Rorschach y Psicobiología de la Personalidad
Publicado
jul 1, 2016
Almetrics
Dimensions
Google Scholar
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Resumen
. Por otra parte, en los últimos años se están produciendo procesos de profunda transformación en los modelos, teorías, criterios diagnósticos y tipos de intervenciones en psicología clínica y psiquiatría. En dicho proceso las neurociencias ocupan un rol central. Resulta por lo tanto indispensable evaluar la pertinencia y vigencia del Rorschach en ese nuevo panorama. Una vez analizada la bibliografía relevada, se presentan hallazgos que afirman dicha pertinencia y vigencia, pero aún más interrogantes y líneas de investigación a explorar. Abstract: This paper presents a systematic literature review on the Rorschach test and the psychobiology of personality. The Rorschach remains one of the psychological tests worldwide reference, about to be a hundred years since its inception. Moreover, in recent years there are processes of deep transformation in the models, theories, diagnostic criteria and types of interventions in clinical psychology and psychiatry. In this process the neurosciences occupy a central role. It is therefore essential to assess the relevance and validity of the Rorschach in that new landscape. After analyzing the literature relieved, presented findings that claim that relevance and validity, but even more questions and lines of research to explore.
Keywords
Rorschach test, personality, assessment, neuropsychology, neurosciencesprueba de Rorschach, personalidad, diagnóstico, neuropsicología, neurociencias.
References
Acklin, M. W., & Wu-Holt, P. (1996). Contributions of cognitive science to the Rorschach Technique: cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the response process. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(1), 169–178.
Albores-Gallo, L., Márquez-Caraveo, M. E., & Estañol, B. (2003). ¿Qué es el temperamento? Retorno de un concepto ancestral. Salud Mental, 26(3), 16–26.
Andreasen, N. C. (1984a). Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa.
Andreasen, N. C. (1984b). Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City: University of Iowa. APA. (n.d.).
APA DSM-5. Recuperado de http://www. dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx
Asari, T., Konishi, S., Jimura, K., Chikazoe, J., Nakamura, N., & Miyashita, Y. (2008). Right temporopolar activation associated with unique perception. NeuroImage, 41(1), 145–152.
Asari, T., Konishi, S., Jimura, K., Chikazoe, J., Nakamura, N., & Miyashita, Y. (2010a). Amygdalar enlargement associated with unique perception. Cortex, 46, 94–99.
Asari, T., Konishi, S., Jimura, K., Chikazoe, J., Nakamura, N., & Miyashita, Y. (2010b). Amygdalar modulation of frontotemporal connectivity during the inkblot test. Psychiatry Research, 182(2), 103–110.
Bar, M., Tootell, R. B., Schacter, D. L., Greve, D. N., Fischl, B., Mendola, J. D., … Dale, A. M. (2001). Cortical mechanisms specific to explicit visual object recognition. Neuron, 29(2), 529–535.
Belyi, B. I. (1988). The role of the right hemisphere in form perception and visual gnosis organization. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 40(3-4), 167–180.
Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735.
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a ClinicianAdministered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 75–90.
Brown, W. S., & Paul, L. K. (2000). Cognitive and psychosocial deficits in agenesis of the corpus callosum with normal intelligence. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5(2), 135–157.
Burgess, P. W., Dumontheil, I., & Gilbert, S. J. (2007). The gateway hypothesis of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(7), 290–298.
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M.I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 215–222.
Calabrese, P., Markowitsch, H. J., Durwen, H. F., Widlitzek, H., Haupts, M., Holinka, B., & Gehlen, W. (1996). Right temporofrontal cortex as critical locus for the ecphory of old episodic memories. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 61(3), 304–310.
Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975–990.
Davidson, J., Smith, R., & Kudler, H. (1989). Validity and reliability of the DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Experience with a structured interview. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177(6), 336–341.
Dolan, R. J., Lane, R., Chua, P., & Fletcher, P. (2000). Dissociable temporal lobe activations during emotional episodic memory retrieval. NeuroImage, 11(3), 203–209.
Ejima, Y., Takahashi, S., Yamamoto, H., & Goda, N. (2007). Visual Perception of Contextual Effect and Its Neural Correlates. En S. Funahashi (Ed.), Representation and Brain (pp. 3–20). Springer Japan.
Esbec, E., & Echeburúa, E. (2011). La reformulación de los trastornos de la personalidad en el DSM-V. (Spanish). Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 39(1), 1–11.
Exner, J. E. (1969). The Rorschach Systems. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Exner, J. E. (2007). Manual de codificación del Rorschach para el Sistema Comprehensivo (3a ed.). Madrid: Psimática.
Fassino, S., Amianto, F., Levi, M., & Rovera, G. G. (2003). Combining the Rorschach test and the Temperament Character Inventory: a new perspective on personality assessment. Psychopathology, 36(2), 84–91.
First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM–IV Disorders. Nueva York: Biometrics Research.
Fletcher, P. C., Happé, F., Frith, U., Baker, S. C., Dolan, R. J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Frith, C. D. (1995). Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension. Cognition, 57(2), 109–128.
Gill, H. S., & O’Boyle, M. W. (2003). Generating an image from an ambiguous visual input: An electroencephalograhic (EEG) investigation. Brain and Cognition, 51(3), 287–293.
Giromini, L., Porcelli, P., Viglione, D. J., Parolin, L., & Pineda, J. A. (2010). The feeling of movement: EEG evidence for mirroring activity during the observations of static, ambiguous stimuli in the Rorschach cards. Biological Psychology, 85(2), 233–241.
Gjerris, A., S∅rensen, A. S., Rafaelsen, O. J., Werdelin, L., Alling, C., & Linnoila, M. (1987). 5-HT and 5-HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 12(1), 13–22.
Grossman, E. D., & Blake, R. (2002). Brain Areas Active during Visual Perception of Biological Motion. Neuron, 35(6), 1167–1175.
Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. The British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6(4), 278–296.
Herrington, J. D., Koven, N. S., Heller, W., Miller, G. A., & Nitschke, J. B. (2009). Frontal asymmetry in emotion, personality and psychopathology: methodological issues in electrocortical and hemodynamic neuroimaging. En The Neuropsychology of Mental Illness. Cambridge University Press.
Hiraishi, H., Haida, M., Matsumoto, M., Hayakawa, N., Inomata, S., & Matsumoto, H. (2012). Differences of prefrontal cortex activity between picture-based personality tests: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(4), 366–371.
Holroyd, C. B., & Yeung, N. (2012). Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 122–128.
Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209–218.
Hunsley, J., & Michael, J. (1999). The clinical utility of the Rorschach: Unfulfilled promises and an uncertain future. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 266–277.
Ibañez, A., & Manes, F. (2012). Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 78(17), 1354–1362.
ICOSR. (2001). Abstracts of the ICOSR. Schizophrenia Research, 49(2 Supplement 1), 1–291.
Ilonen, T., & Leinonen, K. M. (2000). Impaired Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in first-episode severe depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 54(4), 275–280.
Ilonen, T., Taiminen, T., Karlsson, H., Lauerma, H., Leinonen, K. M., Wallenius, E., & Salokangas, R. K. R. (2004). Neuropsychological subtyping of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 129(2), 191–199.
Jastak, S., & Wilkinson, G. (1984). The Wide Range Achievement Test: administration manual. Wilmington, EE.UU.: Jastak Association.
Jung, R. E., & Haier, R. J. (2007). The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(2), 135–154; discussion 154–187.
Kapur, N., Ellison, D., Smith, M. P., McLellan, D. L., & Burrows, E. H. (1992). Focal retrograde amnesia following bilateral temporal lobe pathology. A neuropsychological and magnetic resonance study. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 115 Pt 1, 73–85.
Keltikangas-Ja¨rvinen, L., & Jokela, M. (2010). Nature and Nurture in Personality. FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry, VIII(2), 180–186.
Killgore, W. D. S., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2007). The right-hemisphere and valence hypotheses: could they both be right (and sometimes left)? Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(3), 240–250.
Kircher, T. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C., & McGuire, P. K. (2000). Lexical retrieval during fluent speech production: an fMRI study. Neuroreport, 11(18), 4093–4096.
Kondo, H., Saleem, K. S., & Price, J. L. (2003). Differential connections of the temporal pole with the orbital and medial prefrontal networks in macaque monkeys. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 465(4), 499–523.
Language. (2002). NeuroImage, 16(2, Supplement 1), 259–512.
Levin, P., Lazrove, S., & van der Kolk, B. (1999). What psychological testing and neuroimaging tell us about the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 159–172.
Lewis, R. T. (1979). Organic signs, creativity, and personality characteristics of patients following cerebral commissurotomy. Clinical Neuropsychology, 1(4), 29–33.
Lezak, M. D. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press.
Luna, B., Velanova, K., & Geier, C. F. (2008). Development of eye-movement control. Brain and Cognition, 68(3), 293–308.
Lundbäck, E., Forslund, K., Rylander, G., Jokinen, J., Nordström, P., Nordström, A.-L., & Asberg, M. (2006). CSF 5-HIAA and the rorschach test in patients who have attempted suicide. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 10(4), 339–345.
Mann, J. J. (2003). Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 4(10), 819–828.
Meyer, G. J., & Archer, R. P. (2001). The hard science of Rorschach research: what do we know and where do we go? Psychological Assessment, 13(4), 486–502.
Miettunen, J., & Raevuori, A. (2012). A meta-analysis of temperament in axis I psychiatric disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 152–166.
Millan, M. J., Agid, Y., Brüne, M., Bullmore, E. T., Carter, C. S., Clayton, N. S., … Young, L. J. (2012). Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 11(2), 141–168.
Minassian, A., Granholm, E., Verney, S., & Perry, W. (2005). Visual scanning deficits in schizophrenia and their relationship to executive functioning impairment. Schizophrenia Research, 74(1), 69–79.
Montgomery, S. A., & Asberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 134, 382–389.
Murray, H. (1943). Thematic Apperception Test: Manual. Cambridge, EE.UU.: Harvard University Press.
National Academy of Neuropsychology. Abstracts from the 26th Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, October 25-28, 2006. (2006). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(6), 509–606.
National Academy of Neuropsychology. Abstracts from the 27th Annual Meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona, November 14-18, 2007. (2007). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(7), 793–907.
Nelson, H., & Willison, J. (1991). National Adult Reading Test (NART). Berkshire: The NFER-NELSON Publishing Company Ltd.
NIMH. (n.d.). NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih. gov/research-priorities/rdoc/nimh-research-domain-criteria-rdoc.shtml
Otsuka, Y., Osaka, N., Yaoi, K., & Osaka, M. (2011). First-Person Perspective Effects on Theory of Mind without Self-Reference. PLoS ONE, 6(4), e19320.
Piotrowski, Z. (1937). The Rorschach Inkblot Method in Organic Disturbances of the Central Nervous System. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 86(5), 525–537.
Reynolds, C. (2002). Comprehensive Trail Making Test: Examiner’s manual. Austin, EE.UU.: PRO-ED.
Reynolds, C., Pearson, N., & VORESS, J. (2002). Developmental Test of Visual Perception-Adolescent and Adult. Austin, EE.UU.: PRO-ED.
Rosenzweig, S. (1978). The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration (P-F) Study: Basic manua. Odessa, EE.UU.: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Skodol, A. E., Bender, D. S., Morey, L. C., Clark, L. A., Oldham, J. M., Alarcon, R. D., … Siever, L. J. (2011). Personality Disorder Types Proposed for DSM-5. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(2), 136–169.
Smith, S. R., Bistis, K., Zahka, N. E., & Blais, M. A. (2007). Perceptual-organizational characteristics of the Rorschach task. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(5), 789–799.
Society for Personality Assessment. (2005). The status of the Rorschach in clinical and forensic practice: an official statement by the Board of Trustees of the Society for Personality Assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85(2), 219–237.
Society of Biological Psychiatry 1997 Annual Meeting. (1997). Biological Psychiatry, 41(7, Supplement 1), 1S–120S.
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1990). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR (SCID, Version 1.0). Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
Tebartz Van Elst, L., Baeumer, D., Lemieux, L., Woermann, F. G., Koepp, M., Krishnamoorthy, S., … Trimble, M. R. (2002). Amygdala pathology in psychosis of epilepsy: A magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 125(1), 140–149.
Trans Cranial Technologies. (n.d.). Cortical Functions Reference. Recuperado de http://www.trans-cranial.com/local/manuals/cortical_functions_ref_ v1_0_pdf.pdf
Trivedi, J. K. (2006). Cognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders: Current status. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(1), 10–20.
Vanderplas, J. M., & Garvin, E. A. (1959). The association value of random shapes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57(3), 147–154.
Velakoulis, D., Wood, S. J., Wong, M. T. H., McGorry, P. D., Yung, A., Phillips, L., … Pantelis, C. (2006). Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(2), 139–149.
Volle, E., Gonen-Yaacovi, G., Costello, A. de L., Gilbert, S. J., & Burgess, P. W. (2011). The role of rostral prefrontal cortex in prospective memory: a voxel-based lesion study. Neuropsychologia, 49(8), 2185–2198.
Webster, M. J., Ungerleider, L. G., & Bachevalier, J. (1991). Connections of inferior temporal areas TE and TEO with medial temporal-lobe structures in infant and adult monkeys. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 11(4), 1095–1116.
Weschler, D. (1999). Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). San Antonio, EE.UU.: Harcourt Assessment.
Wheeler, M. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2003). Functional Dissociation among Components of Remembering: Control, Perceived Oldness, and Content. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(9), 3869–3880.
Wood, S., Allen, N., & Pantelis, C. (2009). The Neuropsychology of Mental Illness. Cambridge: University Press.
Zuber, I., & Ekehammar, B. (1988). Personality, time of day and visual perception: Preferences and selective attention. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(2), 345–352.
Zuckerman, M. (2005). Psychobiology of Personality (2a ed.). Oxford: Cambridge University Press.
Albores-Gallo, L., Márquez-Caraveo, M. E., & Estañol, B. (2003). ¿Qué es el temperamento? Retorno de un concepto ancestral. Salud Mental, 26(3), 16–26.
Andreasen, N. C. (1984a). Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa.
Andreasen, N. C. (1984b). Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City: University of Iowa. APA. (n.d.).
APA DSM-5. Recuperado de http://www. dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx
Asari, T., Konishi, S., Jimura, K., Chikazoe, J., Nakamura, N., & Miyashita, Y. (2008). Right temporopolar activation associated with unique perception. NeuroImage, 41(1), 145–152.
Asari, T., Konishi, S., Jimura, K., Chikazoe, J., Nakamura, N., & Miyashita, Y. (2010a). Amygdalar enlargement associated with unique perception. Cortex, 46, 94–99.
Asari, T., Konishi, S., Jimura, K., Chikazoe, J., Nakamura, N., & Miyashita, Y. (2010b). Amygdalar modulation of frontotemporal connectivity during the inkblot test. Psychiatry Research, 182(2), 103–110.
Bar, M., Tootell, R. B., Schacter, D. L., Greve, D. N., Fischl, B., Mendola, J. D., … Dale, A. M. (2001). Cortical mechanisms specific to explicit visual object recognition. Neuron, 29(2), 529–535.
Belyi, B. I. (1988). The role of the right hemisphere in form perception and visual gnosis organization. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 40(3-4), 167–180.
Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735.
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a ClinicianAdministered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 75–90.
Brown, W. S., & Paul, L. K. (2000). Cognitive and psychosocial deficits in agenesis of the corpus callosum with normal intelligence. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5(2), 135–157.
Burgess, P. W., Dumontheil, I., & Gilbert, S. J. (2007). The gateway hypothesis of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(7), 290–298.
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M.I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 215–222.
Calabrese, P., Markowitsch, H. J., Durwen, H. F., Widlitzek, H., Haupts, M., Holinka, B., & Gehlen, W. (1996). Right temporofrontal cortex as critical locus for the ecphory of old episodic memories. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 61(3), 304–310.
Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975–990.
Davidson, J., Smith, R., & Kudler, H. (1989). Validity and reliability of the DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Experience with a structured interview. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177(6), 336–341.
Dolan, R. J., Lane, R., Chua, P., & Fletcher, P. (2000). Dissociable temporal lobe activations during emotional episodic memory retrieval. NeuroImage, 11(3), 203–209.
Ejima, Y., Takahashi, S., Yamamoto, H., & Goda, N. (2007). Visual Perception of Contextual Effect and Its Neural Correlates. En S. Funahashi (Ed.), Representation and Brain (pp. 3–20). Springer Japan.
Esbec, E., & Echeburúa, E. (2011). La reformulación de los trastornos de la personalidad en el DSM-V. (Spanish). Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 39(1), 1–11.
Exner, J. E. (1969). The Rorschach Systems. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Exner, J. E. (2007). Manual de codificación del Rorschach para el Sistema Comprehensivo (3a ed.). Madrid: Psimática.
Fassino, S., Amianto, F., Levi, M., & Rovera, G. G. (2003). Combining the Rorschach test and the Temperament Character Inventory: a new perspective on personality assessment. Psychopathology, 36(2), 84–91.
First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM–IV Disorders. Nueva York: Biometrics Research.
Fletcher, P. C., Happé, F., Frith, U., Baker, S. C., Dolan, R. J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Frith, C. D. (1995). Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension. Cognition, 57(2), 109–128.
Gill, H. S., & O’Boyle, M. W. (2003). Generating an image from an ambiguous visual input: An electroencephalograhic (EEG) investigation. Brain and Cognition, 51(3), 287–293.
Giromini, L., Porcelli, P., Viglione, D. J., Parolin, L., & Pineda, J. A. (2010). The feeling of movement: EEG evidence for mirroring activity during the observations of static, ambiguous stimuli in the Rorschach cards. Biological Psychology, 85(2), 233–241.
Gjerris, A., S∅rensen, A. S., Rafaelsen, O. J., Werdelin, L., Alling, C., & Linnoila, M. (1987). 5-HT and 5-HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 12(1), 13–22.
Grossman, E. D., & Blake, R. (2002). Brain Areas Active during Visual Perception of Biological Motion. Neuron, 35(6), 1167–1175.
Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. The British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6(4), 278–296.
Herrington, J. D., Koven, N. S., Heller, W., Miller, G. A., & Nitschke, J. B. (2009). Frontal asymmetry in emotion, personality and psychopathology: methodological issues in electrocortical and hemodynamic neuroimaging. En The Neuropsychology of Mental Illness. Cambridge University Press.
Hiraishi, H., Haida, M., Matsumoto, M., Hayakawa, N., Inomata, S., & Matsumoto, H. (2012). Differences of prefrontal cortex activity between picture-based personality tests: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(4), 366–371.
Holroyd, C. B., & Yeung, N. (2012). Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 122–128.
Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209–218.
Hunsley, J., & Michael, J. (1999). The clinical utility of the Rorschach: Unfulfilled promises and an uncertain future. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 266–277.
Ibañez, A., & Manes, F. (2012). Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 78(17), 1354–1362.
ICOSR. (2001). Abstracts of the ICOSR. Schizophrenia Research, 49(2 Supplement 1), 1–291.
Ilonen, T., & Leinonen, K. M. (2000). Impaired Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in first-episode severe depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 54(4), 275–280.
Ilonen, T., Taiminen, T., Karlsson, H., Lauerma, H., Leinonen, K. M., Wallenius, E., & Salokangas, R. K. R. (2004). Neuropsychological subtyping of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 129(2), 191–199.
Jastak, S., & Wilkinson, G. (1984). The Wide Range Achievement Test: administration manual. Wilmington, EE.UU.: Jastak Association.
Jung, R. E., & Haier, R. J. (2007). The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(2), 135–154; discussion 154–187.
Kapur, N., Ellison, D., Smith, M. P., McLellan, D. L., & Burrows, E. H. (1992). Focal retrograde amnesia following bilateral temporal lobe pathology. A neuropsychological and magnetic resonance study. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 115 Pt 1, 73–85.
Keltikangas-Ja¨rvinen, L., & Jokela, M. (2010). Nature and Nurture in Personality. FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry, VIII(2), 180–186.
Killgore, W. D. S., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2007). The right-hemisphere and valence hypotheses: could they both be right (and sometimes left)? Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(3), 240–250.
Kircher, T. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C., & McGuire, P. K. (2000). Lexical retrieval during fluent speech production: an fMRI study. Neuroreport, 11(18), 4093–4096.
Kondo, H., Saleem, K. S., & Price, J. L. (2003). Differential connections of the temporal pole with the orbital and medial prefrontal networks in macaque monkeys. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 465(4), 499–523.
Language. (2002). NeuroImage, 16(2, Supplement 1), 259–512.
Levin, P., Lazrove, S., & van der Kolk, B. (1999). What psychological testing and neuroimaging tell us about the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13(1-2), 159–172.
Lewis, R. T. (1979). Organic signs, creativity, and personality characteristics of patients following cerebral commissurotomy. Clinical Neuropsychology, 1(4), 29–33.
Lezak, M. D. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press.
Luna, B., Velanova, K., & Geier, C. F. (2008). Development of eye-movement control. Brain and Cognition, 68(3), 293–308.
Lundbäck, E., Forslund, K., Rylander, G., Jokinen, J., Nordström, P., Nordström, A.-L., & Asberg, M. (2006). CSF 5-HIAA and the rorschach test in patients who have attempted suicide. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 10(4), 339–345.
Mann, J. J. (2003). Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 4(10), 819–828.
Meyer, G. J., & Archer, R. P. (2001). The hard science of Rorschach research: what do we know and where do we go? Psychological Assessment, 13(4), 486–502.
Miettunen, J., & Raevuori, A. (2012). A meta-analysis of temperament in axis I psychiatric disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 152–166.
Millan, M. J., Agid, Y., Brüne, M., Bullmore, E. T., Carter, C. S., Clayton, N. S., … Young, L. J. (2012). Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 11(2), 141–168.
Minassian, A., Granholm, E., Verney, S., & Perry, W. (2005). Visual scanning deficits in schizophrenia and their relationship to executive functioning impairment. Schizophrenia Research, 74(1), 69–79.
Montgomery, S. A., & Asberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 134, 382–389.
Murray, H. (1943). Thematic Apperception Test: Manual. Cambridge, EE.UU.: Harvard University Press.
National Academy of Neuropsychology. Abstracts from the 26th Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, October 25-28, 2006. (2006). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(6), 509–606.
National Academy of Neuropsychology. Abstracts from the 27th Annual Meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona, November 14-18, 2007. (2007). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(7), 793–907.
Nelson, H., & Willison, J. (1991). National Adult Reading Test (NART). Berkshire: The NFER-NELSON Publishing Company Ltd.
NIMH. (n.d.). NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih. gov/research-priorities/rdoc/nimh-research-domain-criteria-rdoc.shtml
Otsuka, Y., Osaka, N., Yaoi, K., & Osaka, M. (2011). First-Person Perspective Effects on Theory of Mind without Self-Reference. PLoS ONE, 6(4), e19320.
Piotrowski, Z. (1937). The Rorschach Inkblot Method in Organic Disturbances of the Central Nervous System. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 86(5), 525–537.
Reynolds, C. (2002). Comprehensive Trail Making Test: Examiner’s manual. Austin, EE.UU.: PRO-ED.
Reynolds, C., Pearson, N., & VORESS, J. (2002). Developmental Test of Visual Perception-Adolescent and Adult. Austin, EE.UU.: PRO-ED.
Rosenzweig, S. (1978). The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration (P-F) Study: Basic manua. Odessa, EE.UU.: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Skodol, A. E., Bender, D. S., Morey, L. C., Clark, L. A., Oldham, J. M., Alarcon, R. D., … Siever, L. J. (2011). Personality Disorder Types Proposed for DSM-5. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(2), 136–169.
Smith, S. R., Bistis, K., Zahka, N. E., & Blais, M. A. (2007). Perceptual-organizational characteristics of the Rorschach task. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(5), 789–799.
Society for Personality Assessment. (2005). The status of the Rorschach in clinical and forensic practice: an official statement by the Board of Trustees of the Society for Personality Assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85(2), 219–237.
Society of Biological Psychiatry 1997 Annual Meeting. (1997). Biological Psychiatry, 41(7, Supplement 1), 1S–120S.
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1990). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR (SCID, Version 1.0). Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
Tebartz Van Elst, L., Baeumer, D., Lemieux, L., Woermann, F. G., Koepp, M., Krishnamoorthy, S., … Trimble, M. R. (2002). Amygdala pathology in psychosis of epilepsy: A magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 125(1), 140–149.
Trans Cranial Technologies. (n.d.). Cortical Functions Reference. Recuperado de http://www.trans-cranial.com/local/manuals/cortical_functions_ref_ v1_0_pdf.pdf
Trivedi, J. K. (2006). Cognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders: Current status. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(1), 10–20.
Vanderplas, J. M., & Garvin, E. A. (1959). The association value of random shapes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57(3), 147–154.
Velakoulis, D., Wood, S. J., Wong, M. T. H., McGorry, P. D., Yung, A., Phillips, L., … Pantelis, C. (2006). Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(2), 139–149.
Volle, E., Gonen-Yaacovi, G., Costello, A. de L., Gilbert, S. J., & Burgess, P. W. (2011). The role of rostral prefrontal cortex in prospective memory: a voxel-based lesion study. Neuropsychologia, 49(8), 2185–2198.
Webster, M. J., Ungerleider, L. G., & Bachevalier, J. (1991). Connections of inferior temporal areas TE and TEO with medial temporal-lobe structures in infant and adult monkeys. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 11(4), 1095–1116.
Weschler, D. (1999). Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). San Antonio, EE.UU.: Harcourt Assessment.
Wheeler, M. E., & Buckner, R. L. (2003). Functional Dissociation among Components of Remembering: Control, Perceived Oldness, and Content. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(9), 3869–3880.
Wood, S., Allen, N., & Pantelis, C. (2009). The Neuropsychology of Mental Illness. Cambridge: University Press.
Zuber, I., & Ekehammar, B. (1988). Personality, time of day and visual perception: Preferences and selective attention. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(2), 345–352.
Zuckerman, M. (2005). Psychobiology of Personality (2a ed.). Oxford: Cambridge University Press.
Cómo citar
Selma Sánchez, H. (2016). Rorschach y Psicobiología de la Personalidad. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 39–64. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-1.rlpp
Número
Sección
Artículos