Propiedades Psicométricas del Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) en una Muestra de Estudiantes Brasileños Universitarios
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ago 14, 2017
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Álvaro Sicilia
Valter Bracht
Vinicius Penha
Ueberson Ribero Almeida
Roberto Ferriz
Manuel Alcaraz-Ibáñez
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1297-9565
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1297-9565
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Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio (EAI) en el contexto brasileño. Participaron en el estudio 251 estudiantes universitarios (hombres= 132, mujeres= 119, Medad = 22.34, DT = 4.65). Los resultados mostraron un adecuado ajuste del modelo a los datos: χ2 (9, N = 251) = 17.45, p = .04; χ2/gl = 1.94; CFI = .96; IFI = .96; RMSEA = .061 (IC 90% = .01, .10); SRMR = .041. La estructura factorial se mostró invariante respecto al género. Se obtuvieron adecuados valores de consistencia interna (= .70) y estabilidad temporal (CCI= .80). Dieciséis (6.4%) participantes fueron clasificados en riesgo de adicción, 198 (78.9%) como sintomáticos y 37 (14.7%) como asintomáticos. Se obtuvieron evidencias que permiten sugerir la validez y la fiabilidad del EAI en el contexto brasileño. No obstante, investigaciones con poblaciones más diversas deberían determinar la aplicabilidad general del EAI.
Keywords
addiction, exercise, psychometrics, validity of testadicción, ejercicio físico, propiedades psicométricas, evidencias de validez
References
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American Psychiatric Association (2010). DSM-5 Development. Recuperado de http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx
Blaydon, M. J., & Lindner, K. J. (2002). Eating disorders and exercise dependence in triathletes. Eating Disorders, 10(1), 49-60.
Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Routledge.
Carmack, M. A., & Martens, R. (1979). Measuring commitment to running: A survey of runners’ attitudes and mental states. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1(1), 25-42.
Davis, C., Brewer, H., & Ratusny, D. (1993). Behavioral frequency and psychological commitment: Necessary concepts in the study of excessive exercising. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(6), 611-628. http://dx.doi.org/0160-7715/93/1200-0611$07.00/0
Farrell, J. M. & Thompson, T. (1998). Exercise commitment and addiction: A fine line. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 23(1), 63-75.
Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532.
Fleiss, J. L. (2011). Design and analysis of clinical experiments. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118032923
Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., & Kim, S. R. (2011). Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(10), 4069-4081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8104069
Glasser, W. (1976). Positive addiction. New York, NY: Harper y Row.
González-Cutre, D. & Sicilia, A. (2012). Dependencia del ejercicio físico en usuarios españoles de centros de acondicionamiento físico (fitness): Diferencias según el sexo, la edad y las actividades practicadas. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 20(2), 349-364.
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Griffiths, M. D. (1996). Behavioural addiction: An issue for everybody? Employee Counselling Today, 8(3), 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13665629610116872
Griffiths, M. D., Szabo, A. & Terry, A. (2005). The exercise addiction inventory: a quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine 39(6), e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.017020
Griffiths, M. D., Urbán, R., Demetrovics, Z., Lichtenstein, M. B., de la Vega, R., Kun, B., … & Szabo, A. (2015). A cross-cultural re-evaluation of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) in five countries. Sports Medicine-Open, 1(1), 1-5.
Hailey, B. J. & Bailey, L. A. (1982). Negative addiction in runners: A quantitative approach. Journal of Sport Behavior, 5(3), 150-154.
Hambleton, R. K. & Patsula, L. (1998). Adapting tests for use in multiple languages and cultures. Social Indicators Research, 45(1-3), 153-171.
Hausenblas, H. A. & Symons-Downs, D. (2002a). Exercise Dependence Scale-21 Manual. Gainesville, FL: Florida University.
Hausenblas, H. A. & Symons-Downs, D. (2002b). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(2), 89-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7
Hausenblas, H. A. & Symons-Downs, D. (2002c). How much is too much? The development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale. Psychology y Health, 17(4), 387-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0887044022000004894
Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Johnston, O., Reilly, J., & Kremer, J. (2011). Excessive exercise: From quantitative categorisation to a qualitative continuum approach. European Eating Disorders Review, 19, 237-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.970
Kagan, D. M. (1987). Addictive personality factors. The Journal of Psychology, 121(6), 533-538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1987.9712681
Lejoyeux, M., Avril, M., Richoux, C., Embouazza, H., & Nivoli, F. (2008). Prevalence of exercise dependence and other behavioral addictions among clients of a Parisian fitness room. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(4), 353-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.12.005
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35, 382-385.
Mónok, K., Berczik, K., Urbán, R., Szabo, A., Griffiths, M. D., Farkas, J., … & Demetrovics, Z. (2012). Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of two exercise addiction measures: A population wide study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 739-746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.003
Morgan, W. P. (1979). Negative addiction in runners. The Physician and SportsMedicine, 7, 57-77.
Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. J. (1995). Teoría psicométrica. Madrid: McGraw-Hill.
Ogden, J., Veale, D., & Summers, Z. (1997). The development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire. Addiction Research & Theory, 5(4), 343-356.
Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral scale reliability and measurement invariance evaluation using latent variable modeling. Behavior Therapy, 35, 299-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80041-8
Sicilia, A., Alías-García, A., Ferriz, R., & Moreno-Murcia, J. A. (2013). Spanish adaptation and validation of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI). Psicothema, 25(3), 377-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.21
Sussman, S., Lisha, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Prevalence of the addictions: A problem of the majority or the minority? Evaluation & the Health Professions, 34(1), 3-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278710380124
Symons-Downs, D., Hausenblas, H. A., Davison, K. K., & Acharya, J. (2005). Ethnocultural and gender differences in exercise dependence symptoms. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, S150-S151.
Symons-Downs, D., Hausenblas, H. A., & Nigg, C. R. (2004). Factorial validity and psychometric examination of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 8(4), 183-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee0804_1
Szabo, A., Frenkl, R., & Caputo, A. (1997). Relationship between addiction to running, commitment, and deprivation from running: A study on the internet. European Yearbook of Sport Psychology, 1, 130-147.
Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: a new brief screening tool. Addiction Research and Theory, 12(5), 489–499. http://doi.org/10.1080/16066350310001637363
Weik, M., & Hale, B. D. (2009). Contrasting gender differences on two measures of exercise dependence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(3), 204–207. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.045138
Versión Brasileña del Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI)
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington DC: APA.
American Psychiatric Association (2010). DSM-5 Development. Recuperado de http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx
Blaydon, M. J., & Lindner, K. J. (2002). Eating disorders and exercise dependence in triathletes. Eating Disorders, 10(1), 49-60.
Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Routledge.
Carmack, M. A., & Martens, R. (1979). Measuring commitment to running: A survey of runners’ attitudes and mental states. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1(1), 25-42.
Davis, C., Brewer, H., & Ratusny, D. (1993). Behavioral frequency and psychological commitment: Necessary concepts in the study of excessive exercising. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(6), 611-628. http://dx.doi.org/0160-7715/93/1200-0611$07.00/0
Farrell, J. M. & Thompson, T. (1998). Exercise commitment and addiction: A fine line. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 23(1), 63-75.
Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532.
Fleiss, J. L. (2011). Design and analysis of clinical experiments. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118032923
Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., & Kim, S. R. (2011). Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(10), 4069-4081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8104069
Glasser, W. (1976). Positive addiction. New York, NY: Harper y Row.
González-Cutre, D. & Sicilia, A. (2012). Dependencia del ejercicio físico en usuarios españoles de centros de acondicionamiento físico (fitness): Diferencias según el sexo, la edad y las actividades practicadas. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 20(2), 349-364.
Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to Behavioral Addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
Griffiths, M. D. (1996). Behavioural addiction: An issue for everybody? Employee Counselling Today, 8(3), 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13665629610116872
Griffiths, M. D., Szabo, A. & Terry, A. (2005). The exercise addiction inventory: a quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine 39(6), e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.017020
Griffiths, M. D., Urbán, R., Demetrovics, Z., Lichtenstein, M. B., de la Vega, R., Kun, B., … & Szabo, A. (2015). A cross-cultural re-evaluation of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) in five countries. Sports Medicine-Open, 1(1), 1-5.
Hailey, B. J. & Bailey, L. A. (1982). Negative addiction in runners: A quantitative approach. Journal of Sport Behavior, 5(3), 150-154.
Hambleton, R. K. & Patsula, L. (1998). Adapting tests for use in multiple languages and cultures. Social Indicators Research, 45(1-3), 153-171.
Hausenblas, H. A. & Symons-Downs, D. (2002a). Exercise Dependence Scale-21 Manual. Gainesville, FL: Florida University.
Hausenblas, H. A. & Symons-Downs, D. (2002b). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(2), 89-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7
Hausenblas, H. A. & Symons-Downs, D. (2002c). How much is too much? The development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale. Psychology y Health, 17(4), 387-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0887044022000004894
Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Johnston, O., Reilly, J., & Kremer, J. (2011). Excessive exercise: From quantitative categorisation to a qualitative continuum approach. European Eating Disorders Review, 19, 237-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.970
Kagan, D. M. (1987). Addictive personality factors. The Journal of Psychology, 121(6), 533-538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1987.9712681
Lejoyeux, M., Avril, M., Richoux, C., Embouazza, H., & Nivoli, F. (2008). Prevalence of exercise dependence and other behavioral addictions among clients of a Parisian fitness room. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(4), 353-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.12.005
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35, 382-385.
Mónok, K., Berczik, K., Urbán, R., Szabo, A., Griffiths, M. D., Farkas, J., … & Demetrovics, Z. (2012). Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of two exercise addiction measures: A population wide study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 739-746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.003
Morgan, W. P. (1979). Negative addiction in runners. The Physician and SportsMedicine, 7, 57-77.
Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. J. (1995). Teoría psicométrica. Madrid: McGraw-Hill.
Ogden, J., Veale, D., & Summers, Z. (1997). The development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire. Addiction Research & Theory, 5(4), 343-356.
Raykov, T. (2004). Behavioral scale reliability and measurement invariance evaluation using latent variable modeling. Behavior Therapy, 35, 299-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80041-8
Sicilia, A., Alías-García, A., Ferriz, R., & Moreno-Murcia, J. A. (2013). Spanish adaptation and validation of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI). Psicothema, 25(3), 377-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.21
Sussman, S., Lisha, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Prevalence of the addictions: A problem of the majority or the minority? Evaluation & the Health Professions, 34(1), 3-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278710380124
Symons-Downs, D., Hausenblas, H. A., Davison, K. K., & Acharya, J. (2005). Ethnocultural and gender differences in exercise dependence symptoms. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, S150-S151.
Symons-Downs, D., Hausenblas, H. A., & Nigg, C. R. (2004). Factorial validity and psychometric examination of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 8(4), 183-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee0804_1
Szabo, A., Frenkl, R., & Caputo, A. (1997). Relationship between addiction to running, commitment, and deprivation from running: A study on the internet. European Yearbook of Sport Psychology, 1, 130-147.
Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: a new brief screening tool. Addiction Research and Theory, 12(5), 489–499. http://doi.org/10.1080/16066350310001637363
Weik, M., & Hale, B. D. (2009). Contrasting gender differences on two measures of exercise dependence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(3), 204–207. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.045138
Versión Brasileña del Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI)
Cómo citar
Sicilia, Álvaro, Bracht, V., Penha, V., Almeida, U. R., Ferriz, R., & Alcaraz-Ibáñez, M. (2017). Propiedades Psicométricas del Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) en una Muestra de Estudiantes Brasileños Universitarios. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-2.ppea
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