Tareas de búsqueda visual: modelos, bases neurológicas, utilidad y prospectiva
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mar 15, 2018
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Guillermo Andrés Rodríguez Martínez
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4329-5745
Henry Castillo Parra
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4329-5745
Henry Castillo Parra
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Resumen
Las tareas de búsqueda visual, fundamentadas en el reconocimiento de una forma, característica o estímulo visual en particular, han contribuido al desarrollo de la investigación en psicología. A partir de una revisión narrativa sobre las maneras de implementar dichas tareas, y haciendo un cotejo de su uso como elemento de instrumentalización de la investigación, se encuentra que diferentes modelos paradigmáticos convergen para el entendimiento de diversos procesos psicológicos. Se hace manifiesto que las tareas de búsqueda visual, no solo pueden implicar registros de actividad oculo-motora, sino que además operacionalizan sistemas de modulación de procesos atencionales y perceptuales, los cuales esencialmente están alineados con recompensas de tipo exógeno. Dichas recompensas, sumadas a procesos de adaptación al entorno, se integran para reivindicar la noción percepción para la acción.
Keywords
visual search tasks, perception, visual processing, eye movements, attentionTareas de búsqueda visual, percepción, procesamiento visual, movimientos oculares, atención.
References
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Brouwer, A. M., Reuderink, B., Vincent, J., van Gerven, M. A., & van Erp, J. B. (2013). Distinguishing between target and nontarget fixations in a visual search task using fixation-related potentials. Journal of Vision, 13(3), 17. https://doi.org/10.1167/13.3.17
Caputi, A., & Rudelli, R. (2014). Procesamiento sensorial y percepción. En D. Redolar (Ed.), Neurociencia cognitiva (pp. 231-256). Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Carlson, N. R. (2006). Fisiología de la conducta. Madrid: Pearson Educación.
Coren, S., Ward, L. M., & Enns, J. T. (2001). Sensación y percepción. Ciudad de México: McGraw-Hill.
Dandekar, S., Ding, J., Privitera, C., Carney, T., & Klein, S. A., (2012). The fixation and saccade p3. PLoS One, 7(11), e48761. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048761
Found, A., & Müller, H. J. (1996). Searching for unknown feature targets on more than one dimension: Investigating a “dimension-weighting” account. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 58(1), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205479
Gale, A. G., & Findlay, J. M. (1983). Eye-movement patterns in viewing ambiguous figures. En R. Groner (Ed.), Eye movements and psychological functions: international views (pp. 145-168). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.
Geyer, T., Müller, H. J., & Krummenacher, J. (2006). Cross-trial priming in visual search for singleton conjunction targets: Role of repeated target and distractor features. Perception & Psychophysics, 68(5), 736-749. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193697
Glimcher, P. W. (2009). Choice: towards a standars back-pocket model. En P. Glimcher, & E. Fehr (Eds.), Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and The Brain (pp. 501- 519). Londres: Academic Press.
Himmelbach, M., Erb, M., & Kartath, H. (2007). Activation of superior colliculi in humans during visual exploration. BMC Neuroscience, 8, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-8-66
Hochberg, J., & Peterson, M. (1987). Piecemeal organization and cognitive components in object perception: Perceptually coupled responses to moving objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116(4), 370-380.
Hsiao, J., Chen, Y., Spence, Ch., & Yeh, S. (2012). Assessing the effects of audiovisual semantic congruency on the perception of a biestable figure. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 775-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.02.001
Kamienkowski, J. E., Ison, M. J., Quiroga, R. Q., & Sigman, M. (2012). Fixation-related potentials in visual search: a combined EEG and eye tracking study. Journal of Vision, 12(7), 4. https://doi.org/10.1167/12.7.4
Kandel, E., Schwartz, J., & Jessell, T. (2008). Neurociencia y conducta. Madrid: Prentice Hall.
Kazai, K., & Yagi, A. (1999). Integrated effect of stimulation at fixation points on EFRP (eye-fixation related brain potentials). International Journal of Psychophysiology, 32(3), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00010-0
Kornmeier, J., & Bach, M. (2012). Ambiguous figures - What happens in the brain when perception changes but not the stimulus. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00051
Leopold, D., & Logothetis, N. (1999). Multistable phenomena: changing views in perception. Trends in cognitive sciences, 3(7), 254-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01332-7
Lettvin, J., Maturana, H., McCulloch, W., & Pitts, W. (1959). What’s the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain? Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, IRE, 47(11), 1940-1951. https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1959.287207
Long, G. M., & Moran, C. (2007). How to keep a reversible figure from reversing: Teasing out top-down and bottom-up processes. Perception, 36(3), 431-445. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5630
Long, G. M., & Olszweski, A. D. (1999). To reverse or not to reverse: When is an ambiguous figure not ambiguous? American Journal of Psychology, 112(1), 41-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423624
Long, G. M., & Toppino, T. C. (2004). Enduring interest in perceptual ambiguity: alternating views of reversible figures. Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 748-768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.748
Long, G. M., Stewart, J. A., & Glancey, D. E. (2002). Configural biases and reversible figures: Evidence of multilevel grouping effects. American Journal of Psychology, 115(4), 581-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423528
Long, G. M., Toppino, T. C., & Kostenbauder, J. F. (1983). As the cube turns: Evidence for two processes in the perception of a dynamic reversible figure. Perception & Psychophysics, 34(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205893
Long, G. M., Toppino, T. C., & Mondin, G. W. (1992). Prime time: Fatigue and set effects in the perception of reversible figures. Perception & Psychophysics, 52(6), 609-616. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211697
Maarek, P. (2009). Marketing político y comunicación. Claves para una buena información política. Barcelona: Paidós.
Maljkovic, V., & Nakayama, K. (2000). Priming of pop out: III. A short-term implicit memory system beneficial for rapid target selection. Visual Cognition, 7(5), 571-595. https://doi.org/10.1080/135062800407202
Marr, D. (1982). Vision. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Müller, H. J., Heller, D., & Ziegler, J. (1995). Visual search for singleton feature targets within and across feature dimensions. Perception & Psychophysics, 57(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211845
Najemnik, J., & Geisler, W. (2008). Eye movement statistics in humans are consistent with an optimal search strategy. Journal of Vision, 8(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1167/8.3.4
Pires, A., Vásquez, A., Carboni, A., & Maiche, A. (2014). Percepción visual. En D. Redolar (Ed.), Neurociencia cognitiva (pp. 257-286). Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
R. H. Wurtz, & M. E. Goldberg (Eds.). (1989). The Neurobiology of Saccadic Eye Movements (Reviews of Oculomotor Research Vol. 3). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
Roca, E. M., Rosselló, J., Maiche, A., García, D. T., & Roberts, M. N. (2008). Modelos teóricos y neurociencia cognitiva de la percepción. En J. Tirapú, F. Maestú, & M. Ríos (Eds.), Manual de neuropsicologia (pp. 59-96). Barcelona: Viguera Editores.
Shah, D. S., Prados, J., Gamble, J., De Lillo, & Gibson, C. (2013). Sex differences in spatial memory using serial and search tasks. Behavioural Brain Research, 257, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.027
Thomas, N., & Pare, M. (2007). Temporal processing of saccade targets in parietal cortex area LIP during visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(1), 942-947. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00413.2006
Treisman, A. (1986). Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255(5), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1186-114B
Treisman, A. (1988). Features and objects: The fourteenth Bartlett memorial lecture. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40(2), 201-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724988843000104
Treisman, A. (1991). Search, similarity, and integration of features between and within dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17(3), 652-676.
Trommershäuser, J., Glimcher, P., & Gegenfurtner, K. (2009). Visual processing, learning and feedback in the primate eye movement system. Trends in Neurosciences, 32(11), 583-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.07.004
von Grünau, M. W., Wiggin, S., & Reed, M. (1984). The local character of perspective organization. Perception & Psychophysics, 35(4), 319-324. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206335
Weidner, R., Pollmann, S., Müller, H. J., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2002). Top-down controlled visual dimension weighting: An event-related fMRI study. Cerebral Cortex, 12(3), 318-328. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/12.3.318
White, B. J., Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Kerzel, D. (2005). Effects of structured nontarget stimuli on saccadic latency. Journal of Neurophysiology, 93(6), 3214-3223. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01104.2004
White, B. J., Stritzke, M., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2008). Saccadic facilitation in natural backgrounds. Current Biology, 18(2), 124-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.027
Xu, J., & Yue, S. (2014). Mimicking visual searching with integrated top down cues and low-level features. Neurocomputing, 133, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2013.11.037
Yu, R., & Chan, A.H.S. (2013). Visual search time in detection tasks with multiple targets: Considering change of the effective stimulus field area. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 43(4), 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2013.04.010
Brouwer, A. M., Reuderink, B., Vincent, J., van Gerven, M. A., & van Erp, J. B. (2013). Distinguishing between target and nontarget fixations in a visual search task using fixation-related potentials. Journal of Vision, 13(3), 17. https://doi.org/10.1167/13.3.17
Caputi, A., & Rudelli, R. (2014). Procesamiento sensorial y percepción. En D. Redolar (Ed.), Neurociencia cognitiva (pp. 231-256). Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Carlson, N. R. (2006). Fisiología de la conducta. Madrid: Pearson Educación.
Coren, S., Ward, L. M., & Enns, J. T. (2001). Sensación y percepción. Ciudad de México: McGraw-Hill.
Dandekar, S., Ding, J., Privitera, C., Carney, T., & Klein, S. A., (2012). The fixation and saccade p3. PLoS One, 7(11), e48761. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048761
Found, A., & Müller, H. J. (1996). Searching for unknown feature targets on more than one dimension: Investigating a “dimension-weighting” account. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 58(1), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205479
Gale, A. G., & Findlay, J. M. (1983). Eye-movement patterns in viewing ambiguous figures. En R. Groner (Ed.), Eye movements and psychological functions: international views (pp. 145-168). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.
Geyer, T., Müller, H. J., & Krummenacher, J. (2006). Cross-trial priming in visual search for singleton conjunction targets: Role of repeated target and distractor features. Perception & Psychophysics, 68(5), 736-749. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193697
Glimcher, P. W. (2009). Choice: towards a standars back-pocket model. En P. Glimcher, & E. Fehr (Eds.), Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and The Brain (pp. 501- 519). Londres: Academic Press.
Himmelbach, M., Erb, M., & Kartath, H. (2007). Activation of superior colliculi in humans during visual exploration. BMC Neuroscience, 8, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-8-66
Hochberg, J., & Peterson, M. (1987). Piecemeal organization and cognitive components in object perception: Perceptually coupled responses to moving objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116(4), 370-380.
Hsiao, J., Chen, Y., Spence, Ch., & Yeh, S. (2012). Assessing the effects of audiovisual semantic congruency on the perception of a biestable figure. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 775-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.02.001
Kamienkowski, J. E., Ison, M. J., Quiroga, R. Q., & Sigman, M. (2012). Fixation-related potentials in visual search: a combined EEG and eye tracking study. Journal of Vision, 12(7), 4. https://doi.org/10.1167/12.7.4
Kandel, E., Schwartz, J., & Jessell, T. (2008). Neurociencia y conducta. Madrid: Prentice Hall.
Kazai, K., & Yagi, A. (1999). Integrated effect of stimulation at fixation points on EFRP (eye-fixation related brain potentials). International Journal of Psychophysiology, 32(3), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00010-0
Kornmeier, J., & Bach, M. (2012). Ambiguous figures - What happens in the brain when perception changes but not the stimulus. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00051
Leopold, D., & Logothetis, N. (1999). Multistable phenomena: changing views in perception. Trends in cognitive sciences, 3(7), 254-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01332-7
Lettvin, J., Maturana, H., McCulloch, W., & Pitts, W. (1959). What’s the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain? Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, IRE, 47(11), 1940-1951. https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1959.287207
Long, G. M., & Moran, C. (2007). How to keep a reversible figure from reversing: Teasing out top-down and bottom-up processes. Perception, 36(3), 431-445. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5630
Long, G. M., & Olszweski, A. D. (1999). To reverse or not to reverse: When is an ambiguous figure not ambiguous? American Journal of Psychology, 112(1), 41-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423624
Long, G. M., & Toppino, T. C. (2004). Enduring interest in perceptual ambiguity: alternating views of reversible figures. Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 748-768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.748
Long, G. M., Stewart, J. A., & Glancey, D. E. (2002). Configural biases and reversible figures: Evidence of multilevel grouping effects. American Journal of Psychology, 115(4), 581-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423528
Long, G. M., Toppino, T. C., & Kostenbauder, J. F. (1983). As the cube turns: Evidence for two processes in the perception of a dynamic reversible figure. Perception & Psychophysics, 34(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205893
Long, G. M., Toppino, T. C., & Mondin, G. W. (1992). Prime time: Fatigue and set effects in the perception of reversible figures. Perception & Psychophysics, 52(6), 609-616. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211697
Maarek, P. (2009). Marketing político y comunicación. Claves para una buena información política. Barcelona: Paidós.
Maljkovic, V., & Nakayama, K. (2000). Priming of pop out: III. A short-term implicit memory system beneficial for rapid target selection. Visual Cognition, 7(5), 571-595. https://doi.org/10.1080/135062800407202
Marr, D. (1982). Vision. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Müller, H. J., Heller, D., & Ziegler, J. (1995). Visual search for singleton feature targets within and across feature dimensions. Perception & Psychophysics, 57(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211845
Najemnik, J., & Geisler, W. (2008). Eye movement statistics in humans are consistent with an optimal search strategy. Journal of Vision, 8(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1167/8.3.4
Pires, A., Vásquez, A., Carboni, A., & Maiche, A. (2014). Percepción visual. En D. Redolar (Ed.), Neurociencia cognitiva (pp. 257-286). Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
R. H. Wurtz, & M. E. Goldberg (Eds.). (1989). The Neurobiology of Saccadic Eye Movements (Reviews of Oculomotor Research Vol. 3). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
Roca, E. M., Rosselló, J., Maiche, A., García, D. T., & Roberts, M. N. (2008). Modelos teóricos y neurociencia cognitiva de la percepción. En J. Tirapú, F. Maestú, & M. Ríos (Eds.), Manual de neuropsicologia (pp. 59-96). Barcelona: Viguera Editores.
Shah, D. S., Prados, J., Gamble, J., De Lillo, & Gibson, C. (2013). Sex differences in spatial memory using serial and search tasks. Behavioural Brain Research, 257, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.027
Thomas, N., & Pare, M. (2007). Temporal processing of saccade targets in parietal cortex area LIP during visual search. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(1), 942-947. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00413.2006
Treisman, A. (1986). Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American, 255(5), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1186-114B
Treisman, A. (1988). Features and objects: The fourteenth Bartlett memorial lecture. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40(2), 201-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724988843000104
Treisman, A. (1991). Search, similarity, and integration of features between and within dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17(3), 652-676.
Trommershäuser, J., Glimcher, P., & Gegenfurtner, K. (2009). Visual processing, learning and feedback in the primate eye movement system. Trends in Neurosciences, 32(11), 583-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.07.004
von Grünau, M. W., Wiggin, S., & Reed, M. (1984). The local character of perspective organization. Perception & Psychophysics, 35(4), 319-324. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206335
Weidner, R., Pollmann, S., Müller, H. J., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2002). Top-down controlled visual dimension weighting: An event-related fMRI study. Cerebral Cortex, 12(3), 318-328. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/12.3.318
White, B. J., Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Kerzel, D. (2005). Effects of structured nontarget stimuli on saccadic latency. Journal of Neurophysiology, 93(6), 3214-3223. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01104.2004
White, B. J., Stritzke, M., & Gegenfurtner, K. R. (2008). Saccadic facilitation in natural backgrounds. Current Biology, 18(2), 124-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.027
Xu, J., & Yue, S. (2014). Mimicking visual searching with integrated top down cues and low-level features. Neurocomputing, 133, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2013.11.037
Yu, R., & Chan, A.H.S. (2013). Visual search time in detection tasks with multiple targets: Considering change of the effective stimulus field area. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 43(4), 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2013.04.010
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Rodríguez Martínez, G. A., & Castillo Parra, H. (2018). Tareas de búsqueda visual: modelos, bases neurológicas, utilidad y prospectiva. Universitas Psychologica, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-1.tbvm
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