Análisis cualitativo sobre la movilidad al trabajo en bicicleta: Comparación de dos ciudades con diferentes infraestructuras y políticas ciclistas
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sep 20, 2016
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Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio cualitativo sobre la valoración de la bicicleta como modo de transporte para viajar al lugar de trabajo. Se llevaron a cabo veintiuna entrevistas semi-estructuradas, en dos ciudades españolas, Vitoria-Gasteiz y Madrid, con diferentes infraestructuras ciclistas y porcentajes de uso. La categorización e interpretación de los resultados se realizó bajo el marco de la teoría de la acción planificada (Ajzen, 1991). Los resultados indican que la bicicleta se considera un modo fiable y flexible en términos instrumentales, y que facilitar información objetiva acerca de dichas ventajas podría incrementar su atractivo entre los no usuarios. Otros beneficios de carácter intrínseco, como sus efectos sobre la forma física, son muy valorados. Los beneficios del uso de la bicicleta sobre el medio ambiente no parecen ser aspectos que motiven, de forma directa, a su utilización. Estas creencias simbólicas sí contribuyen a su revaloración como modo de transporte, y pueden incrementar la aceptación de políticas públicas que lo favorezcan. El análisis también muestra una imagen prototípica del usuario de la bicicleta como alguien joven, activo y consciente. La percepción de riesgo de accidente es el principal obstáculo para el no usuario, no así entre los usuarios. Estos realizan atribuciones internas respecto a su seguridad personal, y eligen rutas con menos tráfico, manejando la bicicleta de una forma más segura. Las creencias de control permiten distinguir entre aquellas asociadas con factores externos (carriles-bici, servicios de préstamo de bicicletas) de las atribuidas a factores internos (percepción de autoeficacia para afrontar inconvenientes, como indumentaria, climatología o inseguridad). Dar a conocer estas estrategias de afrontamiento a aquellas personas que contemplan la posibilidad de utilizar la bicicleta, pueden elevar su motivación. Estos resultados pueden ser especialmente útiles a la hora de diseñar instrumentos de medida, que consideren estas diferencias en percepción de control.
Keywords
Cycling, Qualitative research, Attitudes, Planned Behavior Modelmovilidad ciclista, investigación cualitativa, actitudes, teoría de la acción planificada
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Anable, J., & Gatersleben, B. (2005). All work and no play? The role of instrumental and affective factors in work and leisure journeys by different travel modes. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(2-3), 163–181. doi:10.1016/j. tra.2004.09.008
Antaki, C., Billig, M., Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (2003). Discourse analysis means doing analysis: A critique of six analytic shortcomings. Discourse Analysis Online, 1(1), pp. 1-14. Retrieved from https:// dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/handle/2134/633
Bamberg, S., Fujii, S., Friman, M., & Gärling, T. (2011). Behaviour theory and soft transport policy measures. Transport Policy, 18(1), 228–235. doi:10.1016/j. tranpol.2010.08.006
Bamberg, S., Hunecke, M., & Blöbaum, A. (2007). Social context, personal norms and the use of public transportation: Two field studies. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(3), 190–203. doi:10.1016/j. jenvp.2007.04.001
Bergström, A., & Magnusson, R. (2003). Potential of transferring car trips to bicycle during winter. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 37(8), 649–666. doi:10.1016/S0965- 8564(03)00012-0
Börjesson, M., & Eliasson, J. (2012). The value of time and external benefits in bicycle appraisal. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(4), 673–683. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2012.01.006
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Buys, L., & Miller, E. (2011). Conceptualising convenience: Transportation practices and perceptions of inner-urban high density residents in Brisbane, Australia. Transport Policy, 18(1), 289–297. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.08.012
City of Madrid. (2007). Plan Director de Movilidad Ciclista de Madrid. 01 Diagnóstico de la movilidad ciclista / Madrid Cycling Plan. 01 Analysis of cycling mobility.
City of Madrid. (2013). 5o Informe del Estado de la Movilidad de la Ciudad de Madrid 2012. Madrid, Spain.
City of Vitoria-Gasteiz. (2007). Plan de Movilidad y Espacio Público en Vitoria-Gasteiz / Sustainable Mobility and Public Space Plan.
City of Vitoria-Gasteiz. (2011). Encuesta domiciliaria de movilidad / Household Mobility Survey.
CRTM. (2006). Encuesta Domiciliaria de Movilidad en día laborable de 2004 en la Comunidad de Madrid. Resumen de resultados / Household Mobility Survey 2004 of Madrid Region. Summary of Results. Madrid, Spain.
Daley, M., & Rissel, C. (2011). Perspectives and images of cycling as a barrier or facilitator of cycling. Transport Policy, 18(1), 211–216. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.08.004
Davies, D., Gray, S., Gardner, G., & Harland, G. (2001). A quantitative study of the attitudes of individuals to cycling. TRL Report 481. Transport Research Laboratory: Crowthorne.
De Bruijn, G.-J., Kremers, S. P. J., Singh, A., van den Putte, B., & van Mechelen, W. (2009). Adult active transportation: adding habit strength to the theory of planned behavior. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(3), 189–194. doi:10.1016/j. amepre.2008.10.019
De Geus, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Jannes, C., & Meeusen, R. (2008). Psychosocial and environmental factors associated with cycling for transport among a working population. Health Education Research, 23(4), 697–708. doi:10.1093/her/cym055
Dittmar, H. (1992). The Social Psychology of Material Possessions: To Have is to be. London. Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Ennis, R., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Attitudes, advertising, and automobiles: a functional approach. Advances in Consumer Research, 20, 662–666.
Ennis, R., & Zanna, M. P. (2000). Attitude function and the automobile. In G. R. Maio & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes (pp. 395–415). Lawrence Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ.
Evans, G. W., Wener, R. E., & Phillips, D. (2002). The Morning Rush Hour: Predictability and Commuter Stress. Environment and Behavior, 34(4), 521–530. doi:10.1177/00116502034004007
Fernández-Heredia, Á. (2012, April 19). El Potencial de las Variables Latentes en Modelos Explicativos del Uso de la Bicicleta. E.T.S.I. Caminos, Canales y Puertos (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
Fernández-Heredia, Á., Monzón, A., & Jara-Díaz, S. (2013). Understanding Cyclists’ perceptions, keys for a successful bicycle promotion. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Fishman, E., Washington, S., & Haworth, N. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to public bicycle scheme use: A qualitative approach. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(6), 686–698. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.08.002
García-Palomares, J. C., Gutiérrez, J., & Latorre, M. (2012). Optimizing the location of stations in bike-sharing programs: A GIS approach. Applied Geography, 35(1-2), 235–246. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.07.002
Gardner, B., & Abraham, C. (2010). Going Green? Modeling the Impact of Environmental Concerns and Perceptions of Transportation Alternatives on Decisions to Drive. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(4), 831–849. doi:10.1111/j.1559- 1816.2010.00600.x
Gatersleben, B., & Appleton, K. M. (2007). Contemplating cycling to work: Attitudes and perceptions in different stages of change. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(4), 302–312. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2006.09.002
Gatersleben, B., & Haddad, H. (2010). Who is the typical bicyclist? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 13(1), 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2009.10.003
Gatersleben, B., & Steg, L. (2012). Affective and symbolic aspects of environmental behaviour. In L. Steg, A. E. van den Berg, & J. I. de Groot (Eds.), Environmental psychology: An introduction (pp. 166–174). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
Goodman, A., Guell, C., Panter, J. R., Jones, N. R., & Ogilvie, D. (2012). Healthy travel and the socioeconomic structure of car commuting in Cambridge, UK: a mixed-methods analysis. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 74(12), 1929–1938. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.042
Hammersley, M. (2002). The relationship between qualitative and quantitative research: paradigm loyalty versus methodological eclecticism. BPS Blackwell.
Heinen, E., & Handy, S. L. (2012). Similarities in Attitudes and Norms and the Effect on Bicycle Commuting: Evidence from the Bicycle Cities Davis and Delft. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 6(5), 257–281. doi:10.1080/155683 18.2011.593695
Heinen, E., Maat, K., & van Wee, B. (2011). The role of attitudes toward characteristics of bicycle commuting on the choice to cycle to work over various distances. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 16(2), 102–109. doi:10.1016/j. trd.2010.08.010
Heinen, E., Maat, K., & Wee, B. (2013). The effect of work-related factors on the bicycle commute mode choice in the Netherlands. Transportation, 40(1), 23–43. doi:10.1007/s11116-012-9399-4
Heinen, E., van Wee, B., & Maat, K. (2010). Commuting by Bicycle: An Overview of the Literature. Transport Reviews, 30(1), 59–96. doi:10.1080/01441640903187001
Horton, D. (2007). Chapter 7 - Fear of cycling. In D. Horton, P. Cox, & P. Rosen (Eds.), Cycling and society. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Huey, J., & Everett, P. (1996). Immediate Benefits: The Reason for the Car’s Success and Transit’s Failure. Transportation Research Record, 1521(1), 65–70. doi:10.3141/1521-09
Jacobsen, P. L., Racioppi, F., & Rutter, H. (2009). Who owns the roads? How motorised traffic discourages walking and bicycling. Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 15(6), 369–373. doi:10.1136/ ip.2009.022566
Jacobson, S. H., King, D. M., & Yuan, R. (2011). A note on the relationship between obesity and driving. Transport Policy, 18(5), 772–776. doi:10.1016/j. tranpol.2011.03.008
Kraft, P., Rise, J., Sutton, S., & Røysamb, E. (2005). Perceived difficulty in the theory of planned behaviour: perceived behavioural control or affective attitude? The British Journal of Social Psychology / the British Psychological Society, 44(Pt 3), 479–496. doi:10.1348/014466604X17533
Mannetti, L., Pierro, A., & Livi, S. (2004). Recycling: Planned and self-expressive behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(2), 227–236. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.01.002
McKenna, J., & Whatling, M. (2007). Qualitative accounts of urban commuter cycling. Health Education, 107(5), 448–462. doi:10.1108/09654280710778583
Monzón, A., Vega Baez, L. A., & Lopez-Lambas, M. E. (2011). Potential to attract drivers out of their cars in dense urban areas. European Transport Research Review, 3(3), 129–137. doi:10.1007/s12544- 011-0054-5
Murphy, E., & Usher, J. (2013). The Role of BicycleSharing in the City: Analysis of the Irish Experience. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 130531132753002. doi:10.1080/155683 18.2012.748855
Nadal, L. (2007). Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris Off Its Feet. Sustainable Transport, (19), 8–12.
Parkin, J., Wardman, M., & Page, M. (2007). Estimation of the determinants of bicycle mode share for the journey to work using census data. Transportation, 35(1), 93–109. doi:10.1007/s11116-007-9137-5
Pucher, J., Dill, J., & Handy, S. L. (2010). Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: an international review. Preventive Medicine, 50 Suppl 1, S106–S125. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.028
Romero, C. (2008, December). Spicycles in Barcelona. PowerPoint Presentation by City of Barcelona at the Spicycles Conference, Bucharest, Romania.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. doi:10.1037/h0077714
Steg, L. (2005). Car use: lust and must. Instrumental, symbolic and affective motives for car use. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(2- 3), 147–162. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2004.07.001
Steinbach, R., Green, J., Datta, J., & Edwards, P. (2011). Cycling and the city: a case study of how gendered, ethnic and class identities can shape healthy transport choices. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 72(7), 1123–1130. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.033
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology. Handbook of Qualitative Research, 273–285.
Van Bekkum, J. E., Williams, J. M., & Morris, P. G. (2011). Employees’ perceptions of cycle commuting: a qualitative study. Health Education, 111(3), 198–215. doi:10.1108/09654281111123484
Vega Baez, L. A. (2006, April 27). Beneficios socio-ambientales de estrategias de movilidad sostenible en el centro de la ciudades : aplicación al caso de Madrid. E.T.S.I. Caminos, Canales y Puertos (UPM).
Winters, M., Davidson, G., Kao, D., & Teschke, K. (2011). Motivators and deterrents of bicycling: comparing influences on decisions to ride. Transportation, 38(1), 153–168. doi:10.1007/s11116-010- 9284-y
Xing, Y., Handy, S. L., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2010). Factors associated with proportions and miles of bicycling for transportation and recreation in six small US cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 15(2), 73–81. doi:10.1016/j. trd.2009.09.004
Anable, J., & Gatersleben, B. (2005). All work and no play? The role of instrumental and affective factors in work and leisure journeys by different travel modes. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(2-3), 163–181. doi:10.1016/j. tra.2004.09.008
Antaki, C., Billig, M., Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (2003). Discourse analysis means doing analysis: A critique of six analytic shortcomings. Discourse Analysis Online, 1(1), pp. 1-14. Retrieved from https:// dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/handle/2134/633
Bamberg, S., Fujii, S., Friman, M., & Gärling, T. (2011). Behaviour theory and soft transport policy measures. Transport Policy, 18(1), 228–235. doi:10.1016/j. tranpol.2010.08.006
Bamberg, S., Hunecke, M., & Blöbaum, A. (2007). Social context, personal norms and the use of public transportation: Two field studies. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(3), 190–203. doi:10.1016/j. jenvp.2007.04.001
Bergström, A., & Magnusson, R. (2003). Potential of transferring car trips to bicycle during winter. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 37(8), 649–666. doi:10.1016/S0965- 8564(03)00012-0
Börjesson, M., & Eliasson, J. (2012). The value of time and external benefits in bicycle appraisal. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(4), 673–683. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2012.01.006
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Buys, L., & Miller, E. (2011). Conceptualising convenience: Transportation practices and perceptions of inner-urban high density residents in Brisbane, Australia. Transport Policy, 18(1), 289–297. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.08.012
City of Madrid. (2007). Plan Director de Movilidad Ciclista de Madrid. 01 Diagnóstico de la movilidad ciclista / Madrid Cycling Plan. 01 Analysis of cycling mobility.
City of Madrid. (2013). 5o Informe del Estado de la Movilidad de la Ciudad de Madrid 2012. Madrid, Spain.
City of Vitoria-Gasteiz. (2007). Plan de Movilidad y Espacio Público en Vitoria-Gasteiz / Sustainable Mobility and Public Space Plan.
City of Vitoria-Gasteiz. (2011). Encuesta domiciliaria de movilidad / Household Mobility Survey.
CRTM. (2006). Encuesta Domiciliaria de Movilidad en día laborable de 2004 en la Comunidad de Madrid. Resumen de resultados / Household Mobility Survey 2004 of Madrid Region. Summary of Results. Madrid, Spain.
Daley, M., & Rissel, C. (2011). Perspectives and images of cycling as a barrier or facilitator of cycling. Transport Policy, 18(1), 211–216. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.08.004
Davies, D., Gray, S., Gardner, G., & Harland, G. (2001). A quantitative study of the attitudes of individuals to cycling. TRL Report 481. Transport Research Laboratory: Crowthorne.
De Bruijn, G.-J., Kremers, S. P. J., Singh, A., van den Putte, B., & van Mechelen, W. (2009). Adult active transportation: adding habit strength to the theory of planned behavior. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(3), 189–194. doi:10.1016/j. amepre.2008.10.019
De Geus, B., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Jannes, C., & Meeusen, R. (2008). Psychosocial and environmental factors associated with cycling for transport among a working population. Health Education Research, 23(4), 697–708. doi:10.1093/her/cym055
Dittmar, H. (1992). The Social Psychology of Material Possessions: To Have is to be. London. Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Ennis, R., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Attitudes, advertising, and automobiles: a functional approach. Advances in Consumer Research, 20, 662–666.
Ennis, R., & Zanna, M. P. (2000). Attitude function and the automobile. In G. R. Maio & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes (pp. 395–415). Lawrence Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ.
Evans, G. W., Wener, R. E., & Phillips, D. (2002). The Morning Rush Hour: Predictability and Commuter Stress. Environment and Behavior, 34(4), 521–530. doi:10.1177/00116502034004007
Fernández-Heredia, Á. (2012, April 19). El Potencial de las Variables Latentes en Modelos Explicativos del Uso de la Bicicleta. E.T.S.I. Caminos, Canales y Puertos (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
Fernández-Heredia, Á., Monzón, A., & Jara-Díaz, S. (2013). Understanding Cyclists’ perceptions, keys for a successful bicycle promotion. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Fishman, E., Washington, S., & Haworth, N. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to public bicycle scheme use: A qualitative approach. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(6), 686–698. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.08.002
García-Palomares, J. C., Gutiérrez, J., & Latorre, M. (2012). Optimizing the location of stations in bike-sharing programs: A GIS approach. Applied Geography, 35(1-2), 235–246. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.07.002
Gardner, B., & Abraham, C. (2010). Going Green? Modeling the Impact of Environmental Concerns and Perceptions of Transportation Alternatives on Decisions to Drive. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(4), 831–849. doi:10.1111/j.1559- 1816.2010.00600.x
Gatersleben, B., & Appleton, K. M. (2007). Contemplating cycling to work: Attitudes and perceptions in different stages of change. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(4), 302–312. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2006.09.002
Gatersleben, B., & Haddad, H. (2010). Who is the typical bicyclist? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 13(1), 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2009.10.003
Gatersleben, B., & Steg, L. (2012). Affective and symbolic aspects of environmental behaviour. In L. Steg, A. E. van den Berg, & J. I. de Groot (Eds.), Environmental psychology: An introduction (pp. 166–174). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
Goodman, A., Guell, C., Panter, J. R., Jones, N. R., & Ogilvie, D. (2012). Healthy travel and the socioeconomic structure of car commuting in Cambridge, UK: a mixed-methods analysis. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 74(12), 1929–1938. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.042
Hammersley, M. (2002). The relationship between qualitative and quantitative research: paradigm loyalty versus methodological eclecticism. BPS Blackwell.
Heinen, E., & Handy, S. L. (2012). Similarities in Attitudes and Norms and the Effect on Bicycle Commuting: Evidence from the Bicycle Cities Davis and Delft. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 6(5), 257–281. doi:10.1080/155683 18.2011.593695
Heinen, E., Maat, K., & van Wee, B. (2011). The role of attitudes toward characteristics of bicycle commuting on the choice to cycle to work over various distances. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 16(2), 102–109. doi:10.1016/j. trd.2010.08.010
Heinen, E., Maat, K., & Wee, B. (2013). The effect of work-related factors on the bicycle commute mode choice in the Netherlands. Transportation, 40(1), 23–43. doi:10.1007/s11116-012-9399-4
Heinen, E., van Wee, B., & Maat, K. (2010). Commuting by Bicycle: An Overview of the Literature. Transport Reviews, 30(1), 59–96. doi:10.1080/01441640903187001
Horton, D. (2007). Chapter 7 - Fear of cycling. In D. Horton, P. Cox, & P. Rosen (Eds.), Cycling and society. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Huey, J., & Everett, P. (1996). Immediate Benefits: The Reason for the Car’s Success and Transit’s Failure. Transportation Research Record, 1521(1), 65–70. doi:10.3141/1521-09
Jacobsen, P. L., Racioppi, F., & Rutter, H. (2009). Who owns the roads? How motorised traffic discourages walking and bicycling. Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 15(6), 369–373. doi:10.1136/ ip.2009.022566
Jacobson, S. H., King, D. M., & Yuan, R. (2011). A note on the relationship between obesity and driving. Transport Policy, 18(5), 772–776. doi:10.1016/j. tranpol.2011.03.008
Kraft, P., Rise, J., Sutton, S., & Røysamb, E. (2005). Perceived difficulty in the theory of planned behaviour: perceived behavioural control or affective attitude? The British Journal of Social Psychology / the British Psychological Society, 44(Pt 3), 479–496. doi:10.1348/014466604X17533
Mannetti, L., Pierro, A., & Livi, S. (2004). Recycling: Planned and self-expressive behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(2), 227–236. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.01.002
McKenna, J., & Whatling, M. (2007). Qualitative accounts of urban commuter cycling. Health Education, 107(5), 448–462. doi:10.1108/09654280710778583
Monzón, A., Vega Baez, L. A., & Lopez-Lambas, M. E. (2011). Potential to attract drivers out of their cars in dense urban areas. European Transport Research Review, 3(3), 129–137. doi:10.1007/s12544- 011-0054-5
Murphy, E., & Usher, J. (2013). The Role of BicycleSharing in the City: Analysis of the Irish Experience. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 130531132753002. doi:10.1080/155683 18.2012.748855
Nadal, L. (2007). Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris Off Its Feet. Sustainable Transport, (19), 8–12.
Parkin, J., Wardman, M., & Page, M. (2007). Estimation of the determinants of bicycle mode share for the journey to work using census data. Transportation, 35(1), 93–109. doi:10.1007/s11116-007-9137-5
Pucher, J., Dill, J., & Handy, S. L. (2010). Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: an international review. Preventive Medicine, 50 Suppl 1, S106–S125. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.028
Romero, C. (2008, December). Spicycles in Barcelona. PowerPoint Presentation by City of Barcelona at the Spicycles Conference, Bucharest, Romania.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. doi:10.1037/h0077714
Steg, L. (2005). Car use: lust and must. Instrumental, symbolic and affective motives for car use. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(2- 3), 147–162. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2004.07.001
Steinbach, R., Green, J., Datta, J., & Edwards, P. (2011). Cycling and the city: a case study of how gendered, ethnic and class identities can shape healthy transport choices. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 72(7), 1123–1130. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.033
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology. Handbook of Qualitative Research, 273–285.
Van Bekkum, J. E., Williams, J. M., & Morris, P. G. (2011). Employees’ perceptions of cycle commuting: a qualitative study. Health Education, 111(3), 198–215. doi:10.1108/09654281111123484
Vega Baez, L. A. (2006, April 27). Beneficios socio-ambientales de estrategias de movilidad sostenible en el centro de la ciudades : aplicación al caso de Madrid. E.T.S.I. Caminos, Canales y Puertos (UPM).
Winters, M., Davidson, G., Kao, D., & Teschke, K. (2011). Motivators and deterrents of bicycling: comparing influences on decisions to ride. Transportation, 38(1), 153–168. doi:10.1007/s11116-010- 9284-y
Xing, Y., Handy, S. L., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2010). Factors associated with proportions and miles of bicycling for transportation and recreation in six small US cities. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 15(2), 73–81. doi:10.1016/j. trd.2009.09.004
Cómo citar
Lois, D., López-Sáez, M., & Rondinella, G. (2016). Análisis cualitativo sobre la movilidad al trabajo en bicicleta: Comparación de dos ciudades con diferentes infraestructuras y políticas ciclistas. Universitas Psychologica, 15(2), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-2.qacc
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