Australia y su contribución a la discusión sobre el Patrimonio Cultural Mundial: una teoría, una carta y una categoría
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mar 16, 2022
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Resumen
El presente artículo aborda la manera como Australia ha contribuido a la discusión sobre patrimonio cultural en el mundo en los últimos años. En primer lugar, se presenta el conflicto original entre los colonos británicos y los aborígenes australianos durante el proceso de colonización de Australia, el cual aún se refleja en el proceso de construcción de su identidad y patrimonio cultural. En este proceso se identifican tres tipos de contribuciones: desde la teoría del patrimonio, desde la práctica de la conservación y desde las categorías de patrimonio mundial de la Unesco. Desde la teoría, Laurajane Smith propone que el discurso patrimonial autorizado busca anular los discursos de las minorías, estableciéndose como aquello que es intrínsecamente valioso para ser protegido. Desde la práctica de la conservación del patrimonio, en 1979 surge la Carta de Burra, la cual entiende que la significación cultural es el paso más importante para definir algo como patrimonio. Finalmente, la categoría de paisaje cultural asociativo impulsada desde Australasia surge desde la necesidad de proteger paisajes culturales indígenas con énfasis en las relaciones simbólicas de las comunidades y su territorio, buscando superar el enfoque eurocéntrico y monumentalista.
Keywords
Australia;, cultural heritage;, Authoritative Heritage Discourse;, Burra Charter;, associative cultural landscapeAustralia;, patrimonio cultural;, discurso patrimonial autorizado;, Carta de Burra;, paisaje cultural asociativo
References
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Behrendt, L. (2003). Achieving social justice: Indigenous rights and Australia’s future. The Federation Press.
Byrne, D. (1991). Western hegemony in archaeological heritage management. History and Anthropology, 5(2), 269-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1991.9960815
Castelló, J. (1903). Nociones de geografía. Imprenta de la Exma. Diputación. http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10234/166683/nociones%20de%20geograf%C3%ADa.pdf?sequence=1
Clavir, M. (2002). Preserving what is valued: Museums, conservation, and first nations. UBC Press.
Criado-Boado, F., y Barreiro, D. (2013). El patrimonio era otra cosa. Estudios Atacameños, (45), 05-18. https://revistas.ucn.cl/index.php/estudios-atacamenos/article/view/54
Domicelj, J. (1992). Foreword. En P. Marquis-Kyle y M. Walker (Eds.) The illustrated Burra Charter: Making good decisions about the care of important places. Australia Icomos.
Dudgeon, P., Wright, M., Paradies, Y., Garvey, D., y Walker, I. (2010). The social, cultural and historical context of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. En N. Purdie, P. Dudgeon y R. Walker (Eds.) Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice (pp. 25-42). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306228426_The_social_cultural_and_historical_context_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Australians
Elder, B. (2003). Blood on the wattle: Massacres and maltreatment of Aboriginal Australians since 1788 (3rd ed.). New Holland Publishers (Australia).
Finola, H. (2016). Memorias en conflicto alrededor del museo arqueológico Gustavo Le Paige, en San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/nuevomundo.69148
Fredheim, H., y Khalaf, M. (2016). The significance of values: Heritage value typologies re-examined. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 22(6), 466-481. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13527258.2016.1171247
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International Council on Monuments and Sites. (1964). International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter 1964). http://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (1995). The Asia-Pacific Regional Workshop on Associative Cultural Landscapes. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/cullan95.htm
Jokilehto, J. (1995). Authenticity: A general framework for the concept. En K. E. Larsen (Ed.) Nara Conference on Authenticity, Japan 1994 (pp. 17-34). Unesco World Heritage Centre.
Kowaleski, E. (2006). The British slave trade and public memory. Columbia University Press.
Lowenthal, D. (1995). Changing criteria for authenticity. En K. E. Larsen (Ed.), Nara Conference on Authenticity, Japan 1994 (pp. 121-136). Unesco World Heritage Centre.
Mason, R. (2002). Assessing Values in Conservation Planning: Methodological Issues and Choices. In M. De la Torre (Ed.), Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage (pp. 5-30). The Getty Conservation Institute.
Mitchell, N., Rössler, M., & Tricaud, P. (2009). World Heritage Cultural Landscapes. A Handbook for Conservation and Management. http://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_wh_papers_26_en.pdf
Mitlin, D., y Satterthwaite, D. (2013). Urban poverty in the global south: Scale and nature. Routledge.
Morris, N., y Rothman, D. (Eds.). (1995). The Oxford history of the prison: The practice of punishment in Western society. Oxford University Press.
National Museum of Australia. (2008a). How did Aboriginal Australians resist British colonisation? Investigating four case studies at the National Museum of Australia. http://www.nma.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/131141/Resisting_colonisation_bw_Oct2012.pdf
National Museum of Australia. (2008b). National apology. 2008: National apology to the stolen generations. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/national-apology#:~:text=On%2013%20February%202008%20Prime,child%20removal%20and%20Indigenous%20assimilation
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2018). How’s life in Australia? https://www.oecd.org/australia/Better-Life-Initiative-country-note-Australia.pdf
Ørsted-Jensen, R. (2011). Frontier history revisited: Colonial Queensland and the ‘history war’. Lux Mundi Publishing.
Ortega, A. (2016). Paisajes culturales indígenas y cambio climático en la gestión territorial de Australia: Desafíos y oportunidades. Revista Planeo, (28). http://revistaplaneo.cl/2016/07/15/paisajes-culturales-indigenas-y-cambio-climaticos-en-la-gestion-territorial-de-australia-desafios-y-oportunidades/
Perry, M., Chase, M., Jacob, J., Jacob, M., y Daly, J. (2015). Western civilization: Ideas, politics, and society: Since 1400. Cengage Learning.
Poulios, I. (2010). Moving beyond a values-based approach to heritage conservation. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 12(2), 170-185. https://doi.org/10.1179/175355210X12792909186539
Reconciliation Australia. (2014). 3 June: The Mabo decision. https://www.reconciliation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/NRW2014_3-June-Mabo_FactS.pdf
Rössler, M. (2006). World heritage cultural landscapes: A Unesco flagship programme 1992-2006. Landscape Research, 31(4), 333-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426390601004210
Smith, L. (2006). Uses of heritage. Routledge.
Smith, L. (2011). El “espejo patrimonial”. ¿Ilusión narcisista o reflexiones múltiples? Antípoda, 12(12), 39-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7440/antipoda12.2011.04
Tatz, C. (1999). Genocide in Australia. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/research_pub/tatzc-dp08-genocide-in-australia.pdf
Tunbridge, J., y Ashworth, G. (1996). Dissonant heritage: The management of the past as a resource in conflict. Wiley.
Unesco. (1972). Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, November 16, 1972, Paris. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf
Unesco. (1992). Report of the expert group on cultural landscapes. La Petite Pierre (France) 24-26 October 1992. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/pierre92.htm
Unesco. (1993). Decision: CONF 002 XI Inscription: Tongariro National Park (New Zealand). https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/3344
Unesco. (1994). Uluru Kata Tjuta National Park. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/447rev.pdf
Unesco. (2001). Information document: Report of the Thematic Expert Meeting on Asia-Pacific Sacred Mountains (Wakayama, Japan, 5 to 10 September 2001). https://whc.unesco.org/document/115933
Unesco. (2008a). Anexo 3. Directrices para la inscripción de tipos específicos de bienes en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial. En Directrices prácticas para la aplicación de la Convención del Patrimonio Mundial. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide08-es.pdf
Unesco. (2008b). Annex 3. Guidelines on the inscription of specific types of properties on the World Heritage List. En Operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide08-en.pdf#annex3
Unesco. (2009). CCBP: Programa de Desarrollo de Capacidades para el Caribe para el Patrimonio Mundial, Módulo 4: Paisajes Culturales. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000217017
Unesco. (2011). Recomendación sobre el paisaje urbano histórico, con inclusión de un glosario de definiciones. http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.php-URL_ID=48857&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Unesco. (2014). Gestión del patrimonio mundial cultural. Manual de referencia. https://whc.unesco.org/document/130490
Walker, M., y Marquis-Kyle, P. (2004). The illustrated Burra Charter: Good practice for heritage places. Australia Icomos.
Waterton, E., y Smith, L. (2010). The recognition and misrecognition of community heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 16(1-2), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250903441671
Waterton, E., Smith, L., y Campbell, G. (2006). The utility of discourse analysis to heritage studies: The Burra Charter and social inclusion. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 12(4), 339-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250600727000
Winter, T. (2014). Beyond eurocentrism? Heritage conservation and the politics of difference. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 20(2), 123-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2012.736403
Araoz, G. F. (2011). Preserving heritage places under a new paradigm. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1108/20441261111129933
Australia International Council on Monuments and Sites. (1999). Burra Charter archival documents: The Burra Charter 1999. https://australia.icomos.org/publications/burra-charter-practice-notes/burra-charter-archival-documents/
Australia International Council on Monuments and Sites. (2013). The Burra Charter. The Australia Icomos Charter for Places of Cultural Significance [actualizado]. https://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31.10.2013.pdf
Australian Government. (2010). Management Plan 2010-2020. Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Uluru-Kata Tjuta Board of Management. https://www.environment.gov.au/resource/management-plan-2010-2020-uluru-kata-tjuta-national-park
Australian Government. (2015). The Australian continent. https://info.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/the-australian-continent
Australian Government. (2020a). Our natural environment. https://info.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/our-natural-environment
Australian Government. (2020b). World heritage places - Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment. https://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/uluru
Australian Human Rights Commission. (2020). About constitutional recognition. https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/about-constitutional-recognition
Behrendt, L. (2003). Achieving social justice: Indigenous rights and Australia’s future. The Federation Press.
Byrne, D. (1991). Western hegemony in archaeological heritage management. History and Anthropology, 5(2), 269-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1991.9960815
Castelló, J. (1903). Nociones de geografía. Imprenta de la Exma. Diputación. http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10234/166683/nociones%20de%20geograf%C3%ADa.pdf?sequence=1
Clavir, M. (2002). Preserving what is valued: Museums, conservation, and first nations. UBC Press.
Criado-Boado, F., y Barreiro, D. (2013). El patrimonio era otra cosa. Estudios Atacameños, (45), 05-18. https://revistas.ucn.cl/index.php/estudios-atacamenos/article/view/54
Domicelj, J. (1992). Foreword. En P. Marquis-Kyle y M. Walker (Eds.) The illustrated Burra Charter: Making good decisions about the care of important places. Australia Icomos.
Dudgeon, P., Wright, M., Paradies, Y., Garvey, D., y Walker, I. (2010). The social, cultural and historical context of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. En N. Purdie, P. Dudgeon y R. Walker (Eds.) Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice (pp. 25-42). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306228426_The_social_cultural_and_historical_context_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Australians
Elder, B. (2003). Blood on the wattle: Massacres and maltreatment of Aboriginal Australians since 1788 (3rd ed.). New Holland Publishers (Australia).
Finola, H. (2016). Memorias en conflicto alrededor del museo arqueológico Gustavo Le Paige, en San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/nuevomundo.69148
Fredheim, H., y Khalaf, M. (2016). The significance of values: Heritage value typologies re-examined. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 22(6), 466-481. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13527258.2016.1171247
Get Parliament. (s. f.). The Australian Constitution: Systems of government in Australia, Britain and United States. https://getparliament.peo.gov.au/the-australian-constitution/systems-of-government-in-australia-britain-and-united-states
Hollington, A., Tappe, O., Salverda, T., y Schwarz, T. (2015). Introduction: Concepts of the global south. Global South Studies Center. https://web.archive.org/web/20160904205139/http://gssc.uni-koeln.de/node/451
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (1964). International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter 1964). http://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (1995). The Asia-Pacific Regional Workshop on Associative Cultural Landscapes. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/cullan95.htm
Jokilehto, J. (1995). Authenticity: A general framework for the concept. En K. E. Larsen (Ed.) Nara Conference on Authenticity, Japan 1994 (pp. 17-34). Unesco World Heritage Centre.
Kowaleski, E. (2006). The British slave trade and public memory. Columbia University Press.
Lowenthal, D. (1995). Changing criteria for authenticity. En K. E. Larsen (Ed.), Nara Conference on Authenticity, Japan 1994 (pp. 121-136). Unesco World Heritage Centre.
Mason, R. (2002). Assessing Values in Conservation Planning: Methodological Issues and Choices. In M. De la Torre (Ed.), Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage (pp. 5-30). The Getty Conservation Institute.
Mitchell, N., Rössler, M., & Tricaud, P. (2009). World Heritage Cultural Landscapes. A Handbook for Conservation and Management. http://whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_wh_papers_26_en.pdf
Mitlin, D., y Satterthwaite, D. (2013). Urban poverty in the global south: Scale and nature. Routledge.
Morris, N., y Rothman, D. (Eds.). (1995). The Oxford history of the prison: The practice of punishment in Western society. Oxford University Press.
National Museum of Australia. (2008a). How did Aboriginal Australians resist British colonisation? Investigating four case studies at the National Museum of Australia. http://www.nma.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/131141/Resisting_colonisation_bw_Oct2012.pdf
National Museum of Australia. (2008b). National apology. 2008: National apology to the stolen generations. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/national-apology#:~:text=On%2013%20February%202008%20Prime,child%20removal%20and%20Indigenous%20assimilation
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2018). How’s life in Australia? https://www.oecd.org/australia/Better-Life-Initiative-country-note-Australia.pdf
Ørsted-Jensen, R. (2011). Frontier history revisited: Colonial Queensland and the ‘history war’. Lux Mundi Publishing.
Ortega, A. (2016). Paisajes culturales indígenas y cambio climático en la gestión territorial de Australia: Desafíos y oportunidades. Revista Planeo, (28). http://revistaplaneo.cl/2016/07/15/paisajes-culturales-indigenas-y-cambio-climaticos-en-la-gestion-territorial-de-australia-desafios-y-oportunidades/
Perry, M., Chase, M., Jacob, J., Jacob, M., y Daly, J. (2015). Western civilization: Ideas, politics, and society: Since 1400. Cengage Learning.
Poulios, I. (2010). Moving beyond a values-based approach to heritage conservation. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 12(2), 170-185. https://doi.org/10.1179/175355210X12792909186539
Reconciliation Australia. (2014). 3 June: The Mabo decision. https://www.reconciliation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/NRW2014_3-June-Mabo_FactS.pdf
Rössler, M. (2006). World heritage cultural landscapes: A Unesco flagship programme 1992-2006. Landscape Research, 31(4), 333-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426390601004210
Smith, L. (2006). Uses of heritage. Routledge.
Smith, L. (2011). El “espejo patrimonial”. ¿Ilusión narcisista o reflexiones múltiples? Antípoda, 12(12), 39-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7440/antipoda12.2011.04
Tatz, C. (1999). Genocide in Australia. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/research_pub/tatzc-dp08-genocide-in-australia.pdf
Tunbridge, J., y Ashworth, G. (1996). Dissonant heritage: The management of the past as a resource in conflict. Wiley.
Unesco. (1972). Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, November 16, 1972, Paris. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf
Unesco. (1992). Report of the expert group on cultural landscapes. La Petite Pierre (France) 24-26 October 1992. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/pierre92.htm
Unesco. (1993). Decision: CONF 002 XI Inscription: Tongariro National Park (New Zealand). https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/3344
Unesco. (1994). Uluru Kata Tjuta National Park. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/447rev.pdf
Unesco. (2001). Information document: Report of the Thematic Expert Meeting on Asia-Pacific Sacred Mountains (Wakayama, Japan, 5 to 10 September 2001). https://whc.unesco.org/document/115933
Unesco. (2008a). Anexo 3. Directrices para la inscripción de tipos específicos de bienes en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial. En Directrices prácticas para la aplicación de la Convención del Patrimonio Mundial. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide08-es.pdf
Unesco. (2008b). Annex 3. Guidelines on the inscription of specific types of properties on the World Heritage List. En Operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide08-en.pdf#annex3
Unesco. (2009). CCBP: Programa de Desarrollo de Capacidades para el Caribe para el Patrimonio Mundial, Módulo 4: Paisajes Culturales. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000217017
Unesco. (2011). Recomendación sobre el paisaje urbano histórico, con inclusión de un glosario de definiciones. http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.php-URL_ID=48857&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Unesco. (2014). Gestión del patrimonio mundial cultural. Manual de referencia. https://whc.unesco.org/document/130490
Walker, M., y Marquis-Kyle, P. (2004). The illustrated Burra Charter: Good practice for heritage places. Australia Icomos.
Waterton, E., y Smith, L. (2010). The recognition and misrecognition of community heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 16(1-2), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250903441671
Waterton, E., Smith, L., y Campbell, G. (2006). The utility of discourse analysis to heritage studies: The Burra Charter and social inclusion. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 12(4), 339-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250600727000
Winter, T. (2014). Beyond eurocentrism? Heritage conservation and the politics of difference. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 20(2), 123-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2012.736403
Cómo citar
Ortega, A. (2022). Australia y su contribución a la discusión sobre el Patrimonio Cultural Mundial: una teoría, una carta y una categoría. Apuntes: Revista De Estudios Sobre Patrimonio Cultural, 34, 29. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.apu34.acdp
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