Efecto de la Toma de Perspectiva y Consistencia en Valores en la Reducción del Sesgo Racial Implícito
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feb 3, 2023
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Resumen
Este estudio exploró el efecto de la toma de perspectiva y consistencia en valores en la reducción del sesgo racial implícito. Se utilizó un diseño de medidas repetidas con grupo control. A un total de 39 participantes, 20 mujeres y 19 hombres entre 18 a 54 años, se les administró el Procedimiento de Evaluación Relacional Implícita. Todos los participantes del grupo experimental (n = 19) y grupo control (n = 20) completaron el Cuestionario de Empatía de Toronto, Escala de Racismo Moderno Modificada, Cuestionario de Valores y una escala Likert. El grupo experimental completo varios ejercicios en valores y toma de perspectiva, mientras que al grupo control se le asigno una tarea guiada. Se realizó un ANOVA mixta de medidas repetidas (2 x 4) para determinar el efecto de interacción entre grupo y tipos de prueba, y un MANOVA para identificar diferencias en las medidas explícitas entre ambos grupos. Los resultados mostraron que el grupo experimental registro respuestas más cortas para los bloques de prueba Inconsistente-Negro en comparación con el grupo control. Además, se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para la interacción entre condición y tipo de prueba en el bloque prueba Consistente-Blanco del grupo experimental. Se presentan recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones.
Keywords
racism, values, perspective taking, implicit relational assessment procedure, behavior analysisracismo, valores, toma de perspectiva, procedimiento de evaluación relacional implícita, análisis de la conducta
References
Albright, L. K., Blair, B. J., & Ferman, D. M. (2021). Stimulus equivalence: A derived relational account of cultural biases. In J. Sadavoy & M. Zube (Eds). A scientific framework for compassion and social justice: Lessons in applied behavior analysis (291-296). Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
Arauz, J., Danitz, S. B., Orsillo, S. M., & Coyne, L. W. (2017). A preliminary exploration of education values, distress, and acceptance among self-identified white and non-white incoming college freshmen at a private university. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6, 288-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.05.001
Banks, K. H., Goswami, S., Goodwin, D., Petty, J., Bell, V., & Musa, I. (2021). Interrupting internalized racial oppression: A community based ACT intervention. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 20, 89-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.02.006
Barnes-Holmes, D., Harte, C., & McEnteggart, C. (2020). Implicit cognition and social behavior. In R. A. Rehfeldt, J. Tarbox, & M. Fryling (Eds.), Applied Behavior Analysis of Language and Cognition (pp. 264-280). New Harbinger.
Barnes-Holmes, D., Murphy, A., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2010). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Exploring the impact of private versus public contexts and the response latency criterion on pro-white and anti-black stereotyping among white Irish individuals. The Psychological Record, 60, 57-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395694
Cohen, G. L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science, 313, 1307-1310. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128317
Davis, C. H., Krafft, J., Hicks, E. T., & Levin, M. E. (2021). The role of psychological inflexibility and perspective taking in anti-racism and anti-sexism. Personality and Individual Differences, 175, 110724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110724
de Carvalho, M. P. de., & de Rose, J. C. (2014). Understanding racial attitudes through the stimulus equivalence paradigm. The Psychological Record, 64, 527-536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-014-0049-4
Dixon, M. R., & Lemke, M. (2007). Reducing prejudice towards Middle Eastern persons as terrorists. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 8, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2007.11434269
Dixon, M. R., Branon, A., Nastally, B. L., & Mui, N. (2009). Examining prejudice towards Middle Eastern persons via a transformation of stimulus functions. The Behavior Analyst Today, 10, 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100672
Dixon, M.R., Hayes, S.C. (2022). On the disruptive effects of behavior analysis on behavior analysis: The high cost of keeping out acceptance and commitment therapy and training. Behavior Analysis in Practice. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00742-4
Drake, C. E., Kramer, S., Sain, T., Swiatek, R., Kohn, K., & Murphy, M. (2015). Exploring the reliability and convergent validity of implicit racial evaluations. Behavior and Social Issues, 24, 68-87. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v24i0.5496
Dunne, C., McEnteggart, C., Harte, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2018). Faking a race IRAP effect in the context of single versus multiple label stimuli. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 18, 289-300. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6579022
Ferroni-Bast, D., Fitzpatrick, J., Stewart, I., & Goyos, C. (2019). Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of reaction to perceived failure and the effects of a defusion intervention in this context. The Psychological Record, 69, 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-019-00349-2
FitzGerald, C., Martin, A., Berner, D., & Hurst, S. (2019). Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: A systematic review. BMC psychology, 7, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0299-7
Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117, 522-559. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000160
Fryling, M., Rehfeldt, R. A., Tarbox, J., & Hayes, L. J. (Eds.). (2020). Applied behavior analysis of language and cognition: Core concepts and principles for practitioners. New Harbinger Publications.
Garcia, Y., Andrews, M., & Brothers, L. (2021). A relational frame approach to understanding perspective-taking in compassion and social justice. In J. Sadavoy & M. Zube (Eds). A scientific framework for compassion and social justice: Lessons in applied behavior analysis (217-224). Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
Graham, J. R., West, L., & Roemer, L. (2015). A preliminary exploration of the moderating role of valued living in the relationships between racist experiences and anxious and depressive symptoms. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4, 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.11.001
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001). Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Plenum Press.
Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K. & Wilson, K. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. Guilford Press.
Hussey, I., Thompson, M., McEnteggart, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2015). Interpreting and inverting with less cursing: A guide to interpreting IRAP data. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4, 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.05.001
Kanter, J. W., Williams, M. T., Kuczynski, A. M., Corey, M. D., Parigoris, R. M., Carey, C. M., ... & Rosen, D. C. (2020). The measurement and structure of microaggressive communications by white people against black people. Race and Social Problems, 12, 323-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-020-09298-w
Kishita, N., Muto, T., Ohtsuki, T., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2014). Measuring the effect of cognitive defusion using the implicit relational assessment procedure: An experimental analysis with a highly socially anxious sample. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.12.001
LeJeune, J., & Luoma, J. B. (2019). Values in therapy: A clinician's guide to helping clients explore values, increase psychological flexibility, and live a more meaningful life. New Harbinger Publications.
Levin, M. E., Haeger, J. A., Pierce, B. G., & Twohig, M. P. (2017). Web-based acceptance and commitment therapy for mental health problems in college students: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Modification, 41, 141–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445516659645.
Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2007). Applying acceptance, mindfulness, and values to the reduction of prejudice: A pilot study. Behavior Modification, 31, 389-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445506298413
Matsuda, K., Garcia, Y., Catagnus, R., & Brandt, J. A. (2020). Can behavior analysis help us understand and reduce racism? A review of the current literature. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13, 336-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00411-4
Mcconahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91–125). Academic Press.
Mizael, T. M., & de Almeida, J. H. (2019). Revisão de estudos do implicit relational assessment procedure sobre vieses raciais. Acta Comportamentalia: Revista Latina de Análisis de Comportamiento, 27, 437-461. https://doi.org/10.5380/psi.v20i2.46278
Mizael, T. M., & Sampaio, A. A. (2019). Racismo institucional: Aspectos comportamentais e culturais da abordagem policial. Acta Comportamentalia: Revista Latina de Análisis de Comportamiento, 27, 215-231.
Mizael, T. M., de Almeida, J. H., Silveira, C. C., & de Rose, J. C. (2016). Changing racial bias by transfer of functions in equivalence classes. The Psychological Record, 66, 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-016-0185-0
Obasogie, O. (2013). Blinded by sight. Stanford University Press.
Pashak, T. J., Conley, M. A., Whitney, D. J., Oswald, S. R., Heckroth, S. G., & Schumacher, E. M. (2018). Empathy diminishes prejudice: Active perspective-taking, regardless of target and mortality salience, decreases implicit racial bias. Psychology, 9, 1340. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.96082
Power, P. M., Harte, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2017a). Exploring racial bias in a European country with a recent history of immigration of Black Africans. The Psychological Record, 67, 365-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-017-0223-6
Power, P. M., Harte, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2017b). Combining the implicit relational assessment procedure and the recording of event related potentials in the analysis of racial bias: A preliminary study. The Psychological Record, 67, 499-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-017-0223-6
Roberts, S. O., & Rizzo, M. T. (2021). The psychology of American racism. American Psychologist, 76(3), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000642
Sabnani, H. B., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1992). Racial/ethnic minority-specific instrumentation in counseling research: A review, critique, and recommendations. Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 24, 161–187.
Saini, V., & Vance, H. (2020). Systemic racism and cultural selection: A preliminary analysis of metacontingencies. Behavior and Social Issues, 29, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-020-00040-0
Salter, P. S., Adams, G., & Perez, M. J. (2018). Racism in the structure of everyday worlds: A cultural-psychological perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27, 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417724239
Smout, M., Davies, M., Burns, N., & Christie, A. (2014). Development of the valuing questionnaire (VQ). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.06.001
Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.06.001
Stoddard, J. A., & Afari, N. (2014). The big book of act metaphors: A practitioner's guide to experiential exercises and metaphors in acceptance and commitment therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
Tarbox, J., Szabo, T. G., & Aclan, M. (2022). Acceptance and commitment training within the scope of practice of applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15, 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381
Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Galinsky, A. D. (2012). Perspective taking combats the denial of intergroup discrimination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 738-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00466-3
Todd, A., R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Richeson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1027–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.011
Vahey, N. A., Nicholson, E., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2015). A meta-analysis of criterion effects for the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) in the clinical domain. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.004
Wang, C. S., Kenneth, T., Ku, G., & Galinsky, A. D. (2014). Perspective-taking increases willingness to engage in intergroup contact. PloS one, 9, e85681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.004
Watt, A., Keenan, M., Barnes, D., & Cairns, E. (1991). Social categorization and stimulus equivalence. The Psychological Record, 41, 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395092
Williams, M. T., Kanter, J. W., Peña, A., Ching, T. H., & Oshin, L. (2020). Reducing microaggressions and promoting interracial connection: The racial harmony workshop. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 16, 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.04.008
Arauz, J., Danitz, S. B., Orsillo, S. M., & Coyne, L. W. (2017). A preliminary exploration of education values, distress, and acceptance among self-identified white and non-white incoming college freshmen at a private university. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6, 288-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.05.001
Banks, K. H., Goswami, S., Goodwin, D., Petty, J., Bell, V., & Musa, I. (2021). Interrupting internalized racial oppression: A community based ACT intervention. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 20, 89-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.02.006
Barnes-Holmes, D., Harte, C., & McEnteggart, C. (2020). Implicit cognition and social behavior. In R. A. Rehfeldt, J. Tarbox, & M. Fryling (Eds.), Applied Behavior Analysis of Language and Cognition (pp. 264-280). New Harbinger.
Barnes-Holmes, D., Murphy, A., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2010). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Exploring the impact of private versus public contexts and the response latency criterion on pro-white and anti-black stereotyping among white Irish individuals. The Psychological Record, 60, 57-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395694
Cohen, G. L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science, 313, 1307-1310. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128317
Davis, C. H., Krafft, J., Hicks, E. T., & Levin, M. E. (2021). The role of psychological inflexibility and perspective taking in anti-racism and anti-sexism. Personality and Individual Differences, 175, 110724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110724
de Carvalho, M. P. de., & de Rose, J. C. (2014). Understanding racial attitudes through the stimulus equivalence paradigm. The Psychological Record, 64, 527-536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-014-0049-4
Dixon, M. R., & Lemke, M. (2007). Reducing prejudice towards Middle Eastern persons as terrorists. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 8, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2007.11434269
Dixon, M. R., Branon, A., Nastally, B. L., & Mui, N. (2009). Examining prejudice towards Middle Eastern persons via a transformation of stimulus functions. The Behavior Analyst Today, 10, 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100672
Dixon, M.R., Hayes, S.C. (2022). On the disruptive effects of behavior analysis on behavior analysis: The high cost of keeping out acceptance and commitment therapy and training. Behavior Analysis in Practice. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00742-4
Drake, C. E., Kramer, S., Sain, T., Swiatek, R., Kohn, K., & Murphy, M. (2015). Exploring the reliability and convergent validity of implicit racial evaluations. Behavior and Social Issues, 24, 68-87. https://doi.org/10.5210/bsi.v24i0.5496
Dunne, C., McEnteggart, C., Harte, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2018). Faking a race IRAP effect in the context of single versus multiple label stimuli. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 18, 289-300. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6579022
Ferroni-Bast, D., Fitzpatrick, J., Stewart, I., & Goyos, C. (2019). Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of reaction to perceived failure and the effects of a defusion intervention in this context. The Psychological Record, 69, 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-019-00349-2
FitzGerald, C., Martin, A., Berner, D., & Hurst, S. (2019). Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: A systematic review. BMC psychology, 7, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0299-7
Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2019). A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117, 522-559. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000160
Fryling, M., Rehfeldt, R. A., Tarbox, J., & Hayes, L. J. (Eds.). (2020). Applied behavior analysis of language and cognition: Core concepts and principles for practitioners. New Harbinger Publications.
Garcia, Y., Andrews, M., & Brothers, L. (2021). A relational frame approach to understanding perspective-taking in compassion and social justice. In J. Sadavoy & M. Zube (Eds). A scientific framework for compassion and social justice: Lessons in applied behavior analysis (217-224). Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
Graham, J. R., West, L., & Roemer, L. (2015). A preliminary exploration of the moderating role of valued living in the relationships between racist experiences and anxious and depressive symptoms. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4, 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.11.001
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001). Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Plenum Press.
Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K. & Wilson, K. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. Guilford Press.
Hussey, I., Thompson, M., McEnteggart, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2015). Interpreting and inverting with less cursing: A guide to interpreting IRAP data. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4, 157-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.05.001
Kanter, J. W., Williams, M. T., Kuczynski, A. M., Corey, M. D., Parigoris, R. M., Carey, C. M., ... & Rosen, D. C. (2020). The measurement and structure of microaggressive communications by white people against black people. Race and Social Problems, 12, 323-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-020-09298-w
Kishita, N., Muto, T., Ohtsuki, T., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2014). Measuring the effect of cognitive defusion using the implicit relational assessment procedure: An experimental analysis with a highly socially anxious sample. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.12.001
LeJeune, J., & Luoma, J. B. (2019). Values in therapy: A clinician's guide to helping clients explore values, increase psychological flexibility, and live a more meaningful life. New Harbinger Publications.
Levin, M. E., Haeger, J. A., Pierce, B. G., & Twohig, M. P. (2017). Web-based acceptance and commitment therapy for mental health problems in college students: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Modification, 41, 141–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445516659645.
Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2007). Applying acceptance, mindfulness, and values to the reduction of prejudice: A pilot study. Behavior Modification, 31, 389-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445506298413
Matsuda, K., Garcia, Y., Catagnus, R., & Brandt, J. A. (2020). Can behavior analysis help us understand and reduce racism? A review of the current literature. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13, 336-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00411-4
Mcconahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91–125). Academic Press.
Mizael, T. M., & de Almeida, J. H. (2019). Revisão de estudos do implicit relational assessment procedure sobre vieses raciais. Acta Comportamentalia: Revista Latina de Análisis de Comportamiento, 27, 437-461. https://doi.org/10.5380/psi.v20i2.46278
Mizael, T. M., & Sampaio, A. A. (2019). Racismo institucional: Aspectos comportamentais e culturais da abordagem policial. Acta Comportamentalia: Revista Latina de Análisis de Comportamiento, 27, 215-231.
Mizael, T. M., de Almeida, J. H., Silveira, C. C., & de Rose, J. C. (2016). Changing racial bias by transfer of functions in equivalence classes. The Psychological Record, 66, 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-016-0185-0
Obasogie, O. (2013). Blinded by sight. Stanford University Press.
Pashak, T. J., Conley, M. A., Whitney, D. J., Oswald, S. R., Heckroth, S. G., & Schumacher, E. M. (2018). Empathy diminishes prejudice: Active perspective-taking, regardless of target and mortality salience, decreases implicit racial bias. Psychology, 9, 1340. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.96082
Power, P. M., Harte, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2017a). Exploring racial bias in a European country with a recent history of immigration of Black Africans. The Psychological Record, 67, 365-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-017-0223-6
Power, P. M., Harte, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2017b). Combining the implicit relational assessment procedure and the recording of event related potentials in the analysis of racial bias: A preliminary study. The Psychological Record, 67, 499-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-017-0223-6
Roberts, S. O., & Rizzo, M. T. (2021). The psychology of American racism. American Psychologist, 76(3), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000642
Sabnani, H. B., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1992). Racial/ethnic minority-specific instrumentation in counseling research: A review, critique, and recommendations. Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 24, 161–187.
Saini, V., & Vance, H. (2020). Systemic racism and cultural selection: A preliminary analysis of metacontingencies. Behavior and Social Issues, 29, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-020-00040-0
Salter, P. S., Adams, G., & Perez, M. J. (2018). Racism in the structure of everyday worlds: A cultural-psychological perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27, 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417724239
Smout, M., Davies, M., Burns, N., & Christie, A. (2014). Development of the valuing questionnaire (VQ). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.06.001
Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.06.001
Stoddard, J. A., & Afari, N. (2014). The big book of act metaphors: A practitioner's guide to experiential exercises and metaphors in acceptance and commitment therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
Tarbox, J., Szabo, T. G., & Aclan, M. (2022). Acceptance and commitment training within the scope of practice of applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15, 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381
Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Galinsky, A. D. (2012). Perspective taking combats the denial of intergroup discrimination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 738-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00466-3
Todd, A., R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Richeson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1027–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.011
Vahey, N. A., Nicholson, E., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2015). A meta-analysis of criterion effects for the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) in the clinical domain. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.004
Wang, C. S., Kenneth, T., Ku, G., & Galinsky, A. D. (2014). Perspective-taking increases willingness to engage in intergroup contact. PloS one, 9, e85681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.004
Watt, A., Keenan, M., Barnes, D., & Cairns, E. (1991). Social categorization and stimulus equivalence. The Psychological Record, 41, 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395092
Williams, M. T., Kanter, J. W., Peña, A., Ching, T. H., & Oshin, L. (2020). Reducing microaggressions and promoting interracial connection: The racial harmony workshop. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 16, 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.04.008
Cómo citar
Beck, C., García, Y., & Catagnus, R. (2023). Efecto de la Toma de Perspectiva y Consistencia en Valores en la Reducción del Sesgo Racial Implícito. Universitas Psychologica, 21, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy21.eptv
Sección
Especial Monográfico 20 años
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.