Defensa de la visión del mundo y motivos identitarios ante la saliencia de mortalidad y la religión en Lima
Publicado
jul 21, 2021
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Fernando Adrian Tavara Ramirez
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-7270
Agustin Espinosa Pezzia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2275-5792
José Manuel Delgado Taboada
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5442-6953
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-7270
Agustin Espinosa Pezzia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2275-5792
José Manuel Delgado Taboada
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5442-6953
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Resumen
Justificación. La Teoría del Manejo del Terror (TMT) propone que la saliencia de mortalidad (SM) produce estados de ansiedad que las personas afrontan con la Defensa de la Visión del Mundo (DVM) y la adhesión a Motivos Identitarios (MI). Objetivo. Analizar el efecto de la SM en la DVM y los MI en católicos y ateos de Lima (Perú). Método. Se desarrolló un diseño cuasiexperimental, intersujetos, 2 x 2 [Condición: Experimental vs. Control X Grupo de Creencia: Católicos (n = 30) vs. Ateos (n = 32)]. Los participantes de la condición experimental fueron expuestos a la SM y los de la condición control no, respondiendo posteriormente a cuestionarios de DVM y MI. Resultados. No existen diferencias en la DVM y los MI por condición, ni por la interacción entre condición y grupo de creencia. Sin embargo, analizando las diferencias por grupo de creencia, los ateos muestran mayor DVM y los católicos mayores niveles en los MI de Pertenencia y Continuidad. Discusión. Los hallazgos sobre los efectos de la SM en las variables dependientes son consistentes con resultados en contextos no anglosajones. Adicionalmente, las diferencias entre grupos de creencia se discuten desde un marco de relaciones intergrupales en el contexto peruano.
Keywords
Teoría del Manejo del Terror, saliencia de la mortalidad, religión, motivos identitarios, defensa de la visión del mundoTerror Management Theory, mortality salience, religion, identity motives, worldview defence
References
Arndt, J. (2012). A significant contributor to a meaningful cultural drama: Terror management research on the functions and implications of self-esteem. En P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Meaning, mortality, and choice: The social psychology of existential concerns (pp. 55-73). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13748-003
Burke, B., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. (2010). Two decades of Terror Management Theory: A meta-analysis of mortality salience research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), 155-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309352321
Campos, S., & Espinosa, A. (2016). Saliencia de la mortalidad y su influencia en motivos identitarios individuales y colectivos: un estudio experimental. Liberabit, 22(1), 67-76. http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-48272016000100006
Castano, E. (2004). In case of death, cling to the ingroup. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(4), 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.211
Constitución Política del Perú. (29 de diciembre de 1993). Congreso de la República del Perú. http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/constitucion.nsf/constitucion
Dechesne, M., Janssen, J., & van Knippenberg, A. (2000). Derogation and distancing as terror management strategies: The moderating role of need for structure and permeability of group boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 923-932. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.923
Dechesne, M., & Kruglanski, A. (2004). Terrors epistemic consequences: Existential threats and the quest for certainty and closure. En J. Greenberg, S. Koole & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 247-262). The Guilford Press.
Gargurevich, R. (2010). Propiedades psicométricas de la versión internacional del I-SPANAS SF de la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo-forma corta en estudiantes universitarios. Revista Persona, 13, 31-42. http://revistas.ulima.edu.pe/index.php/Persona/article/view/263/250
Greenberg, J. (2012) Terror Management Theory: From genesis to revelations. En P. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Meaning, mortality, and choice: The social psychology of existential concerns (pp.17 -35). American Psychological
Association. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon S., Rosenblatt A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990). Evidence for Terror Management Theory II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 308-318. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308
Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Chatel, D. (1992). Terror management and tolerance: Does mortality salience always intensify negative reactions to others who threaten one’s worldview? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.212
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and social behavior: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. En M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61-139). Academic Press.
Guan, L., Chen, Y., Xu, X., Qiao, L., Wei, J., Han, S., Yang, J., & Liu, Y. (2015). Self-esteem buffers the mortality salience effect on the implicit self-face processing. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.032
Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Mcgregor, H. (1997). Terror Management Theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright, 72(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.72.1.24
Heflick, N. A. (2009). Terror management and self-enhancement : The moderating role of self-esteem and need for closure (Tesis de maestría). University of South Florida. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2006/
Horcajo, J., Díaz, D. Gandarillas, B., & Briñol, P. (2011). Adaptación al castellano del Test de Necesidad de Cierre Cognitivo. Psicothema, 23(4), 864-870. http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3968.pdf
Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. (2016). La ciudadanía desde la escuela: vivir en el Perú. http://www.iep.org.pe/fp_ap_proyectos_fase_proy_proyid_506.html
Instituto de Opinión Pública de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. (2017). Estado de la Opinión Publica: Religiones y religiosidad en el Perú de hoy (Boletín n.° 148). http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/110981
Jonas, E., & Fischer, P. (2006). Terror management and religion: Evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 553-567. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.553
Juhl, J., & Routledge, C. (2010) Structured terror: Further exploring the effects of mortality salience and personal need for structure on worldview defense. Journal of Personality, 78(3), 969-990. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00639.x
Kantowitz, B., Roediger III, H., & Elmes, D. (2009). Research techniques: Experiments. En B. Kantowitz, H. Roediger III & D. Elmes (Eds.), Experimental Psychology (9.ª ed., pp. 51-81). Thomson Learning.
Kruglanski, A. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge. Cognitive and motivational bases. Springer Science/Business Media.
Kruglanski, A., & Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(83)90022-7
Kruglanski, A., & Webster, D. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and “freezing”. Psychological Review, 103(2), 263-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263
Landau, M. J., Greenberg, J., Sullivan, D., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2009). The protective identity: Evidence that mortality salience heightens the clarity and coherence of the self-concept. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 796-807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.013
Lorenz, L., Doherty, A., & Casey, P. (2019). The role of religion in buffering the impact of stressful life events on depressive symptoms in patients with depressive episodes or adjustment disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071238
Martens, A., Burke, B., Schimel, J., & Faucher, E. (2011). Same but different: Meta-analytically examining the uniqueness of mortality salience effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.767
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (2002). The effect of mortality salience on self-serving attributions: Evidence for the function of self-esteem as a terror management mechanism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2404_2
Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social. (2016). Lineamientos y herramientas para la transversalización del enfoque de género en los programas sociales del MIDIS. http://www.midis.gob.pe/index.php/es/centro-deinformacion/lineamientos-y-herramientas-para-la-gestion-de-los-programas-socialesdel-midis/lineamientos-y-herramientas/doc_download/5186-enfoque- de-genero
Norenzayan, A., Dar-Nimrod, I., Hansen, I., & Proulx, T. (2009). Mortality salience and religion: Divergent effects on the defense of cultural worldviews for the religious and the non-religious. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.482
Olano, G. (2019). Imágenes de Dios y su rol mediador en la relación entre autoritarismo de derecha y actitudes hacia la homosexualidad en creyentes católicos y evangélicos peruanos (Tesis de Licenciatura). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15467
Perú21. (19 de enero de 2017a). Con mis hijos no te metas: Vocero del colectivo cree que material escolar es abusivo. https://peru21.pe/lima/mis-hijos-metas-vocero-colectivo-creematerial-escolar-abusivo-65108-noticia/
Perú21. (4 de marzo de 2017b). ¿Quiénes apoyan la marcha nacional 'Con mis hijos no te metas'? https://peru21.pe/lima/quienes-apoyan-marcha-nacional-mis- hijos-metas-67174
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). Terror management research: Coping with conscious and thoughts unconscious death-related. En T. Pyszczynski, S. Solomon & J. Greenberg (Eds.), In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror (pp. 37-70). American Psychological Association.
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2015). Thirty years of Terror Management Theory: From genesis to revelation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 1-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2011). Item selection and validation of a brief, 15-item version of the Need for Closure Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 90-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.004
Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for Terror Management Theory I: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 681-690. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Morrison, K. R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. En T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 43-60). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
van den Bos, K., Buurman, J., Theije, V., Doosje, B., Loseman, A., van Laarboven, D., van Veldhuizen, T., & Veldman, J. (2012). On shielding from death as an important yet malleable motive of worldview defense: Christian versus Muslim beliefs modulating the self-threat of mortality salience. Social Cognition, 30(6), 778-802. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.778
Vignoles, V., Regalia, C., Manzi, C., Golledge, J., & Scabini, E. (2006). Beyond self-esteem: Influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 308-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.308
Wojdylo, K., Kazén, M., Kuhl, J., & Mitina, O. (2014). Individual differences in coping with mortality salience in Germany vs. Poland: Cultural world view or persona view defense? Polish Psychological Bulletin, 45(2), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2014-0030
Yen, C., & Cheng, C. (2010). Terror management among Taiwanese: Worldview defense or resigning to fate? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 185-194. https//doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01328.x
Burke, B., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. (2010). Two decades of Terror Management Theory: A meta-analysis of mortality salience research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), 155-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309352321
Campos, S., & Espinosa, A. (2016). Saliencia de la mortalidad y su influencia en motivos identitarios individuales y colectivos: un estudio experimental. Liberabit, 22(1), 67-76. http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-48272016000100006
Castano, E. (2004). In case of death, cling to the ingroup. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(4), 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.211
Constitución Política del Perú. (29 de diciembre de 1993). Congreso de la República del Perú. http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/constitucion.nsf/constitucion
Dechesne, M., Janssen, J., & van Knippenberg, A. (2000). Derogation and distancing as terror management strategies: The moderating role of need for structure and permeability of group boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 923-932. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.923
Dechesne, M., & Kruglanski, A. (2004). Terrors epistemic consequences: Existential threats and the quest for certainty and closure. En J. Greenberg, S. Koole & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 247-262). The Guilford Press.
Gargurevich, R. (2010). Propiedades psicométricas de la versión internacional del I-SPANAS SF de la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo-forma corta en estudiantes universitarios. Revista Persona, 13, 31-42. http://revistas.ulima.edu.pe/index.php/Persona/article/view/263/250
Greenberg, J. (2012) Terror Management Theory: From genesis to revelations. En P. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Meaning, mortality, and choice: The social psychology of existential concerns (pp.17 -35). American Psychological
Association. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon S., Rosenblatt A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990). Evidence for Terror Management Theory II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 308-318. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.308
Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Chatel, D. (1992). Terror management and tolerance: Does mortality salience always intensify negative reactions to others who threaten one’s worldview? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.212
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and social behavior: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. En M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61-139). Academic Press.
Guan, L., Chen, Y., Xu, X., Qiao, L., Wei, J., Han, S., Yang, J., & Liu, Y. (2015). Self-esteem buffers the mortality salience effect on the implicit self-face processing. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.032
Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Mcgregor, H. (1997). Terror Management Theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright, 72(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.72.1.24
Heflick, N. A. (2009). Terror management and self-enhancement : The moderating role of self-esteem and need for closure (Tesis de maestría). University of South Florida. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2006/
Horcajo, J., Díaz, D. Gandarillas, B., & Briñol, P. (2011). Adaptación al castellano del Test de Necesidad de Cierre Cognitivo. Psicothema, 23(4), 864-870. http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3968.pdf
Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. (2016). La ciudadanía desde la escuela: vivir en el Perú. http://www.iep.org.pe/fp_ap_proyectos_fase_proy_proyid_506.html
Instituto de Opinión Pública de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. (2017). Estado de la Opinión Publica: Religiones y religiosidad en el Perú de hoy (Boletín n.° 148). http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/110981
Jonas, E., & Fischer, P. (2006). Terror management and religion: Evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 553-567. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.553
Juhl, J., & Routledge, C. (2010) Structured terror: Further exploring the effects of mortality salience and personal need for structure on worldview defense. Journal of Personality, 78(3), 969-990. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00639.x
Kantowitz, B., Roediger III, H., & Elmes, D. (2009). Research techniques: Experiments. En B. Kantowitz, H. Roediger III & D. Elmes (Eds.), Experimental Psychology (9.ª ed., pp. 51-81). Thomson Learning.
Kruglanski, A. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge. Cognitive and motivational bases. Springer Science/Business Media.
Kruglanski, A., & Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(83)90022-7
Kruglanski, A., & Webster, D. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and “freezing”. Psychological Review, 103(2), 263-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263
Landau, M. J., Greenberg, J., Sullivan, D., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2009). The protective identity: Evidence that mortality salience heightens the clarity and coherence of the self-concept. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 796-807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.013
Lorenz, L., Doherty, A., & Casey, P. (2019). The role of religion in buffering the impact of stressful life events on depressive symptoms in patients with depressive episodes or adjustment disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071238
Martens, A., Burke, B., Schimel, J., & Faucher, E. (2011). Same but different: Meta-analytically examining the uniqueness of mortality salience effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.767
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (2002). The effect of mortality salience on self-serving attributions: Evidence for the function of self-esteem as a terror management mechanism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2404_2
Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social. (2016). Lineamientos y herramientas para la transversalización del enfoque de género en los programas sociales del MIDIS. http://www.midis.gob.pe/index.php/es/centro-deinformacion/lineamientos-y-herramientas-para-la-gestion-de-los-programas-socialesdel-midis/lineamientos-y-herramientas/doc_download/5186-enfoque- de-genero
Norenzayan, A., Dar-Nimrod, I., Hansen, I., & Proulx, T. (2009). Mortality salience and religion: Divergent effects on the defense of cultural worldviews for the religious and the non-religious. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.482
Olano, G. (2019). Imágenes de Dios y su rol mediador en la relación entre autoritarismo de derecha y actitudes hacia la homosexualidad en creyentes católicos y evangélicos peruanos (Tesis de Licenciatura). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15467
Perú21. (19 de enero de 2017a). Con mis hijos no te metas: Vocero del colectivo cree que material escolar es abusivo. https://peru21.pe/lima/mis-hijos-metas-vocero-colectivo-creematerial-escolar-abusivo-65108-noticia/
Perú21. (4 de marzo de 2017b). ¿Quiénes apoyan la marcha nacional 'Con mis hijos no te metas'? https://peru21.pe/lima/quienes-apoyan-marcha-nacional-mis- hijos-metas-67174
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). Terror management research: Coping with conscious and thoughts unconscious death-related. En T. Pyszczynski, S. Solomon & J. Greenberg (Eds.), In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror (pp. 37-70). American Psychological Association.
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2015). Thirty years of Terror Management Theory: From genesis to revelation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 1-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2011). Item selection and validation of a brief, 15-item version of the Need for Closure Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 90-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.004
Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for Terror Management Theory I: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 681-690. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.681
Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Morrison, K. R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. En T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 43-60). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
van den Bos, K., Buurman, J., Theije, V., Doosje, B., Loseman, A., van Laarboven, D., van Veldhuizen, T., & Veldman, J. (2012). On shielding from death as an important yet malleable motive of worldview defense: Christian versus Muslim beliefs modulating the self-threat of mortality salience. Social Cognition, 30(6), 778-802. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.778
Vignoles, V., Regalia, C., Manzi, C., Golledge, J., & Scabini, E. (2006). Beyond self-esteem: Influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 308-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.308
Wojdylo, K., Kazén, M., Kuhl, J., & Mitina, O. (2014). Individual differences in coping with mortality salience in Germany vs. Poland: Cultural world view or persona view defense? Polish Psychological Bulletin, 45(2), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.2478/ppb-2014-0030
Yen, C., & Cheng, C. (2010). Terror management among Taiwanese: Worldview defense or resigning to fate? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 185-194. https//doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01328.x
Cómo citar
Tavara Ramirez, F. A., Espinosa Pezzia, A., & Delgado Taboada, J. M. (2021). Defensa de la visión del mundo y motivos identitarios ante la saliencia de mortalidad y la religión en Lima. Universitas Psychologica, 19. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy19.dvmm
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