Control del pensamiento, esfuerzo cognitivo y lenguaje fisionómico-organísmico: tres manifestaciones expresivas del lenguaje interior en la experiencia humana
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nov 7, 2018
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Pablo Fossa
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9975-8537
Natalia Awad
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3513-3706
Fabian Ramos
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6003-7049
Yerko Molina
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9117-3606
Sofía De la Puerta
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-949X
Carlos Cornejo
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5426-0025
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9975-8537
Natalia Awad
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3513-3706
Fabian Ramos
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6003-7049
Yerko Molina
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9117-3606
Sofía De la Puerta
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-949X
Carlos Cornejo
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5426-0025
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Resumen
El presente artículo reporta los resultados de un estudio cuantitativo exploratorio, cuyo objetivo fue identificar formas de lenguaje interior y sus manifestaciones expresivas en la gestualidad. Los participantes, 50 estudiantes universitarios, fueron sometidos individualmente a dos eventos de elicitación de lenguaje interior: una música instrumental y un cuento. Luego de cada estímulo, se les solicitó reflexionar en silencio los contenidos elicitados por cada uno, para posteriormente participar en una entrevista cualitativa videoasistida. Las categorías gestuales fueron codificadas y analizadas a través de un análisis estadístico descriptivo, correlaciones de Pearson y análisis de componentes principales. Los resultados evidencian tres formas de lenguaje interior asociados a diferentes movimientos expresivos no verbales. En primer lugar, aparece un lenguaje interno al servicio del control del pensamiento, asociado a movimientos no verbales de control y búsqueda voluntaria del pensamiento. En segundo lugar, un lenguaje interior de esfuerzo cognitivo, que implica gestos iterativos que manifiestan procesamiento de información. Finalmente, se observa un lenguaje interno fisionómico-organísmico, asociado a expresiones no verbales que manifiestan una interioridad cargada de sentido. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a la comprensión de la formación de símbolos, con la descripción de sus formas internas y externas, entendiendo la experiencia humana como única, total y holista.
Keywords
inner language, expressiveness, expressive language, gestureslenguaje interior, expresividad, lenguaje expresivo, gestos
References
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Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., Kam, J. W., Franklin, M. S., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Inspired by distraction: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychological Science, 23, 1117-1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612446024
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Bakthin, M. (1984). Problems of Dostoesvsky´s poetics. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
Bühler, K. (1933). Theory of expression. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Bühler, K. (1934). Theory of Language. The representational function of language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Cornejo, C., Olivares, H. & Rojas P. (2013). The physiognomic and the geometrical apprehensions of metaphor. Culture & Psychology, 19(4), 484–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X13500330
Cresswell, J. (2013). Experience and socio-cultural psychodynamics: Comment on Larrain and Haye’s “The discursive nature of inner speech”. Theory & Psychology, 23(1), 123-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354312457483
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Halford, W. K., & Sanders, M. R. (1990). Assessment of cognitive self-statements during marital problem solving: A comparison of two methods. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 515-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01173417
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Hermans, H., & Hermans-Konopka, A. (2010). Dialogical self theory: Positioning and counter-positioning in a globalizing society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kinsbourne, M. (2000). Inner speech and the inner life. Brain and Language, 71, 120-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1999.2229
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Lidstone, J., Meins, E., & Fernyhough, C. (2010). The roles of private speech and inner speech in planning during middle childhood: Evidence from a dual task paradigm. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107, 438-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.002
Morin, A. (2005). Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12(4-5), 115-134. Recuperado de http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-06493-007
Morin, A., & Hamper, B. (2012). Self-reflection and the inner voice: Activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus during perceptual and conceptual self-referential thinking. The Open Neuroimaging Journal, 6, 78-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874440001206010078
McCafferty, S. (2004). Space for cognition: Gesture and second language learning. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 148-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2004.0057m.x
Mrazek, M., Phillips, D., Franklin, M., Broadway, J., & Schooler, J. (2013). Young and restless: Validation of Mind Wandering Questionnaire reveals disruptive impact of mind wandering for youth. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00560
Piaget, J. (1922). The language and thought of the child. Nueva York: Routledge Classics.
Risko, E. F., Anderson, N., Sarwal, A., Engelhardt, M., & Kingstone, A. (2012). Everyday attention: Variation in mindwandering and memory in a lecture. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 234-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1814
Roberts, J. (2008). Expressive free speech, the state and the public sphere: A Bakhtinian-Deleuzian analysis of ‘Public Address’ at Hyde Park. Social Movement Studies, 7(2), 101-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14742830802283410
Rosenthal, V. (2012). La voix de l'intérieur. Intellectica, 2(58), 53-89. Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259655458_La_voix_de_l'interieur
Ruby, F. J., Smallwood, J., Sackur, J., & Singer, T. (2013). Is self-generated thought a means of social problem solving? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00962
Seli, P., Risko, E., & Smilek, D. (2016). On the necessity of distinguishing between unintentional and intentional mind wandering. Psychological Science, 27(5), 685-691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616634068
Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006). The restless mind. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 946-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946
Smallwood, J., Obsonsawin, M., Baracaia, S. F., Reid, H., O’Connor, R., & Heim, D. (2003). The relationship between rumination, dysphoria, and self-referent thinking: Some preliminary findings. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 22, 317-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2N80-AVM3-4A23-LEAJ
Sokolov, A. (1972). Inner speech and thought. Nueva York: Plenum.
Villagrán, M., Navarro, J., López, J., & Alcalde, C. (2002). Pensamiento formal y resolución de problemas matemáticos. Psicothema, 14(2), 382-386. Recuperado de http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/736.pdf
Vygotsky, L. (1934). Pensamiento y lenguaje. Madrid: A. Machado Libros.
Waldron, V. R., & Cegala, D. J. (1992). Assessing conversational cognition: Levels of cognitive theory and associated methodological requirements. Human Communication Research, 18, 599-622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00573.x
Werner, H. (1955). A psychological analysis of expressive language. In On expressive language. Worcester: Clark University Press.
Werner, H. (1956). Microgenesis and Aphasia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 347-353.
Werner, H. & Kaplan, B. (1963). Symbol Formation. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Zurina, H., & Williams, J. (2011). Gesturing for oneself. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 77(2), 175-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10649-010-9294-x
Baddeley, A., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 8, 47-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1
Baddeley, A., & Hitch, G. (2000). Development of working memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 128-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jecp.2000.2592
Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., Kam, J. W., Franklin, M. S., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Inspired by distraction: Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation. Psychological Science, 23, 1117-1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612446024
Bakthin, M. (1981). The dialogic imagination. Austin: Texas University Press.
Bakthin, M. (1984). Problems of Dostoesvsky´s poetics. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
Bühler, K. (1933). Theory of expression. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Bühler, K. (1934). Theory of Language. The representational function of language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Cornejo, C., Olivares, H. & Rojas P. (2013). The physiognomic and the geometrical apprehensions of metaphor. Culture & Psychology, 19(4), 484–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X13500330
Cresswell, J. (2013). Experience and socio-cultural psychodynamics: Comment on Larrain and Haye’s “The discursive nature of inner speech”. Theory & Psychology, 23(1), 123-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354312457483
Damianova, M., Lucas, M., & Sullivan, G. (2012). Verbal mediation of problem solving in pre-primary and junior primary school children. South African Journal of Psychology, 42(3), 445-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124631204200316
Dasilveira, A. C., & Gomes Barbosa, W. (2012). Experiential perspective of inner speech in a problem-solving context. Paideia, 22(51), 43-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-863X2012000100006
Fossa, P. (2017). Pleromatization, physionomization and metaphoricity: A theoretical articulation of sense making process of Valsiner, Werner and McNeill. Psicología USP, 28(1), 93-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-656420150181
Girbau, D. (2007). A neurocognitive approach to the study of private speech. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 41-51. Recuperado de http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/SJOP/article/view/SJOP0707120041A/28928
Halford, W. K., & Sanders, M. R. (1990). Assessment of cognitive self-statements during marital problem solving: A comparison of two methods. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 515-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01173417
Hermans, H., & Dimaggio, G. (2004). The dialogical self in psychotherapy. Nueva York: Routledge.
Hermans, H., & Hermans-Konopka, A. (2010). Dialogical self theory: Positioning and counter-positioning in a globalizing society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kinsbourne, M. (2000). Inner speech and the inner life. Brain and Language, 71, 120-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1999.2229
Knowles, D., & Tay, R. (2002). Driver inattention: More risky than the fatal four? En Proceedings of the 2002 Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference (pp. 87-91). Mawson, Australia: Australasian College of Road Safety.
Larsen, S., Schrauf, R., Fromholt, P., & Rubin, D. (2002). Inner speech and bilingual autobiographical memory: A Polish-Danish cross-cultural study. Memory, 10(1), 45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658210143000218
Lidstone, J., Meins, E., & Fernyhough, C. (2010). The roles of private speech and inner speech in planning during middle childhood: Evidence from a dual task paradigm. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107, 438-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.002
Morin, A. (2005). Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12(4-5), 115-134. Recuperado de http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-06493-007
Morin, A., & Hamper, B. (2012). Self-reflection and the inner voice: Activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus during perceptual and conceptual self-referential thinking. The Open Neuroimaging Journal, 6, 78-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874440001206010078
McCafferty, S. (2004). Space for cognition: Gesture and second language learning. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 148-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2004.0057m.x
Mrazek, M., Phillips, D., Franklin, M., Broadway, J., & Schooler, J. (2013). Young and restless: Validation of Mind Wandering Questionnaire reveals disruptive impact of mind wandering for youth. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00560
Piaget, J. (1922). The language and thought of the child. Nueva York: Routledge Classics.
Risko, E. F., Anderson, N., Sarwal, A., Engelhardt, M., & Kingstone, A. (2012). Everyday attention: Variation in mindwandering and memory in a lecture. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 234-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1814
Roberts, J. (2008). Expressive free speech, the state and the public sphere: A Bakhtinian-Deleuzian analysis of ‘Public Address’ at Hyde Park. Social Movement Studies, 7(2), 101-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14742830802283410
Rosenthal, V. (2012). La voix de l'intérieur. Intellectica, 2(58), 53-89. Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259655458_La_voix_de_l'interieur
Ruby, F. J., Smallwood, J., Sackur, J., & Singer, T. (2013). Is self-generated thought a means of social problem solving? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00962
Seli, P., Risko, E., & Smilek, D. (2016). On the necessity of distinguishing between unintentional and intentional mind wandering. Psychological Science, 27(5), 685-691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616634068
Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006). The restless mind. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 946-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946
Smallwood, J., Obsonsawin, M., Baracaia, S. F., Reid, H., O’Connor, R., & Heim, D. (2003). The relationship between rumination, dysphoria, and self-referent thinking: Some preliminary findings. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 22, 317-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2N80-AVM3-4A23-LEAJ
Sokolov, A. (1972). Inner speech and thought. Nueva York: Plenum.
Villagrán, M., Navarro, J., López, J., & Alcalde, C. (2002). Pensamiento formal y resolución de problemas matemáticos. Psicothema, 14(2), 382-386. Recuperado de http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/736.pdf
Vygotsky, L. (1934). Pensamiento y lenguaje. Madrid: A. Machado Libros.
Waldron, V. R., & Cegala, D. J. (1992). Assessing conversational cognition: Levels of cognitive theory and associated methodological requirements. Human Communication Research, 18, 599-622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00573.x
Werner, H. (1955). A psychological analysis of expressive language. In On expressive language. Worcester: Clark University Press.
Werner, H. (1956). Microgenesis and Aphasia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 347-353.
Werner, H. & Kaplan, B. (1963). Symbol Formation. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Zurina, H., & Williams, J. (2011). Gesturing for oneself. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 77(2), 175-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10649-010-9294-x
Cómo citar
Fossa, P., Awad, N., Ramos, F., Molina, Y., De la Puerta, S., & Cornejo, C. (2018). Control del pensamiento, esfuerzo cognitivo y lenguaje fisionómico-organísmico: tres manifestaciones expresivas del lenguaje interior en la experiencia humana. Universitas Psychologica, 17(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-4.cpec
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