Enfoques teóricos para definir el caudal ambiental
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Abstract
The economic development of the nations has evolved around the use of water resources. This situation has caused alterations in the natural course of rivers and changes in the fluvial ecosystems as a result of the huge pressure put on them. Another consequence is the serious limitations in the capacity of the ecosystems to provide goods. The growing awareness about the damages causes to the freshwater systems has led to the development of the methodologies for determining the water level that should remain in the river for keeping the harmony of the environment. The aim of this paper is to review the methodologies that are frequently more used for measuring the environmental flow and the environmental flow regime. The methodologies are revised from different perspectives: hydrological, hydraulic, hydraulic of habitat simulation or holistic. Within every presented perspective, the former approaches involve from simply hydrological procedures to complex technological tools, with hydrological, hydraulic and biological information, and also takes into account the economic and social components. The purpose is to obtain a regime flow with a holistic and integral vision. A brief explanation of each one of the methods and its more outstanding characteristics are made and some conclusions and recommendations are given.
Keywords
water resources, environmental flow, environmental flow regimerecursos hídricos, caudal ambiental, régimen de caudal ambiental
References
Aguirre, A., Vicuña, B. Conceptos básicos para la aplicación del caudal ecológico en los ríos ibéricos. s.f.
Arthington, A.H., et al. Development of a Holistic Approach for Assessing Environmental Flow Requirements of Riverine Ecosystems. En: Pigram JJ, Hooper BP (eds). Proceedings of an international Seminar and Workshop on Water Allocation for the Environment. The Centre for Water Policy Research, University of New England. Armidale, Australia, 1992.
Arthington, A.H., Conrick, D.L., Bycroft, B.M. Environmental Study: Barker-Barambah Creek. Volume 2. Scientific Report: Water Quality, Ecology and Water Allocation Strategy. 457 pp. Report for the Water Resources Commission, Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Centre for Catchment and In-Stream Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 1992.
Arthington, A.H., Zalucki, J.M. Comparative Evaluation of Environmental Flow Assessment Techniques: Review of Methods. LWRRDC Occasional Paper 27. 1998.
Armstrong, D.S., Parker, G.W. Assessment of Habitat and Streamflow Requirements for Habitat Protection, Usquepaug-Queen River, Rhode Island, 1999-2000. Open-File Report 02-438. 2003.
Bernardo, J., Alves, M. Contribuição para uma Metodologia de Determinação do Caudal Ecológico em cursos de Água Temporarios. 5º Congresso da Água. Lisboa, Portugal. 25 a 29 de Setembro, 2000.
Beauchamp, V., Stromberg J.C. Assessment of Hydrologic Alteration of the Lower Verde River and Possible Ecological Consequences. Poster. Fifteenth Meeting of the Arizona Riparian Council. 2001.
Benjamin, L., Van Kira, R.W. Assessing Instream Flows and Reservoir Operations on an Eastern Idaho River. En: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35, 1999, 898-909.
Bovve K. D., Milhous, R. T. Hydraulic Simulation in Instream Flow Studies: Theory and Techniques. Instream Flow Information Paper No. 5. US Fish & Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS, 78-33, 1978.
BRPR - Big Rock Power Partners. California Trout First Stage Consultation Study Recommendations and Comments for the Big Rock Power Partners. FERC Project No. 12113, 2003.
Brizga S.O., et al. Benchmarking, a “Top-Down” Methodology for Assessing Environmental Flows in Australian Rivers. En: Environmental Flows in River Systems. An International Working Conference on Assessment and Implementation, incorporating the 4th International Ecohydraulics Symposium. Conference Proceedings. Cape Town, March 2002.
Campo, Y., Ruiz, D. Determinación del régimen de caudales ecológicos en el río Palacé (Cauca). Tesis de Pregrado en Biología. Popayán: Universidad del Cauca, 2001.
Colombia. Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales - Ideam. Estudio Nacional del Agua. Bogotá, 2000.
Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. Viceministerio de Ambiente. Proyecto de Ley 365 de 2005.
Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. Viceministerio de Ambiente. Resolución 865 de 2004.
Colombia. Presidencia de la República. Decreto Ley 2811 de 1974. Código de los Recursos Naturales Renovables y del Medio Ambiente.
Davis, R., Hirji, R. Environmental Flows: Concepts and Methods. Water Resources and Environment Technical Note C. 1. The World Bank, Series Editors, 1999.
Dangelmaier, G. Importance of natural Flow Variability for Atlantic Salmon in the regulated River Surna, Mid-Norway: An Application of the IHA-Methodology and an Analysis of Habitat Time Series. Diploma thesis at the University of Stuttgart, Dept. of Wasserbau/SINTEF Energy Research, 2004.
Dyson, M., Bergkamp, G., Scanlon, J. Caudal. Elementos esenciales de los caudales ambientales. Tr. José María Blanch. San José: UICN-ORMA. XI, 2003.
Díez, J.M. Metodologías para la estimación de caudales ecológicos. Universidad de Valladolid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias, 2000.
Eisele, M., Steinbrich, A., Leibundgut, C. Assessment of Impacts on Stream Flow Magnitude and Variability based on the Natural Flow Paradigm. Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freidburg, 2003.
Environmental Flow Methologies – EFM. Disponible en: http://www.lk.iwmi.org/ehdb/EFM/efm.asp. Fecha de consulta: mayo de 2005.
Espinoza C., Vargas, X., Pardo, M. Metodología incremental para la asignación de caudales mínimos aconsejables. IFIM. VI Jornadas del CONAPHI-CHILE. (s.f.).
Finch, B. Upstream Dams Disrupt the Delta’s Flow of Life. Mobile, 1998.
Galat, D, Lipkin, R. Characterizing the Natural Flow Regime of the Missouri River Using Historical Variability in Hydrology. Final Report to Missouri Dept. of Conservation, 1999.
Galat, D.L., Lipkin, R. Restoring Ecological Integrity of Great Rivers: historical Hydrographs Aid in Defining Reference Conditions for the Missouri River. En: Hydrobiologia. 442/423, 2000, 29-48.
Gallagher, S.P. Use of Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Modeling to evaluate Channel Rehabilitation in the Trinity River, California. U.S.: Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office, Arcata, CA. 1999.
García de Jalón, D., González del Tánago, M. El concepto de caudal ecológico y criterios para su aplicación en los ríos españoles. Madrid: Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Escuela de Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, s.f.
Gergel, S.E., et al. Landscape Indicators of Human Impacts to Riverine Systems. En: Aquatic Sciences, 64, 2002, 118-128.
Gordon, N., Mac Mahon, XX, Finlayson, XX. Steam Hydrology. An Introduction for Ecologist. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1992.
Global Water Partnership GWP. Agua para el siglo XXI: de la visión a la acción – América del Sur, Estocolmo, Suecia y Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2004.
Homa, E., et al. An Optimization Approach for Balancing Human and Ecological Flow Needs. En: Proceedings of the EWRI 2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Alaska: ASCE, Anchorage, 2005.
Hughes, D.A., Hannart, P. A Desktop Model used to provide an initial Estimate of the Ecological Instream Flow Requirements of Rivers in South Africa. En: Journal of Hydrology 270, 2003, 167-181.
España. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. Caudales mínimos en el Bajo Ebro. Plan Hidrológico Nacional. Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro. Disponible en: http://www.oph.chebro.es. Fecha de consulta: febrero de 2006.
King, J.M., Louw, D. Instream Flow Assessments for Regulated Rivers in South Africa using the Building Block Methodology. En: Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Restoration, 1998.
King, J., Tharme, R., Brown, C. Definition and Implementation of Instream Flows Southern Waters, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Prepared for Thematic Review II.1: Dams, ecosystem functions and environmental restoration. Disponible en: http://www.dams.org/. Fecha de consulta: mayo de 2005.
King, J.M., Tharme, R.E., de Villiers, M.S. (eds.). Environmental Flow Assessments for Rivers: Manual for the Building Block Methodology. Water Research Commission Report TT 131/00, Pretoria, South Africa, 2000.
Korman, J., Perrin, C.J., Lekstrum, T. A Guide for the Selection of Standard Methods for Quantifying Sportfish Habitat Capability and Suitability in Streams and Lakes of British Columbia. Report prepared by Limnotek Research and Development Inc. Vancouver, B.C. for B.C. Environment, Fisheries Branch, Research and Development Section. Vancouver: B.C., 1994.
Kulik, B.H. A Method to Refine the New England Aquatic Base Flow Policy. En: Rivers, 1, 1990, 8-22.
Martín, J., Díez, J. Determinación del régimen de caudales ecológicos en el río Carrión (Palencia) aguas abajo del embalse de Compuerto, empleando la metodología IFIM. II Congreso de Ingeniería del Paisaje. España, 1999.
Olmeda, S., Diez, J. Pautas para el establecimiento de un régimen de caudales ambientales en el río Mandeo (La Coruña). Grupo de Hidráulica e Hidrología. ETS. Ingenierías Agrarias. Madrid: Universidad de Valladolid, s.f.
Orth, D. J., Maughan, E. Evaluation of the Montana Method for Recommending Instream Flows in Oklahoma Streams. En: Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, 61, 1981, 62-66.
Palau, A. Régimen ambiental de caudales: estado del arte. Madrid: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 2003.
Palau, A., Alcázar, J. The Basic Flow: An Alternative Approach to calculate Minimum environmental Instream Flows. En: Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Habitat Hydraulics. Québec:1996, 547-558.
Pyrce, R. Hydrological Low Flow Indices and their Uses. Watershed Science Centre. Trent University. Ontario, Canada. Disponible en: http://www.trentu.ca/wsc. Fecha de consulta: marzo de 2006.
Reiser, D.W., Wesche, T.A., Estes, C. Status of Instream Flow Legislation and Practice in North America. En: Fisheries, 14, 1989, 22-29.
Richardson, B.A. Evaluation of In-Stream Flow Methodologies for Freshwater Fish in New South Wales. En: Campbell, I.C. (ed.). Stream Protection, the Management of Rivers for Instream Uses. Victoria: Water Studies Centre, Chisholm Institute of Technology, 1986. p. 143-167.
Richter, B., Baumgartner, J., Braun, D. How much Water does a River need? En: Freshwater Biology, 37, 1997, 231-249.
Schoeller, S., Sánchez, M. Determining Instream Flow, Analysis of Methods and their Application to the River Ebro in Spain. Tesis en Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. Barcelona: Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, 2005.
Swales, S., Bishop, K.A., Harris, J.H. Assessment of Environmental Flows for native Fish in the Murray-Darling Basin. A Comparison of Methods. En: Environmental Flows Seminar Proceedings, 1994, 184-191.
Susquehanna River Basin Commission. Instream Flow Studies Pennsylvania And Maryland. Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection under Contract ME94002. 1998.
Tennant, D. Instream Flow Regimes for Fish, Wildlife, Recreation and related Environmental Resources. En: Fisheries, 1, 1976, 6-10.
Tharme, R. Review of International Methodologies for the Quantification of the Instream Flow Requirements of Rivers. Water Law Review Final Report for Policy Development for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria, 1996.
USFWS. Habitat Evaluation Procedures. Division Ecological Services. USFWS-EMS 102. Washington. D.C., 1980.
Verweij, M. A propósito del caudal ecológico. Disponible en: http://www.aguabolivia.org/ exportacionAguas/Caudal_Eco.htm. Fecha de consulta: abril de 2005.
Wesche, T. A., Rechard, P. A. A Summary of Instream Flow Methods for Fisheries and Related Research Needs. Water Resources Research Institute, University of Wyoming, Eisenhower Consortium Bull. 9, Laramie, Wyoming, 1980.
—————. Johannesburg Programme of Action. Un documento preparado para la Cumbre sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible. Johannesburgo, 2002.
Arthington, A.H., et al. Development of a Holistic Approach for Assessing Environmental Flow Requirements of Riverine Ecosystems. En: Pigram JJ, Hooper BP (eds). Proceedings of an international Seminar and Workshop on Water Allocation for the Environment. The Centre for Water Policy Research, University of New England. Armidale, Australia, 1992.
Arthington, A.H., Conrick, D.L., Bycroft, B.M. Environmental Study: Barker-Barambah Creek. Volume 2. Scientific Report: Water Quality, Ecology and Water Allocation Strategy. 457 pp. Report for the Water Resources Commission, Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Centre for Catchment and In-Stream Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 1992.
Arthington, A.H., Zalucki, J.M. Comparative Evaluation of Environmental Flow Assessment Techniques: Review of Methods. LWRRDC Occasional Paper 27. 1998.
Armstrong, D.S., Parker, G.W. Assessment of Habitat and Streamflow Requirements for Habitat Protection, Usquepaug-Queen River, Rhode Island, 1999-2000. Open-File Report 02-438. 2003.
Bernardo, J., Alves, M. Contribuição para uma Metodologia de Determinação do Caudal Ecológico em cursos de Água Temporarios. 5º Congresso da Água. Lisboa, Portugal. 25 a 29 de Setembro, 2000.
Beauchamp, V., Stromberg J.C. Assessment of Hydrologic Alteration of the Lower Verde River and Possible Ecological Consequences. Poster. Fifteenth Meeting of the Arizona Riparian Council. 2001.
Benjamin, L., Van Kira, R.W. Assessing Instream Flows and Reservoir Operations on an Eastern Idaho River. En: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35, 1999, 898-909.
Bovve K. D., Milhous, R. T. Hydraulic Simulation in Instream Flow Studies: Theory and Techniques. Instream Flow Information Paper No. 5. US Fish & Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS, 78-33, 1978.
BRPR - Big Rock Power Partners. California Trout First Stage Consultation Study Recommendations and Comments for the Big Rock Power Partners. FERC Project No. 12113, 2003.
Brizga S.O., et al. Benchmarking, a “Top-Down” Methodology for Assessing Environmental Flows in Australian Rivers. En: Environmental Flows in River Systems. An International Working Conference on Assessment and Implementation, incorporating the 4th International Ecohydraulics Symposium. Conference Proceedings. Cape Town, March 2002.
Campo, Y., Ruiz, D. Determinación del régimen de caudales ecológicos en el río Palacé (Cauca). Tesis de Pregrado en Biología. Popayán: Universidad del Cauca, 2001.
Colombia. Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales - Ideam. Estudio Nacional del Agua. Bogotá, 2000.
Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. Viceministerio de Ambiente. Proyecto de Ley 365 de 2005.
Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. Viceministerio de Ambiente. Resolución 865 de 2004.
Colombia. Presidencia de la República. Decreto Ley 2811 de 1974. Código de los Recursos Naturales Renovables y del Medio Ambiente.
Davis, R., Hirji, R. Environmental Flows: Concepts and Methods. Water Resources and Environment Technical Note C. 1. The World Bank, Series Editors, 1999.
Dangelmaier, G. Importance of natural Flow Variability for Atlantic Salmon in the regulated River Surna, Mid-Norway: An Application of the IHA-Methodology and an Analysis of Habitat Time Series. Diploma thesis at the University of Stuttgart, Dept. of Wasserbau/SINTEF Energy Research, 2004.
Dyson, M., Bergkamp, G., Scanlon, J. Caudal. Elementos esenciales de los caudales ambientales. Tr. José María Blanch. San José: UICN-ORMA. XI, 2003.
Díez, J.M. Metodologías para la estimación de caudales ecológicos. Universidad de Valladolid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias, 2000.
Eisele, M., Steinbrich, A., Leibundgut, C. Assessment of Impacts on Stream Flow Magnitude and Variability based on the Natural Flow Paradigm. Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freidburg, 2003.
Environmental Flow Methologies – EFM. Disponible en: http://www.lk.iwmi.org/ehdb/EFM/efm.asp. Fecha de consulta: mayo de 2005.
Espinoza C., Vargas, X., Pardo, M. Metodología incremental para la asignación de caudales mínimos aconsejables. IFIM. VI Jornadas del CONAPHI-CHILE. (s.f.).
Finch, B. Upstream Dams Disrupt the Delta’s Flow of Life. Mobile, 1998.
Galat, D, Lipkin, R. Characterizing the Natural Flow Regime of the Missouri River Using Historical Variability in Hydrology. Final Report to Missouri Dept. of Conservation, 1999.
Galat, D.L., Lipkin, R. Restoring Ecological Integrity of Great Rivers: historical Hydrographs Aid in Defining Reference Conditions for the Missouri River. En: Hydrobiologia. 442/423, 2000, 29-48.
Gallagher, S.P. Use of Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Modeling to evaluate Channel Rehabilitation in the Trinity River, California. U.S.: Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office, Arcata, CA. 1999.
García de Jalón, D., González del Tánago, M. El concepto de caudal ecológico y criterios para su aplicación en los ríos españoles. Madrid: Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Escuela de Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, s.f.
Gergel, S.E., et al. Landscape Indicators of Human Impacts to Riverine Systems. En: Aquatic Sciences, 64, 2002, 118-128.
Gordon, N., Mac Mahon, XX, Finlayson, XX. Steam Hydrology. An Introduction for Ecologist. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1992.
Global Water Partnership GWP. Agua para el siglo XXI: de la visión a la acción – América del Sur, Estocolmo, Suecia y Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2004.
Homa, E., et al. An Optimization Approach for Balancing Human and Ecological Flow Needs. En: Proceedings of the EWRI 2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Alaska: ASCE, Anchorage, 2005.
Hughes, D.A., Hannart, P. A Desktop Model used to provide an initial Estimate of the Ecological Instream Flow Requirements of Rivers in South Africa. En: Journal of Hydrology 270, 2003, 167-181.
España. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. Caudales mínimos en el Bajo Ebro. Plan Hidrológico Nacional. Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro. Disponible en: http://www.oph.chebro.es. Fecha de consulta: febrero de 2006.
King, J.M., Louw, D. Instream Flow Assessments for Regulated Rivers in South Africa using the Building Block Methodology. En: Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Restoration, 1998.
King, J., Tharme, R., Brown, C. Definition and Implementation of Instream Flows Southern Waters, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Prepared for Thematic Review II.1: Dams, ecosystem functions and environmental restoration. Disponible en: http://www.dams.org/. Fecha de consulta: mayo de 2005.
King, J.M., Tharme, R.E., de Villiers, M.S. (eds.). Environmental Flow Assessments for Rivers: Manual for the Building Block Methodology. Water Research Commission Report TT 131/00, Pretoria, South Africa, 2000.
Korman, J., Perrin, C.J., Lekstrum, T. A Guide for the Selection of Standard Methods for Quantifying Sportfish Habitat Capability and Suitability in Streams and Lakes of British Columbia. Report prepared by Limnotek Research and Development Inc. Vancouver, B.C. for B.C. Environment, Fisheries Branch, Research and Development Section. Vancouver: B.C., 1994.
Kulik, B.H. A Method to Refine the New England Aquatic Base Flow Policy. En: Rivers, 1, 1990, 8-22.
Martín, J., Díez, J. Determinación del régimen de caudales ecológicos en el río Carrión (Palencia) aguas abajo del embalse de Compuerto, empleando la metodología IFIM. II Congreso de Ingeniería del Paisaje. España, 1999.
Olmeda, S., Diez, J. Pautas para el establecimiento de un régimen de caudales ambientales en el río Mandeo (La Coruña). Grupo de Hidráulica e Hidrología. ETS. Ingenierías Agrarias. Madrid: Universidad de Valladolid, s.f.
Orth, D. J., Maughan, E. Evaluation of the Montana Method for Recommending Instream Flows in Oklahoma Streams. En: Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, 61, 1981, 62-66.
Palau, A. Régimen ambiental de caudales: estado del arte. Madrid: Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 2003.
Palau, A., Alcázar, J. The Basic Flow: An Alternative Approach to calculate Minimum environmental Instream Flows. En: Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Habitat Hydraulics. Québec:1996, 547-558.
Pyrce, R. Hydrological Low Flow Indices and their Uses. Watershed Science Centre. Trent University. Ontario, Canada. Disponible en: http://www.trentu.ca/wsc. Fecha de consulta: marzo de 2006.
Reiser, D.W., Wesche, T.A., Estes, C. Status of Instream Flow Legislation and Practice in North America. En: Fisheries, 14, 1989, 22-29.
Richardson, B.A. Evaluation of In-Stream Flow Methodologies for Freshwater Fish in New South Wales. En: Campbell, I.C. (ed.). Stream Protection, the Management of Rivers for Instream Uses. Victoria: Water Studies Centre, Chisholm Institute of Technology, 1986. p. 143-167.
Richter, B., Baumgartner, J., Braun, D. How much Water does a River need? En: Freshwater Biology, 37, 1997, 231-249.
Schoeller, S., Sánchez, M. Determining Instream Flow, Analysis of Methods and their Application to the River Ebro in Spain. Tesis en Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. Barcelona: Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, 2005.
Swales, S., Bishop, K.A., Harris, J.H. Assessment of Environmental Flows for native Fish in the Murray-Darling Basin. A Comparison of Methods. En: Environmental Flows Seminar Proceedings, 1994, 184-191.
Susquehanna River Basin Commission. Instream Flow Studies Pennsylvania And Maryland. Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection under Contract ME94002. 1998.
Tennant, D. Instream Flow Regimes for Fish, Wildlife, Recreation and related Environmental Resources. En: Fisheries, 1, 1976, 6-10.
Tharme, R. Review of International Methodologies for the Quantification of the Instream Flow Requirements of Rivers. Water Law Review Final Report for Policy Development for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria, 1996.
USFWS. Habitat Evaluation Procedures. Division Ecological Services. USFWS-EMS 102. Washington. D.C., 1980.
Verweij, M. A propósito del caudal ecológico. Disponible en: http://www.aguabolivia.org/ exportacionAguas/Caudal_Eco.htm. Fecha de consulta: abril de 2005.
Wesche, T. A., Rechard, P. A. A Summary of Instream Flow Methods for Fisheries and Related Research Needs. Water Resources Research Institute, University of Wyoming, Eisenhower Consortium Bull. 9, Laramie, Wyoming, 1980.
—————. Johannesburg Programme of Action. Un documento preparado para la Cumbre sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible. Johannesburgo, 2002.
How to Cite
Castro-Heredia, L. M., Carvajal-Escobar, Y., & Monsalve-Durango, E. A. (2010). Enfoques teóricos para definir el caudal ambiental. Ingenieria Y Universidad, 10(2). Retrieved from https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/iyu/article/view/917
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