Keywords
happiness
OHQ
India
university students
culture
factor structure
model fit
OHQ
India
university students
culture
factor structure
model fit
How to Cite
An Investigation on the Factor Structure of Hindi Version of Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ). (2019). Universitas Psychologica, 18(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-1.ifsh
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Abstract
This study examines the factor structure of the Hindi version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) (Hills & Argyle, 2002) in a sample of 1000 Indian university students. OHQ is a widely used in positive psychology research. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)has resulted in six factors. Another study has been carried to test the results of EFA and other reported models with a sample of 800 students. Confirmatory factor analysis has resulted in the six-factor model showing a better fit against the other tested models. The study results support the multi-dimensional structure of OHQ. The factor structure of OHQ in India has some common factors and many differences when compared to the Euro-American studies.
Ahuvia, A. C. (2002). Individualism/collectivism and cultures of happiness: A theoretical conjecture on the relationship between consumption, culture and subjective well-being at the national level. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015682121103
Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness. East Sussex: Routledge.
Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a Function of Personality and Social Encounters. In J. P. Forgas and J. M. Innes (Ed.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 189-203). North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Biswas-Diener, R., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2012). Happiness in India. In H. Selin & G. Davey (Eds.), Happiness across cultures (pp. 13-25). Springer, Dordrecht.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2700-7_2
Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Bennett, E., & Furnham, A. (2007). The happy personality: Mediational role of trait emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(8), 1633-1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.029
Chakraborty, B., Maji, S., Sen, A., Mallik, I., Baidya, S., & Dwibedi, E. (2018). A study on happiness and related factors among Indian college students. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-018-0125-8
Chiang, H. H., Lin, L., & Lee, T. S. H. (2016). Psychometric integrity of the Chinese Happiness Inventory among retired older people in Taiwan. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 16(7), 865-872. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12568
Church, A. T. (2000). Culture and personality: Toward an integrated cultural trait psychology. Journal of Personality, 68(4), 651-703. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00112
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. https://www.pareonline.net/pdf/v10n7.pdf
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43.
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (2009). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. In Culture and Well-Being (pp. 71-91). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_4
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Ryan, K. L. (2013). Universals and cultural differences in the causes and structure of happiness: A multilevel review. In C. L. M. Keyes (Ed.), Mental well-being (pp. 153–176). Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5195-8_8
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276– 302.
Diener, E., Tay, L., & Oishi, S. (2013). Rising income and the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 267–276.
Flynn, D. M., & MacLeod, S. (2015). Determinants of happiness in undergraduate university students. College Student Journal, 49(3), 452-460. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030487
Furnham, A., & Brewin, C. R. (1990). Personality and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 11(10), 1093-1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(90)90138-H
Gerdtham, U. G., & Johannesson, M. (2001). The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: Results based on Swedish microdata. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 30(6), 553-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(01)00118-4
Gorsuch, R. L. (1990). Common factor analysis versus component analysis: Some well- and little-known facts. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_3
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New York, NY: Prentice Hall International.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (1998). Positive moods derived from leisure and their relationship to happiness and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(3), 523-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00082-8
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073– 1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
Holder, M. D. (2012). Understanding the construct of positive well-being and happiness. In Happiness in Children (pp. 1–4). Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4414-1_1
Howell, R. T., Chong, W. T., Howell, C. J., & Schwabe, K. (2012). Happiness and life satisfaction in Malaysia. In H. Selin & G. Davey (Eds.), Happiness Across Cultures (pp. 43–55). Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2700-7_4
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Islam, G. (2012). Happiness in Brazil. In H. Selin & G. Davey (Eds.), Happiness Across Cultures, (Vol. 6, pp. 227-240). Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2700-7_16
Kashdan, T. B. (2004). The assessment of subjective well-being (issues raised by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire). Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00213-7
Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition & Emotion, 14(1), 93-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300379003
Liaghatdar, M. J., Jafari, E., Abedi, M. R., & Samiee, F. (2008). Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 310-313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600004340
Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-8789-5
Lu, L., Gilmour, R., & Kao, S. F. (2001). Cultural values and happiness: An East-West dialogue. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 477-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600566
Lu, L., & Shih, J. B. (1997). Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator? Personality and Individual Differences, 22(2), 249-256.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998). The cultural psychology of personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(1), 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022198291004
Medvedev, O. N., Siegert, R. J., Mohamed, A. D., Shepherd, D., Landhuis, E., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2017). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: Transformation from an ordinal to an interval measure using rasch analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(5), 1425-1443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9784-3
Meleddu, M., Guicciardi, M., Scalas, L. F., & Fadda, D. (2012). Validation of an Italian Version of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Adolescence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2011.645931
Moksnes, U. K., & Espnes, G. A. (2013). Self-esteem and life satisfaction in adolescents—gender and age as potential moderators. Quality of Life Research, 22(10), 2921-2928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0427-4
Muthen, B., & Kaplan, D. (1992). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables: A note on the size of the model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 45(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1992.tb00975.x
Nagar, I. (2017). Self-Regulation for sustaining happiness and well-being: An Indian perspective. Psychological Studies, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0403-0
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.Oishi, S., Diener, E. F., Lucas, R. E., & Suh, E. M. (1999). Cross-Cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: perspectives from needs and values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 980-990. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511006
Oishi, S., & Gilbert, E. A. (2016). Current and future directions in culture and happiness research. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 54-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.005
Pavot, W. (2018). The cornerstone of research on subjective well-being: Valid assessment methodology. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being (pp. 1-11). Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers. Retroeved from https://www.nobascholar.com/chapters/15/download.pdf
Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 805-819.
Saddichha, S. (2010). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic insomnia. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 13(2), 94-102. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.64628
Sinha, B. K., Willson, L. R., & Watson, D. C. (2000). Stress and coping among students in India and Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 32(4), 218.
Slocum-Gori, S. L., Zumbo, B. D., Michalos, A. C., & Diener, E. (2009). A note on the dimensionality of Quality of Life Scales: An illustration with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Social Indicators Research, 92(3), 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9303-y
Thiruchelvi, A., & Supriya, M. V. (2012). An investigation on the mediating role of coping strategies on locus of control-well-being relationship. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 156-165.
Uchida, Y., & Ogihara, Y. (2012). Personal or interpersonal construal of happiness: A cultural psychological perspective. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(4), 354-369.
Vaingankar, J. A., Subramaiam, M., Lim, Y. W., Sherbourne, C., Luo, N., Ryan, G., ... & Chong, S. A. (2012). From well-being to positive mental health: conceptualization and qualitative development of an instrument in Singapore. Quality of Life Research, 21(10), 1785-1794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0105-3
Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative? Social Indicators Research, 24(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292648
Veenhoven, R. (2010). Greater happiness for a greater number. Journal of happiness studies, 11(5), 605-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9204-z
Wang, F., & Wang, D. (2016). Place, geographical context and subjective well-being: State of art and future directions. In D. Wang & S. He (Eds.), Mobility, Sociability and Well-being of Urban Living (pp.189-230). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48184-4
Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness. East Sussex: Routledge.
Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a Function of Personality and Social Encounters. In J. P. Forgas and J. M. Innes (Ed.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 189-203). North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Biswas-Diener, R., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2012). Happiness in India. In H. Selin & G. Davey (Eds.), Happiness across cultures (pp. 13-25). Springer, Dordrecht.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2700-7_2
Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Bennett, E., & Furnham, A. (2007). The happy personality: Mediational role of trait emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(8), 1633-1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.029
Chakraborty, B., Maji, S., Sen, A., Mallik, I., Baidya, S., & Dwibedi, E. (2018). A study on happiness and related factors among Indian college students. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-018-0125-8
Chiang, H. H., Lin, L., & Lee, T. S. H. (2016). Psychometric integrity of the Chinese Happiness Inventory among retired older people in Taiwan. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 16(7), 865-872. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12568
Church, A. T. (2000). Culture and personality: Toward an integrated cultural trait psychology. Journal of Personality, 68(4), 651-703. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00112
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. https://www.pareonline.net/pdf/v10n7.pdf
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43.
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (2009). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. In Culture and Well-Being (pp. 71-91). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_4
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Ryan, K. L. (2013). Universals and cultural differences in the causes and structure of happiness: A multilevel review. In C. L. M. Keyes (Ed.), Mental well-being (pp. 153–176). Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5195-8_8
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276– 302.
Diener, E., Tay, L., & Oishi, S. (2013). Rising income and the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 267–276.
Flynn, D. M., & MacLeod, S. (2015). Determinants of happiness in undergraduate university students. College Student Journal, 49(3), 452-460. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030487
Furnham, A., & Brewin, C. R. (1990). Personality and happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 11(10), 1093-1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(90)90138-H
Gerdtham, U. G., & Johannesson, M. (2001). The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: Results based on Swedish microdata. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 30(6), 553-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(01)00118-4
Gorsuch, R. L. (1990). Common factor analysis versus component analysis: Some well- and little-known facts. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_3
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New York, NY: Prentice Hall International.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (1998). Positive moods derived from leisure and their relationship to happiness and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(3), 523-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00082-8
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073– 1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
Holder, M. D. (2012). Understanding the construct of positive well-being and happiness. In Happiness in Children (pp. 1–4). Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4414-1_1
Howell, R. T., Chong, W. T., Howell, C. J., & Schwabe, K. (2012). Happiness and life satisfaction in Malaysia. In H. Selin & G. Davey (Eds.), Happiness Across Cultures (pp. 43–55). Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2700-7_4
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Islam, G. (2012). Happiness in Brazil. In H. Selin & G. Davey (Eds.), Happiness Across Cultures, (Vol. 6, pp. 227-240). Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2700-7_16
Kashdan, T. B. (2004). The assessment of subjective well-being (issues raised by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire). Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00213-7
Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition & Emotion, 14(1), 93-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300379003
Liaghatdar, M. J., Jafari, E., Abedi, M. R., & Samiee, F. (2008). Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 310-313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600004340
Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-8789-5
Lu, L., Gilmour, R., & Kao, S. F. (2001). Cultural values and happiness: An East-West dialogue. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 477-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600566
Lu, L., & Shih, J. B. (1997). Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator? Personality and Individual Differences, 22(2), 249-256.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998). The cultural psychology of personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(1), 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022198291004
Medvedev, O. N., Siegert, R. J., Mohamed, A. D., Shepherd, D., Landhuis, E., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2017). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: Transformation from an ordinal to an interval measure using rasch analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(5), 1425-1443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9784-3
Meleddu, M., Guicciardi, M., Scalas, L. F., & Fadda, D. (2012). Validation of an Italian Version of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Adolescence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2011.645931
Moksnes, U. K., & Espnes, G. A. (2013). Self-esteem and life satisfaction in adolescents—gender and age as potential moderators. Quality of Life Research, 22(10), 2921-2928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0427-4
Muthen, B., & Kaplan, D. (1992). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables: A note on the size of the model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 45(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1992.tb00975.x
Nagar, I. (2017). Self-Regulation for sustaining happiness and well-being: An Indian perspective. Psychological Studies, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0403-0
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.Oishi, S., Diener, E. F., Lucas, R. E., & Suh, E. M. (1999). Cross-Cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: perspectives from needs and values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 980-990. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511006
Oishi, S., & Gilbert, E. A. (2016). Current and future directions in culture and happiness research. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 54-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.005
Pavot, W. (2018). The cornerstone of research on subjective well-being: Valid assessment methodology. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being (pp. 1-11). Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers. Retroeved from https://www.nobascholar.com/chapters/15/download.pdf
Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 805-819.
Saddichha, S. (2010). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic insomnia. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 13(2), 94-102. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.64628
Sinha, B. K., Willson, L. R., & Watson, D. C. (2000). Stress and coping among students in India and Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 32(4), 218.
Slocum-Gori, S. L., Zumbo, B. D., Michalos, A. C., & Diener, E. (2009). A note on the dimensionality of Quality of Life Scales: An illustration with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Social Indicators Research, 92(3), 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9303-y
Thiruchelvi, A., & Supriya, M. V. (2012). An investigation on the mediating role of coping strategies on locus of control-well-being relationship. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 156-165.
Uchida, Y., & Ogihara, Y. (2012). Personal or interpersonal construal of happiness: A cultural psychological perspective. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(4), 354-369.
Vaingankar, J. A., Subramaiam, M., Lim, Y. W., Sherbourne, C., Luo, N., Ryan, G., ... & Chong, S. A. (2012). From well-being to positive mental health: conceptualization and qualitative development of an instrument in Singapore. Quality of Life Research, 21(10), 1785-1794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0105-3
Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative? Social Indicators Research, 24(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292648
Veenhoven, R. (2010). Greater happiness for a greater number. Journal of happiness studies, 11(5), 605-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9204-z
Wang, F., & Wang, D. (2016). Place, geographical context and subjective well-being: State of art and future directions. In D. Wang & S. He (Eds.), Mobility, Sociability and Well-being of Urban Living (pp.189-230). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48184-4
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