de óleos biodegradáveis em transformadores de distribuição [publicación en línea]. Porto, 2005.
LUCIANE, T. Estudo do envelhecimento acelerado de óleo vegetal isolante em escala laboratorial. s. d., 2008.
LUKSICH, J. Loading Guide A and B Factors for Envirotemp FR3 Fluid and Thermally Upgraded Kraft Insulation. s. d., 2003.
MAK, J. et ál. Transformador de distribuição de maior vida útil e menor agressividade ambiental. En IV Workspot - CE A2 Transformador, pp. 1-8. Recife (PE): Cigré Brasil, 2006.
MARCHESAN, T. B. y FANCHIN, A. J. Natural éster fluid: The transformer design perspective. En 2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America (T&D-LA) [documento en línea]. Sao Paulo: IEEE, 2010, pp. 329-333. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=5762902 [Consultado: 15-10-2011).
MARULANDA, A. R.; ARTIGAS, M. A.; GAVIDIA, A.; LABARCA, F. y PAZ, N. Study of the vegetal oil as a substitute for mineral oils in distribution transformer. En 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America, 2008, pp. 1-6.
MCSHANE, C. P.; LUKSICH, J. y MARTINS, M. N. Field experience with natural ester (vegetable oil) dielectric fluid - the first decade. En IV Workspot - CE A2 Transformador. 2006, vol. 18, pp. 1-10.
MCSHANE, C. P. Vegetable-oil-based dielectric coolants. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine [documento en línea]. 2002, núm. 8, pp. 34-41.
MCSHANE, C. P. New dielectric coolant concepts for distribution and power transformers. En Conference Record of 1999 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.99CH36338) [documento en línea]. 1999, pp. 55-62.
MCSHANE, C. P. et ál. Aging of paper insulation in natural éster dielectric fluid. En 2001 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Developing New Perspectives (Cat. No.01CH37294) [documento en línea]. 2002, vol. 2, pp. 675-679.
MCSHANE, P. C. Vegetable oil based dielectric coolant. s. d., 1999.
MINERÍA CHILENA. Cooper Power System y Cargill Industrias Oils y Lubricants extiende alianza por Envirotemp FR#. Electronoticias [documento en línea]. 2005.
OOMMEN, T. V. Vegetable oils for liquid-filled transformers. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine [documento en línea]. 2002a, núm. 18, pp. 6-11.
OOMMEN, T. V. Vegetable oils for liquid-filled transformers. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine [documento en línea]. 2002b, núm. 18, pp. 6-11.
OOMMEN, T. V.; CLAIBORNE, C. C.; WALSH, E. J. y BAKER, J. P. A new vegetable oil based transformer fluid: development and verification. En 2000 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (Cat. No.00CH37132) [documento en línea]. 2000, vol. 1, pp. 308-312.
OOMMEN, T. V.; CLAIBORNE, C. C. y MULLEN, J. T. Biodegradable electrical insulation fluids. En Proceedings: Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Conference [documento en línea]. Rosemont (IL): IEEE, 1997, pp. 465-468.
OOMMEN, T. V.; CLAIBORNE, C. C. y WALSH, E. J. Introduction of a new fully biodegradable dielectric fluid. En 1998 IEEE Annual Textile, Fiber and Film Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No.98CH36246) [documento en línea]. 1998, núms. 3/1-3/4.
OOMMEN, T. V. y CLAIBORNE, C. C. Electrical transformers containing electrical insulation fluids comprising high oleic acid compositions. s. d., 1999.
PERRIER, C.; MARUGAN, M. y SARAVOLAC, M. DGA comparison between éster and mineral oils. Liquids (ICDL) [documento en línea]. 2011, pp. 1-4.
PERRIER, C. y BEROUAL, A. Experimental Investigations on Mineral and Ester Oils for Power Transformers. En Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation [documento en línea]. Vancouver, BC: IEEE, 2008, pp. 178-181.
ROA, J. Transformadores de distribución inmersos en líquidos biodegradables. Mundo Eléctrico. 2011, pp. 120-124.
SIEMENS. Primer transformador de energía amigable con el medio ambiente. Mundo Eléctrico. 2010, p. 1.
SIQUEIRA FRANCH, V. Avaliação da compatibilidade de óleos vegetais isolantes com materiais internos do transformador. s. d., 2010.
SMITH, S. D. y BEASTER, B. L. Design and test experience with natural ester fluid for power transformers update. En 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting [do- cumento en línea]. 2009, pp. 1-3.
STOCCO, M. B. C. Avaliação do potencial de aplicação de óleos vegetais como fluidos isolantes em transformadores de distribuição da rede elétrica. Annals of Physics [documento en línea]. 2009, núm. 54, p. 129.
THOTTATHIL, V.; OOMMEN, C. y CLAIBORNE, C. High oleic acid oil compositions and methods of making and electrical insulation fluids and devices comprising the same. ABB Technology. 2004 May. US 20040089855 (28 worldwide citation).
TRANSFORMERS COMMITTEE IEC. Power Transformers – Part 14: Design and application of liquid-immersed power transformers using high-temperature insulation materials. 2 Ed. IEC/TS, 2009.
TRANSFORMERS COMMITTEE IEEE. Draft standard for the design, testing and application of liquid-immersed distribution, power and regulating transformers using high-temperature insulation systems and operating at elevated temperatures, 2010.
TRANSFORMERS COMMITTEE IEEE. IEEE Std C57.147TM-2008, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Natural Éster Fluids in Transformers. 2008.
UHREN, W. Aplicação de óleo vegetal como meio isolante em equipamentos elétricos, em substituição ao óleo mineral [documento en línea]. 2007.
UNIDAD DE COMPRAS EPM. Pliego de condiciones y especificaciones técnicas para compraventa de 30 transformadores de distribución sumergidos en aceite vegetal para el sistema de distribución de energía de las Empresas Públicas de Medellín E.S.P. Medellín, 2011, pp. 1-99.
WESTERN AREA POWER ADMINISTRATION. Maintenance of Liquid Insulation. s. l., 1990.
WILHELM, H. M.; Luciane, T. y Uhren, W. Produção e uso de óles vegetais isolantes no setor elétrico. Revista Engenharia. 2009, pp. 121-124.
WRUSS, G. Environmentally- friendly Distribution Transformers. s. d., 2008.
YANG, L.; LIAO, R.; CAIXIN, S. y ZHU, M. Influence of vegetable oil on the thermal aging of transformer paper and its mechanism. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation [document en línea]. 2011, núm. 18, pp. 692-700.
How to Cite
Navas, D. F., Cadavid-Ramírez, H., & Echeverry-Ibarra, D. F. (2012). Application of dielectric vegetable oil in electrical transformers. Ingenieria Y Universidad, 16(1), 201. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.iyu16-1.aado
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