Variables Contextuales e Individuales Relacionadas con la Crianza Positiva Materna
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ago 14, 2017
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Resumen
Según la teoría del desarrollo de la psicopatología, algunas trayectorias del desarrollo resultan en adaptación, otras en psicopatología. Nuestra hipótesis es que algunas variables positivas son funcionales a la adaptación psicológica y participan en nicho adaptativos, que son contextos donde regularmente encontramos las competencias adaptativas, como el estilo de crianza positivo materno. El objetivo del estudio fue probar en un modelo de trayectorias, la interdependencia funcional del estilo positivo materno, usando una muestra de 254 madres, seleccionadas de las escuelas donde sus hijos o hijas estudiaban. Las variables medidas en el modelo fueron cohesión social del vecindario, apoyo social de la familia, salud percibida, autorregulación, autoestima y bienestar psicológico. Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis y muestran la interrelación funcional de las variables en el modelo probado, y también la presencia de un nicho adaptativo en el contexto del estilo positivo materno, que puede ser usado como ejemplo para futuras investigaciones.
Keywords
positive competences, positive maternal style, psychological adaptation, psychological developmentadaptación psicológica, competencias positivas, desarrollo psicológico, estilo positivo materno
References
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Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Mulivariate Software Inc.
Byrnes, H. F., & Miller, B. A. (2012). The relationship between neighborhood characteristics and effective parenting behaviors: The role of social support. Journal of Family Issues, 33(12), 1658-1687. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12437693
Carpiano, R. M., & Kimbro, R. T. (2012). Neighborhood social capital, parenting strain, and personal mastery among female primary caregivers of children. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(2), 232-247. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146512445899
Cicchetti, D. (2006). Development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 1–23). New York:Wiley.
Cooklin, A. R., Giallo, R., & Rose, N. (2012). Parental fatigue and parenting practices during early childhood: An Australian community survey. Child: Care, Health and Development, 38(5), 654-664. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01333.x
Corral, V. V. (2012). The positive psychology of sustainability. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14(5), 651-666. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9346-8
Crosnoe, R., & Cavanagh, S. E. (2010). Families with children and adolescents: A review, critique, and future agenda. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 94–611. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00720.x
Cuellar, J., Jones, D. J., & Sterrett, E. (2013). Examining parenting in the neighborhood context: A review. Journal of Child and Family Studies. [Online document] 1-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9826-y
Deater-Deckard, K., Wang, Z., Chen, N., & Bell, M. A. (2012). Maternal executive function, harsh parenting, and child conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(10), 1084-1091. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02582
Diez Roux, A. V., & Mair, C. (2010). Neighborhoods and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186(1), 125-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333
Frías, A. M., Rodríguez, I., & Gaxiola, R. J. (2003). Efectos conductuales y sociales de la violencia familiar en niños mexicanos. Revista de Psicología de la PUCP, XXI, 42-69. Recuperado de file:///C:/Users/Usuario/Downloads/Dialnet-EfectosConductualesYSocialesDeLaViolenciaFamiliarE-993411.pdf
Gaxiola, R.J.C. (2013). Aportaciones conceptuales al estudio de la resiliencia. En: J.C. Gaxiola y J. Palomar (Coords.), Estudios de Resiliencia en América Latina, vol. 2 (pp. 1-26). México: Editorial Pearson, UNISON y Universidad Iberoamericana.
Gaxiola, R.J., & Frías, A. M. (2010). Child maltreatment, self-regulation and parenting. In A. M. Frías and V. V. Corral (Eds.). Bio-Psychosocial Perspectives on Interpersonal Violence (pp. 101-121). Nova Science Publishers: New York.
Gaxiola, R. J., & Frías, A. M. (2008). Un modelo ecológico de factores protectores del abuso infantil: un estudio con madres mexicanas. Medio Ambiente y Comportamiento Humano, 9 (1 y 2), 13-31. Recuperado https://mach.webs.ull.es/PDFS/Vol9_1y2/Vol9_1y2_b.pdf
Geens, N., & Vandenbroeck, M. (2012). The (ab)sence of a concept of social support in parenting research: a social work perspective. Child and Family Social Work, 19(4),. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12048
Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Retzkaff, P. D., & Espy, K. A. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in a clinical sample. Child Neuropsychology, 8(4), 294-257. doi: https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.4.249.13513
Grusec, J. E. (2011). Socialization processes in the family: Social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 243-269. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131650
Hopkins, J., Gouze, K. R., & Lavigne, J. V. (2013). Direct and indirect effects of contextual factors, caregiver depression, and parenting on attachment security in preschoolers. Attachment and Human Development (15)2, 155-173. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013
Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática [INEGI] (2013). Cuenta satélite del trabajo no remunerado de los hogares de México, 2007-2011 [Unpaid work, satellite balance in Mexican homes, 2007-2011]. Boletín de prensa núm. 174/13, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. Recuperado de http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/.../comunica.pdf
Kiff, C. J., Lengua, L. J., & Zalewski, M. (2011). Nature and Nurturing: Parenting in the Context of Child Temperament. Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review, 14(3), 251–301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0093-4
Kim, J., Haskett, M. E., Longo, G. S., & Nice, R. (2012). Longitudinal study of self-regulation, positive parenting, and adjustment problems among physically abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(2), 95-107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.09.016
Lerner, R., Castellino, D., Terry, P. Villarruel, F., & McKinney, M. (1995). Developmental contextual perspective on parenting. En M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Biology and ecology of parenting (pp. 275–309). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Maccoby, E. E. (2000). Parenting and its effects on children: on reading and Misreading Behavior Genetics. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 1-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.1
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen and E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1–101). New York: Wiley.
Martin, A., Ryan, R. M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2013). Longitudinal associations among interest, persistence, supportive parenting, and achievement in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(4), 658–667. doi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.05.003
Mensah, F. K., & Kiernan, K. E. (2011). Maternal general health and children’s cognitive development and behaviour in the early years: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(1), 44-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01150.x
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The Role of the Family Context in the Development of Emotion Regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361–388. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
Ngai, F., & Chan, S. W. (2011). Psychosocial factors and maternal wellbeing: An exploratory path analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(6), 725-731. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.11.002
Nieminen, T., Martelin, T., Koskinen, S., Aro, H., Alanen, E., & Hyyppa, M. T. (2010). Social capital as a determinant of self-rated health and psychological well-being. International Journal of Public Health, 55(6), 531-542. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-010-0138-3
Oravecz, L. M., Osteen, P. J., Sharpe, T. L., & Randolph, S. M. (2011) Assessing low-income African-American preschoolers’ behaviour problems in relationship to community violence, inter-partner conflict, parenting, informal social support and social skills. Child & Family SocialWork, 16(3), 310–324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2010.00742.x
Reich, W. (1992). Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents- Revised (DICA-R-7.3). Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Child Psychiatry.
Robinson, C. C., Mandelco, S., Olsen, F., & Hartr, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77(3), 819-830. doi: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Díaz-Méndez, D., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Blanco- Abarca, A., & Van Dierendonck, D. (2010). Vitalidad y recursos internos como componentes del constructo de bienestar psicológico [Vitality and internal resources as components of psychological well-being costruct]. Psicothema, 22(1), 63-70. Recuperado de http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7fb13aaa-6ff8-4442-8b8b-c75d5351648e%40sessionmgr198&vid=1&hid=119
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Sánchez, R., & Echeverry, J. (2004). Validación de escalas de medición en salud [Validity of scales to measure health] . Revista Salud Pública, 6(3), 302-318. Recuperado de http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rsap/v6n3/a06v6n3.pdf
SEP (2012). ENLACE: Básica y Media Superior, 2011 [ENLACE: elementary and high school level]. Recuperado de http://www.enlace.sep.gob.mx/que_es_enlace/
Silk, J. S., Sessa F. M., Morris A. S., Steinberg L., & Avenevoli S. (2004). Neighborhood cohesion as a buffer against hostile maternal parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(1), 135-146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.135
Tahmassian, K., Anari, M. A., & Fathabadi, M. (2011). The influencing factors of parenting stress in Iranian mothers. International Proceedings of Economics Development & Research, 5(1), 190- 192. Retrived from: http://www.ipedr.com/vol5/no1/40-H00087.pdf
Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145-161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592
Vazsonyi, A. T., & Huang, L. (2010). Where self-control comes from: On the development of self-control and its relationship to deviance over time. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 245– 257. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016538
Vranceanu, A. M., Hobfoll, S., & Johnsonc, R. (2007). Child multi-type mal- treatment and associated depression and PTSD symptoms: The role of social support and stress. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(1), 71–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.04.010
The WOQoL Group (1998). WHOQoL-Bref. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science & Medicine, 46(12), 1569-1585. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00009-4
Yu, D. S. F., Lee, D. T. F., & Woo, J. (2004). Psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS-C). Research in Nursing and Health, 27(2), 135–143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20008
Belsky, J. (2011). The determinants of parenting in G x E perspective: a case of differential susceptibility? In: Biosocial Foundations of Family Processes (pp. 61-68). New York: Springer.
Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Mulivariate Software Inc.
Byrnes, H. F., & Miller, B. A. (2012). The relationship between neighborhood characteristics and effective parenting behaviors: The role of social support. Journal of Family Issues, 33(12), 1658-1687. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12437693
Carpiano, R. M., & Kimbro, R. T. (2012). Neighborhood social capital, parenting strain, and personal mastery among female primary caregivers of children. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(2), 232-247. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146512445899
Cicchetti, D. (2006). Development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 1–23). New York:Wiley.
Cooklin, A. R., Giallo, R., & Rose, N. (2012). Parental fatigue and parenting practices during early childhood: An Australian community survey. Child: Care, Health and Development, 38(5), 654-664. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01333.x
Corral, V. V. (2012). The positive psychology of sustainability. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14(5), 651-666. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9346-8
Crosnoe, R., & Cavanagh, S. E. (2010). Families with children and adolescents: A review, critique, and future agenda. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 94–611. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00720.x
Cuellar, J., Jones, D. J., & Sterrett, E. (2013). Examining parenting in the neighborhood context: A review. Journal of Child and Family Studies. [Online document] 1-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9826-y
Deater-Deckard, K., Wang, Z., Chen, N., & Bell, M. A. (2012). Maternal executive function, harsh parenting, and child conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(10), 1084-1091. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02582
Diez Roux, A. V., & Mair, C. (2010). Neighborhoods and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186(1), 125-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333
Frías, A. M., Rodríguez, I., & Gaxiola, R. J. (2003). Efectos conductuales y sociales de la violencia familiar en niños mexicanos. Revista de Psicología de la PUCP, XXI, 42-69. Recuperado de file:///C:/Users/Usuario/Downloads/Dialnet-EfectosConductualesYSocialesDeLaViolenciaFamiliarE-993411.pdf
Gaxiola, R.J.C. (2013). Aportaciones conceptuales al estudio de la resiliencia. En: J.C. Gaxiola y J. Palomar (Coords.), Estudios de Resiliencia en América Latina, vol. 2 (pp. 1-26). México: Editorial Pearson, UNISON y Universidad Iberoamericana.
Gaxiola, R.J., & Frías, A. M. (2010). Child maltreatment, self-regulation and parenting. In A. M. Frías and V. V. Corral (Eds.). Bio-Psychosocial Perspectives on Interpersonal Violence (pp. 101-121). Nova Science Publishers: New York.
Gaxiola, R. J., & Frías, A. M. (2008). Un modelo ecológico de factores protectores del abuso infantil: un estudio con madres mexicanas. Medio Ambiente y Comportamiento Humano, 9 (1 y 2), 13-31. Recuperado https://mach.webs.ull.es/PDFS/Vol9_1y2/Vol9_1y2_b.pdf
Geens, N., & Vandenbroeck, M. (2012). The (ab)sence of a concept of social support in parenting research: a social work perspective. Child and Family Social Work, 19(4),. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12048
Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Retzkaff, P. D., & Espy, K. A. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in a clinical sample. Child Neuropsychology, 8(4), 294-257. doi: https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.4.249.13513
Grusec, J. E. (2011). Socialization processes in the family: Social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 243-269. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131650
Hopkins, J., Gouze, K. R., & Lavigne, J. V. (2013). Direct and indirect effects of contextual factors, caregiver depression, and parenting on attachment security in preschoolers. Attachment and Human Development (15)2, 155-173. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013
Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática [INEGI] (2013). Cuenta satélite del trabajo no remunerado de los hogares de México, 2007-2011 [Unpaid work, satellite balance in Mexican homes, 2007-2011]. Boletín de prensa núm. 174/13, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. Recuperado de http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/.../comunica.pdf
Kiff, C. J., Lengua, L. J., & Zalewski, M. (2011). Nature and Nurturing: Parenting in the Context of Child Temperament. Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review, 14(3), 251–301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0093-4
Kim, J., Haskett, M. E., Longo, G. S., & Nice, R. (2012). Longitudinal study of self-regulation, positive parenting, and adjustment problems among physically abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(2), 95-107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.09.016
Lerner, R., Castellino, D., Terry, P. Villarruel, F., & McKinney, M. (1995). Developmental contextual perspective on parenting. En M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Biology and ecology of parenting (pp. 275–309). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Maccoby, E. E. (2000). Parenting and its effects on children: on reading and Misreading Behavior Genetics. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 1-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.1
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen and E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1–101). New York: Wiley.
Martin, A., Ryan, R. M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2013). Longitudinal associations among interest, persistence, supportive parenting, and achievement in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(4), 658–667. doi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.05.003
Mensah, F. K., & Kiernan, K. E. (2011). Maternal general health and children’s cognitive development and behaviour in the early years: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(1), 44-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01150.x
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The Role of the Family Context in the Development of Emotion Regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361–388. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
Ngai, F., & Chan, S. W. (2011). Psychosocial factors and maternal wellbeing: An exploratory path analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(6), 725-731. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.11.002
Nieminen, T., Martelin, T., Koskinen, S., Aro, H., Alanen, E., & Hyyppa, M. T. (2010). Social capital as a determinant of self-rated health and psychological well-being. International Journal of Public Health, 55(6), 531-542. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-010-0138-3
Oravecz, L. M., Osteen, P. J., Sharpe, T. L., & Randolph, S. M. (2011) Assessing low-income African-American preschoolers’ behaviour problems in relationship to community violence, inter-partner conflict, parenting, informal social support and social skills. Child & Family SocialWork, 16(3), 310–324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2010.00742.x
Reich, W. (1992). Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents- Revised (DICA-R-7.3). Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Child Psychiatry.
Robinson, C. C., Mandelco, S., Olsen, F., & Hartr, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77(3), 819-830. doi: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Díaz-Méndez, D., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Blanco- Abarca, A., & Van Dierendonck, D. (2010). Vitalidad y recursos internos como componentes del constructo de bienestar psicológico [Vitality and internal resources as components of psychological well-being costruct]. Psicothema, 22(1), 63-70. Recuperado de http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=7fb13aaa-6ff8-4442-8b8b-c75d5351648e%40sessionmgr198&vid=1&hid=119
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes C. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Sánchez, R., & Echeverry, J. (2004). Validación de escalas de medición en salud [Validity of scales to measure health] . Revista Salud Pública, 6(3), 302-318. Recuperado de http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rsap/v6n3/a06v6n3.pdf
SEP (2012). ENLACE: Básica y Media Superior, 2011 [ENLACE: elementary and high school level]. Recuperado de http://www.enlace.sep.gob.mx/que_es_enlace/
Silk, J. S., Sessa F. M., Morris A. S., Steinberg L., & Avenevoli S. (2004). Neighborhood cohesion as a buffer against hostile maternal parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(1), 135-146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.135
Tahmassian, K., Anari, M. A., & Fathabadi, M. (2011). The influencing factors of parenting stress in Iranian mothers. International Proceedings of Economics Development & Research, 5(1), 190- 192. Retrived from: http://www.ipedr.com/vol5/no1/40-H00087.pdf
Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145-161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592
Vazsonyi, A. T., & Huang, L. (2010). Where self-control comes from: On the development of self-control and its relationship to deviance over time. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 245– 257. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016538
Vranceanu, A. M., Hobfoll, S., & Johnsonc, R. (2007). Child multi-type mal- treatment and associated depression and PTSD symptoms: The role of social support and stress. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(1), 71–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.04.010
The WOQoL Group (1998). WHOQoL-Bref. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science & Medicine, 46(12), 1569-1585. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00009-4
Yu, D. S. F., Lee, D. T. F., & Woo, J. (2004). Psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS-C). Research in Nursing and Health, 27(2), 135–143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20008
Cómo citar
Gaxiola Romero, J. C., Gaxiola Villa, E., & Frías Armenta, M. (2017). Variables Contextuales e Individuales Relacionadas con la Crianza Positiva Materna. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-2.vcir
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