Hemoglobin screening using cloud based mobile photography applications
Published
Dec 6, 2019
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Pedro Mario Wightman Rojas, PhD
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7641-2090
Luis Alberto Mass Noriega, MSc
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1170-9181
Augusto Salazar Silva, MSc
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1063-7561
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7641-2090
Luis Alberto Mass Noriega, MSc
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1170-9181
Augusto Salazar Silva, MSc
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1063-7561
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Abstract
Objective: This paper aims to present Selfienemia, a novel non-invasive hemoglobin estimation mobile application working under controlled illumination conditions. Materials and methods: Mobile application was supported by a parameter optimization and curve fitting backend in the cloud to provide dynamic and device independent results based on a-priori observations and the World Health Organization’s (WHO) color scale. Thirty-four and sixty-four individuals were involved during both the mobile app training and posterior blind test respectively. Results: Selfienemia (Mobile App) was found to be suitable as a non-invasive hemoglobin estimation tool. Estimation levels showed high correlation against the gold standard invasive test. Skin pigmentation and color components were found to have specific relationships labeling individuals within one Hb concentration group. Conclusion: Selfienemia may provide an effective way to screen hemoglobin in medical shortage situations. However, it still can’t replace traditional invasive testing. Future work must include testing additional fitting techniques for illumination aware scenarios as well as quantification of skin pigmentation effects on estimation results.
Keywords
Mobile applications, hemoglobin, photo, cloud, analysis, color scale, World Health OrganizationAplicaciones móviles, hemoglobina, fotografía, nube, análisis, escala de color, organización mundial de la salud
References
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[2] K. Avila, P. Sanmartín, D. Jabba, and M. Jimeno, “Applications based on service-oriented architecture (SOA) in the field of home healthcare,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 8, Jul. 2017. doi: 10.3390/s17081703.
[3] P. Prasanna, S. Jain, N. Bhagat, and A. Madabhushi, “Decision support system for detection of diabetic retinopathy using smartphones,” in 7th Int. Conf. Pervasive Comput. Technol. Healthcare (PervasiveHealth), 2013, pp. 176–179. doi: 10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2013.252093
[4] World Health Organization (WHO), “Anaemia prevention and control.” [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/medical_devices/initiatives/anaemia_control/en/. Accessed: Jul. 12, 2017.
[5] World Health Organization (WHO), “Global Targets 2025.” [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/nutrition/global-target-2025/en/. Accessed: Jul. 12, 2017.
[6] G. Santra, “Usefulness of examination of palmar creases for assessing severity of anemia in Indian perspective: A study from a tertiary care center,” Int. J. Med. Public Health, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 169–172, 2015. doi:10.4103/2230-8598.153830
[7] M. Dobson, “World Health Organization Hemoglobin colour scale: A practical answer to a vital need,” Anesthesia, 2002. Available: https://www.wfsahq.org/components/com_virtual_library/media/3a1289265bf7234b6eba0e7e954ae0db-a1cef5cc0b4b05c6fa20ca15985b6c5f-WHO---Haemoglobin-Colour-Scale--Update-15-2002-.pdf
[8] M. R. Kumar, M. Mahadevappa, and D. Goswami, “Low cost point of care estimation of Hemoglobin levels,” in Int. Conf. Med. Imag. m-Health Emerg. Commun. Syst. (MedCom), 2014, pp. 216–221. doi:10.1109/MedCom.2014.7006007
[9] J. Critchley and I. Bates, “Haemoglobin colour scale for anaemia diagnosis where there is no laboratory: A systematic review,” Int. J. Epidemiol., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1425–1434, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi195
[10] World Health Organization (WHO), “Micronutrient deficiencies.” [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/. Accessed: Jul. 12, 2017.
[11] C. Aldridge, H. M. Foster, M. Albonico, S. M. Ame, and A. Montresor, “Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the Haemoglobin Colour Scale to detect anaemia in young children attending primary healthcare clinics in Zanzibar,” Trop. Med. Int. Health, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 423–429, 2012. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02944.x
[12] D. A. Nardone, K. M. Roth, D. J. Mazur, and J. H. McAfee, “Usefulness of physical examination in detecting the presence or absence of anemia,” Arch. Intern. Med., vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 201–204, 1990. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1990.00390200148036
[13] J. R. Zucker, B. A. Perkins, H. Jafari, J. Otieno, C. Obonyo, and C. C. Campbell, “Clinical signs for the recognition of children with moderate or severe anaemia in western Kenya,” Bull. World Health Organ., vol. 75, suppl 1, pp. 97–102, 1997. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51322167_Clinical_signs_for_the_recognition_of_children_with_moderate_or_severe_anaemia_in_western_Kenya
[14] C. D. Hanning and J. M. Alexander-Williams, “Pulse oximetry: A practical review,” BMJ, vol. 311, no. 7001, pp. 367–370, 1995. doi: 10.1136/bmj.311.7001.367
[15] J. F. Kelleher, “Pulse oximetry,” J. Clin. Monit., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 37–62, 1989. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01618369s
[16] O. Wieben, “Light absorbance in pulse oximetry,” in Design of Pulse Oximeters, G. W. Webster, Ed. New York, NY, USA: CRC Press, 1997, pp. 53–68.
[17] D. C. Harris, “Fundamentals of Spectrophotometry,” in Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 8a ed., vol. 1, China Lake, CA: Macmillan, 2010, pp. 393–414.
[18] L. Lamhaut, R. Apriotesei, X. Combes, M. Lejay, P. Carli, and B. Vivien, “Comparison of the accuracy of noninvasive hemoglobin monitoring by spectrophotometry (SpHb) and HemoCue® with automated laboratory hemoglobin measurement,” J. Am. Soc. Anesthesiol., vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 548–554, 2011. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182270c22
[19] E. J. Van Kampen and W. G. Zijlstra, “Spectrophotometry of hemoglobin and hemoglobin derivatives,” Adv. Clin. Chem., vol. 23, pp. 199–257, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2423(08)60401-1
[20] A. R. Kent, S. H. Elsing, and R. L. Hebert, “Conjunctival vasculature in the assessment of anemia,” Ophthalmology, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 274–277, 2000. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00048-2
[21] K. Yurdakök, Ş. N. Güner, y S. S. Yalçın, “Validity of using pallor to detect children with mild anemia”, Pediatr. Int., vol. 50, núm. 2, pp. 232–234, 2008.
[22] A. Kalantri, M. Karambelkar, R. Joshi, S. Kalantri, and U. Jajoo, “Accuracy and reliability of pallor for detecting anaemia: A hospital-based diagnostic accuracy study,” PLoS One, vol. 5, no. 1, p. e8545, 2010. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008545
[23] N. Sinha, P. R. Deshmukh, and B. S. Garg, “Evaluation of WHO haemoglobin colour scale & palmar pallor for screening of anaemia among children (6-35 months) in rural Wardha, India,” Indian J. Med. Res., vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 278–281, 2008. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23567282_Evaluation_of_WHO_haemoglobin_colour_scale_palmar_pallor_for_screening_of_anaemia_among_children_6-35_months_in_rural_Wardha_India
[24] S. Suner, G. Crawford, J. McMurdy, and G. Jay, “Non-invasive determination of hemoglobin by digital photography of palpebral conjunctiva,” J. Emerg. Med., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 105–111, 2007. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.02.011
[25] M. R. Kumar, H. Misra, S. Hiwale, and M. Ramachandra, “Digital WHO hemoglobin color scale: Analysis and performance,” in Sixth Int. Conf. EHealth, Telemed. Social Med., Barcelona, Spain, 2014, pp. 53–58.
[26] H. Ranganathan and N. Gunasekaran, “Simple method for estimation of hemoglobin in human blood using color analysis,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 657–662, 2006. doi: 10.1109/TITB.2006.874195
[27] E. J. Wang, W. Li, D. Hawkins, T. Gernsheimer, C. Norby-Slycord, and S. N. Patel, “HemaApp: Noninvasive blood screening of hemoglobin using smartphone cameras,” in Proc. 2016 ACM Int. Joint Conf. Pervasive Ubiquitous Comput., New York, NY, USA, 2016, pp. 593–604.
[28] M. Fairchild, Color Appearance Models, 2nd ed. UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. Available: http://last.hit.bme.hu/download/firtha/video/Colorimetry/Fairchild_M._Color_appearance_models__2005.pdf
[29] D. Malacara, Color Vision and Colorimetry: Theory and Applications, 2nd ed. Bellingham, WA: SPIE Press, 2011.
[30] M. R. Desai, P. Phillips-Howard, D. Terlouw, and K. Wannemuehler, “Recognition of pallor associated with severe anaemia by primary caregivers in western Kenya,” Trop. Med. Int. Health, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 831–839, 2002. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00942.x
[31] Y. Ohya, T. Obi, M. Yamaguchi, N. Ohyama, and Y. Komiya, “Natural color reproduction of human skin for telemedicine,” in Proc. SPIE, Med. Imag. 98: Image Display, vol. 3335, 1998. Available: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.312499
[32] P. Kay and L. Maffi, “Color appearance and the emergence and evolution of basic color lexicons,” Am. Anthropol., vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 743–760, Dec. 1999. Available: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1999.101.4.743
How to Cite
Wightman Rojas, P. M., Mass Noriega, L. A., & Salazar Silva, A. (2019). Hemoglobin screening using cloud based mobile photography applications. Ingenieria Y Universidad, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.iyu23-2.hsuc
Section
Industrial and systems engineering