"Si eres moral y competente adoptaré elementos de tu cultura”: el rol mediador de las emociones positivas en el proceso de aculturación de inmigrantes ecuatorianos en España
Publicado
ene 29, 2018
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Isabel Cuadrado
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-2696
Lucía López-Rodríguez
Marisol Navas
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-2696
Lucía López-Rodríguez
Marisol Navas
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Resumen
Los procesos psicosociales implicados en las preferencias de aculturación de las personas inmigrantes son importantes para comprender las relaciones interculturales en contextos multiculturales. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones entre tres dimensiones estereotípicas y las emociones positivas experimentadas hacia españoles con las preferencias de aculturación de inmigrantes ecuatorianos en España. Noventa y dos personas ecuatorianas (53.3% mujeres; Medad = 31.58 años) respondieron a un cuestionario que evaluaba la moralidad, sociabilidad, y competencia percibidas en los españoles, las emociones positivas experimentadas hacia ellos y sus preferencias de mantenimiento y adopción cultural. Los resultados muestran que la percepción estereotípica de ecuatorianos sobre españoles (en las dimensiones de moralidad y competencia) predice su preferencia por adoptar costumbres españolas a través de las emociones positivas.
Keywords
stereotyped dimensions, positive emotions, acculturation preferences, Ecuadorian immigrantsdimensiones estereotípicas, emociones positivas, preferencias de aculturación, inmigrantes ecuatorianos
References
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Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 697-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999497378467
Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Power, S., Young, M., & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology, 38, 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1989.tb01208.x
Bourhis, R. Y., Moïse, L. C., Perreault, S., & Senécal, S. (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology, 32, 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/002075997400629
Brambilla, M., & Leach, C. W. (2014). On the importance of being moral: The distinctive role of morality in social judgment. Social Cognition, 32, 397-408. https://doi.org/101521soco2014324397
Brown, R., & Zagefka, H. (2011). The dynamics of acculturation: An intergroup perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 129-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00003-2
Cuadrado, I., López-Rodríguez, L., & Navas, M. (2016). La perspectiva de la minoría: estereotipos y emociones entre grupos inmigrantes. Anales de Psicología, 32, 535-544. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.2.205341
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631-648. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map. En M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 61-149). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., Kwan, V. S. Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J. P., ….Ziegler, R. (2009). Stereotype content model across cultures: Toward universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X314935
Dovidio, J. F., Brigham, J. C., Johnson, B. T., & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination: Another look. En C. N. McCrae, C. Stangor & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 276-319). Nueva York: Guilford.
Eckes, T. (2002). Paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes: Testing predictions from the Stereotype Content Model. Sex Roles, 47, 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021020920715
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
Grigoryev, D., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2017). Acculturation profiles of Russian-speaking immigrants in Belgium and their socioeconomic adaptation. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38, 797-814. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1268145
Hayes, A. F. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Nueva York: Guilford Press.
Landy, J. F., Piazza, J., & Goodwin, G. P. (2016). When is bad to be friendly and smart: The desirability of sociability and competence depends on morality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 1272-1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216655984
Leach, C. W., Ellemers, N., & Barreto, M. (2007). Group virtue: The importance of morality (vs. competence and sociability) in the positive evaluation of in-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 234-249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.234
Leach, C. W., Bilali, R., & Pagliaro, S. (2015). Groups and morality. En M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, J. F. Dovidio & J. Simpson (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology: Vol. 2. Group processes (pp. 123-149). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lee, T. L., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Not an out group, not yet an in group: Immigrants in the Stereotype Content Model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 751-768. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.005
López-Rodríguez, L., Cuadrado, I., & Navas, M. (2013). Aplicación extendida del Modelo del Contenido de los Estereotipos (MCE) hacia tres grupos de inmigrantes en España. Estudios de Psicología, 34, 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1174/021093913806751375
López-Rodríguez, L., & Zagefka, H. (2015). The effects of stereotype content on acculturation preferences and prosocial tendencies: The prominent role of morality. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 45, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.12.006
López-Rodríguez, L., Zagefka, H., Navas, M., & Cuadrado, I. (2014). Explaining majority members’ acculturation preferences for minority members: A mediation model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.07.001
Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616. https://doi.org/10.10371/0022-3514.79.4.602
Mackie, D. M., Smith, E. R., & Ray, D. G. (2008). Intergroup emotions and intergroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Compass, 2, 1866-1880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00130.x
Maisonneuve, Ch., & Testé, B. (2007). Acculturation preferences of a host community: The effects of immigrant acculturation strategies on evaluations and impression formation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 669-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.06.001
Martín, R. (2017). Estudios de aculturación en España en la última década. Papeles del Psicólogo, 38, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2017.2826
Matera, C., Stefanile, C., & Brown, R. (2012). Host culture adoption or intercultural contact? Comparing different acculturation conceptualizations and their effects on host members’ attitudes towards immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.00
Migration Policy Institute. (2014). Ecuador: From mass emigration to return migration? Recuperado de http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/ecuador-mass-emigration-return-migration
Navas, M., López-Rodríguez, L., & Cuadrado, I. (2013). Mantenimiento y adaptación cultural de diferentes grupos inmigrantes: variables predictoras. Anales de Psicología, 29, 207-216. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.1.135491
Navas, M. S., & Rojas, A. J. (Coords.). (2010). Aplicación del Modelo Ampliado de Aculturación Relativa (MAAR) a nuevos colectivos de inmigrantes en Andalucía: rumanos y ecuatorianos. Sevilla: Junta de Andalucía.
Piontkowski, U., Florack, A., Hoelker, P., & Obdrzálck, P. (2000). Predicting acculturation attitudes of dominant and non-dominant groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00020-6
Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum on the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149-152. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330
Roblain, A., Azzi, A., & Licata, L. (2016). Why do majority members prefer immigrants who adopt the host culture? The role of perceived identification with the host nation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 55, 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.08.001
Rojas, A., Navas, M., Sayans-Jiménez, P., & Cuadrado, I. (2014). Acculturation preference profiles of Spaniards and Romanian immigrants: The role of prejudice and public and private acculturation areas. Journal of Social Psychology, 154, 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2014.903223
Rudmin, F. W. (2003). Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. Review of General Psychology, 7, 3-37. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.3
Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. A., & Ford, T. E. (1991). Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition, 9, 359-380. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1991.9.4.359
Talaska, C. A., Fiske, S. T., & Chaiken, S. (2008). Legitimating racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of the racial attitude-behavior literature shows that emotions, not beliefs, best predict discrimination. Social Justice Research: Social Power in Action, 21, 263-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0071-2
Van Acker, K., & Vanbeselaere, N. (2011). Bringing together acculturation theory and intergroup contact theory: Predictors of Flemings’ expectations of Turks’ acculturation behavior. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 334-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.06.004
Yzerbyt, V. (2016). Intergroup stereotyping. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.009
Zagefka, H., Binder, J., Brown, R., Kessler, T., Mummendey, A., Funke F., …Maquil, A. (2014). The relationship between acculturation preferences and prejudice: Longitudinal evidence from majority and minority groups in three European countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 578-589. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2044
Zagefka, H., & Brown, R. (2002). The relationship between acculturation strategies, relative fit and intergroup relations: Immigrant-majority relations in Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.73
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 697-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999497378467
Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Power, S., Young, M., & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology, 38, 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1989.tb01208.x
Bourhis, R. Y., Moïse, L. C., Perreault, S., & Senécal, S. (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology, 32, 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/002075997400629
Brambilla, M., & Leach, C. W. (2014). On the importance of being moral: The distinctive role of morality in social judgment. Social Cognition, 32, 397-408. https://doi.org/101521soco2014324397
Brown, R., & Zagefka, H. (2011). The dynamics of acculturation: An intergroup perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 129-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00003-2
Cuadrado, I., López-Rodríguez, L., & Navas, M. (2016). La perspectiva de la minoría: estereotipos y emociones entre grupos inmigrantes. Anales de Psicología, 32, 535-544. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.2.205341
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631-648. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map. En M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 61-149). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., Kwan, V. S. Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J. P., ….Ziegler, R. (2009). Stereotype content model across cultures: Toward universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X314935
Dovidio, J. F., Brigham, J. C., Johnson, B. T., & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination: Another look. En C. N. McCrae, C. Stangor & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 276-319). Nueva York: Guilford.
Eckes, T. (2002). Paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes: Testing predictions from the Stereotype Content Model. Sex Roles, 47, 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021020920715
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
Grigoryev, D., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2017). Acculturation profiles of Russian-speaking immigrants in Belgium and their socioeconomic adaptation. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38, 797-814. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1268145
Hayes, A. F. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Nueva York: Guilford Press.
Landy, J. F., Piazza, J., & Goodwin, G. P. (2016). When is bad to be friendly and smart: The desirability of sociability and competence depends on morality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 1272-1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216655984
Leach, C. W., Ellemers, N., & Barreto, M. (2007). Group virtue: The importance of morality (vs. competence and sociability) in the positive evaluation of in-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 234-249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.234
Leach, C. W., Bilali, R., & Pagliaro, S. (2015). Groups and morality. En M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, J. F. Dovidio & J. Simpson (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology: Vol. 2. Group processes (pp. 123-149). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lee, T. L., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Not an out group, not yet an in group: Immigrants in the Stereotype Content Model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 751-768. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.005
López-Rodríguez, L., Cuadrado, I., & Navas, M. (2013). Aplicación extendida del Modelo del Contenido de los Estereotipos (MCE) hacia tres grupos de inmigrantes en España. Estudios de Psicología, 34, 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1174/021093913806751375
López-Rodríguez, L., & Zagefka, H. (2015). The effects of stereotype content on acculturation preferences and prosocial tendencies: The prominent role of morality. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 45, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.12.006
López-Rodríguez, L., Zagefka, H., Navas, M., & Cuadrado, I. (2014). Explaining majority members’ acculturation preferences for minority members: A mediation model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.07.001
Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 602-616. https://doi.org/10.10371/0022-3514.79.4.602
Mackie, D. M., Smith, E. R., & Ray, D. G. (2008). Intergroup emotions and intergroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Compass, 2, 1866-1880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00130.x
Maisonneuve, Ch., & Testé, B. (2007). Acculturation preferences of a host community: The effects of immigrant acculturation strategies on evaluations and impression formation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 669-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.06.001
Martín, R. (2017). Estudios de aculturación en España en la última década. Papeles del Psicólogo, 38, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2017.2826
Matera, C., Stefanile, C., & Brown, R. (2012). Host culture adoption or intercultural contact? Comparing different acculturation conceptualizations and their effects on host members’ attitudes towards immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.00
Migration Policy Institute. (2014). Ecuador: From mass emigration to return migration? Recuperado de http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/ecuador-mass-emigration-return-migration
Navas, M., López-Rodríguez, L., & Cuadrado, I. (2013). Mantenimiento y adaptación cultural de diferentes grupos inmigrantes: variables predictoras. Anales de Psicología, 29, 207-216. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.1.135491
Navas, M. S., & Rojas, A. J. (Coords.). (2010). Aplicación del Modelo Ampliado de Aculturación Relativa (MAAR) a nuevos colectivos de inmigrantes en Andalucía: rumanos y ecuatorianos. Sevilla: Junta de Andalucía.
Piontkowski, U., Florack, A., Hoelker, P., & Obdrzálck, P. (2000). Predicting acculturation attitudes of dominant and non-dominant groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00020-6
Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum on the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149-152. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330
Roblain, A., Azzi, A., & Licata, L. (2016). Why do majority members prefer immigrants who adopt the host culture? The role of perceived identification with the host nation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 55, 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.08.001
Rojas, A., Navas, M., Sayans-Jiménez, P., & Cuadrado, I. (2014). Acculturation preference profiles of Spaniards and Romanian immigrants: The role of prejudice and public and private acculturation areas. Journal of Social Psychology, 154, 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2014.903223
Rudmin, F. W. (2003). Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. Review of General Psychology, 7, 3-37. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.3
Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. A., & Ford, T. E. (1991). Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition, 9, 359-380. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1991.9.4.359
Talaska, C. A., Fiske, S. T., & Chaiken, S. (2008). Legitimating racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of the racial attitude-behavior literature shows that emotions, not beliefs, best predict discrimination. Social Justice Research: Social Power in Action, 21, 263-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0071-2
Van Acker, K., & Vanbeselaere, N. (2011). Bringing together acculturation theory and intergroup contact theory: Predictors of Flemings’ expectations of Turks’ acculturation behavior. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 334-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.06.004
Yzerbyt, V. (2016). Intergroup stereotyping. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.009
Zagefka, H., Binder, J., Brown, R., Kessler, T., Mummendey, A., Funke F., …Maquil, A. (2014). The relationship between acculturation preferences and prejudice: Longitudinal evidence from majority and minority groups in three European countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 578-589. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2044
Zagefka, H., & Brown, R. (2002). The relationship between acculturation strategies, relative fit and intergroup relations: Immigrant-majority relations in Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.73
Cómo citar
Cuadrado, I., López-Rodríguez, L., & Navas, M. (2018). "Si eres moral y competente adoptaré elementos de tu cultura”: el rol mediador de las emociones positivas en el proceso de aculturación de inmigrantes ecuatorianos en España. Universitas Psychologica, 16(5), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-5.mcae
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