Evaluación de los miedos ante la pandemia del COVID-19 en España
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dic 31, 2024
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Aida Soriano
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9565-1599
Aina Luque-García
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5998-2788
Vicente Martínez-Tur
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6388-569X
José M. Peiró
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-0355
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9565-1599
Aina Luque-García
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5998-2788
Vicente Martínez-Tur
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6388-569X
José M. Peiró
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-0355
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Resumen
Debido al papel que los temores pandémicos pueden desempeñar funcionalmente y en términos de prevención, existe la necesidad de monitorear los cambios y la evolución de estos temores. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo validar la Escala Miedo de Covid-19 (FCS) revisada, que se utiliza para medir los miedos al Covid-19, un año después del inicio de la pandemia y del inicio del confinamiento en España. Los datos fueron aportados por 3 083 adultos españoles que respondieron la "Encuesta sobre la salud mental de los españoles durante la pandemia de COVID-19" del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (febrero de 2021). Los resultados del AFE, AFC (RMSEA = 0.052, CFI = 0.965, TLI = 0.955 y SRMR = 0.029) y otros índices de validez y confiabilidad (e.g. alphas de Cronbach entre α = 0.76 y 0.84) respaldaron una solución de cuatro factores: miedos relacionados con la salud personal, miedos relacionados con la salud de sus seres queridos, miedos relacionados con la economía y el empleo, y miedos relacionados con la sociedad. Ante las posibilidades de tener otra crisis como la creada por el COVID, es importante contar con escalas validadas que puedan evaluar los temores pandémicos, por las consecuencias que estas emociones pueden tener tanto para los individuos como para la sociedad.
Keywords
miedos Covid-19, miedos pandemia, escala FCS, validación española, AFE, AFCpandemic fears, FCS Scale, Spanish validation, EFA, CFA, Covid-19 fears
References
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Kiers, H. A. (1994). Simplimax: Oblique rotation to an optimal target with simple structure. Psychometrika, 59(4), 567-579. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294392
Lin, C. -Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20
Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. 1th ed. Guilford press: New York.
Lorenzo-Seva, U. (1999.). Promin: A method for oblique factor rotation. Multivariate behavioral research, 34(3), 347-365. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3403_3
Luo, F., Gheshlagh, R. G., Dalvand, S., Saedmoucheshi, S., & Li, Q. (2021). Systematic review and meta-analysis of fear of COVID-19. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 661078. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661078
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of anxiety disorders, 74, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
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Peiró, J. M., Luque-García, A., Soriano, A., & Martínez-Tur, V. (2023). Fears during the Covid-19 pandemics and their influence on physical health: A cross-sectional study on the general population in Spain. International journal of clinical and health psychology, 23(2), 100361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100361
Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.54127/WCIC8036
Reise, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47(5), 667–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.715555
Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.725437
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Van den Bulck, J., & Custers, K. (2009). Television exposure is related to fear of avian flu, an Ecological Study across 23 member states of the European Union. European Journal of Public Health, 19(4), 370–374. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp061
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Zhang, Z., & Yuan, K. -H. (2015). Robust coefficients alpha and omega and confidence intervals with outlying observations and missing data: Methods and software. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 76(3), 387-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164415594658
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. -Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M.D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 1537-1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Ali, M., Uddin, Z., Banik, P. C., Hegazy, F. A., Zaman, S., Ambia, A. S. M., Siddique, K. B., Islam, R., Khanam, F., Bahalul, S. M., Sharker, M. A., Hossain, F., & Ahsan, G. U. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, practice, and fear of COVID-19: An online-based cross-cultural study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21, 1025 - 1040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00638-4 Baumgartner, H., Pieters, R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2008). Future-oriented emotions: Conceptualization and behavioral effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(4), 685–696. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.467
Brown, T.A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. 1th ed.; Guilford Press: New York.
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas [CIS]. (2021). Código ético y de buenas prácticas. Ministerio de la Presidencia, relaciones con las cortes y memoria democrática: Spain. https://www.cis.es/documents/d/cis/codigo_etico
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas [CIS] (2021). Encuesta sobre la salud mental de los/as españoles/as durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Spain. https://consaludmental.org/centro-documentacion/encuesta-salud-mental-covid19-cis/
Cerda, A. A., & García, L.Y. (2022). Factors explaining the fear of being infected with COVID-19. Health Expectations, 25(2), 506– 512. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13274
Coelho, C. M., Suttiwan, P., Arato, N., & Zsido, A. N. (2020) On the nature of fear and anxiety triggered by COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychololy. 11, 581314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581314
Ferrando, P. J., & Anguiano-Carrasco, C. (2010). El análisis factorial como técnica de investigación en psicología. Papeles del psicólogo, 31(1), 18-33. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/778/77812441003.pdf
Fernández-Millán, J. M., & Bretones, F. D. (2021). Salud mental y factores de resiliencia durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Universitas Psychologica, 19, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy19.smfr
Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2020). The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 39(5), 355-357. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis with readings (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: International Version, 7th ed.; Pearson Education: Saddle River, NJ, USA. https://www.drnishikantjha.com/papersCollection/Multivariate%20Data%20Analysis.pdf
Hu, L. -T., & Bentler, P. M. (2009). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., . . . Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
IBM Corp. (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Kiers, H. A. (1994). Simplimax: Oblique rotation to an optimal target with simple structure. Psychometrika, 59(4), 567-579. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294392
Lin, C. -Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20
Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. 1th ed. Guilford press: New York.
Lorenzo-Seva, U. (1999.). Promin: A method for oblique factor rotation. Multivariate behavioral research, 34(3), 347-365. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3403_3
Luo, F., Gheshlagh, R. G., Dalvand, S., Saedmoucheshi, S., & Li, Q. (2021). Systematic review and meta-analysis of fear of COVID-19. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 661078. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661078
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of anxiety disorders, 74, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus User's Guide. Eight Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Peiró, J. M., Luque-García, A., Soriano, A., & Martínez-Tur, V. (2023). Fears during the Covid-19 pandemics and their influence on physical health: A cross-sectional study on the general population in Spain. International journal of clinical and health psychology, 23(2), 100361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100361
Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.54127/WCIC8036
Reise, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47(5), 667–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.715555
Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.725437
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., Pantaleón, Y., Dios, I., & Falla, D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, stress, and anxiety in university undergraduate students: a predictive model for depression. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 591797. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591797
Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of Stress, Anxiety, Depression among the General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Globalization and Health, 16(57), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
Sánchez, A., Contreras, A., Corrales, J. C., & de la Fe, C. (2022). En el principio fue la zoonosis: One Health para combatir esta y futuras pandemias. Informe SESPAS 2022 [In the beginning it was zoonosis: One Health to combat this and future pandemics. SESPAS Report 2022]. Gaceta sanitaria, 36(1), S61–S67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2022.01.012
Sánchez-Teruel, D., Robles-Bello, M. A., & Valencia-Naranjo, N. (2021). Do psychological strengths protect college students confined by COVID-19 to emotional distress? The role of gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110507
Sandín, B., Valiente, R. M., García-Escalera, J., & Chorot, P. (2020). Impacto psicológico de la pandemia de COVID-19: Efectos negativos y positivos en población española asociados al periodo de confinamiento nacional. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 25(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.27569
Santabárbara, J., Bueno-Notivol, J., Lipnicki, D. M., Olaya, B., Pérez-Moreno, M., Gracia-García, P., Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. & Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review (on published articles in Medline) with meta-analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107, 110244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110244
Seibel, S., Volmer, J., & Syrek, C. J. (2020). Get a taste of your leisure time: The relationship between leisure thoughts, pleasant anticipation, and work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(6), 889–906. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2020.1804875
Van den Bulck, J., & Custers, K. (2009). Television exposure is related to fear of avian flu, an Ecological Study across 23 member states of the European Union. European Journal of Public Health, 19(4), 370–374. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp061
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2021). WHO COVID-19 dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2020). WHO COVID-19 preparedness and response progress report-1 February to 30 June 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-covid-19-preparedness-and-response-progress-report---1-february-to-30-june-2020
Zhang, Z., & Yuan, K. -H. (2015). Robust coefficients alpha and omega and confidence intervals with outlying observations and missing data: Methods and software. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 76(3), 387-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164415594658
Cómo citar
Soriano, A., Luque-García, A., Martínez-Tur, V., & Peiró, J. M. (2024). Evaluación de los miedos ante la pandemia del COVID-19 en España. Universitas Psychologica, 23, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy23.afcp
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