Keywords
cultivation
narrative transportation
system justification
social class
How to Cite
Abstract
Within the framework of the study of cultivation, the present research attempts to study the association between general TV consumption, particular TV news, and fear of crime. The analysis considers narrative transportation and system justification as psychological predictor variables; in addition, sex, level of crime in the area of residence, and social class as social covariates. Participants were 516 young (M = 20.5 years, SD = 4.7) Costa Ricans. A hierarchical regression analysis (stepwise) was made. Results indicated that people who experienced more narrative transportation, less system justification as women, and low social class, have higher levels of fear of crime. Results are discussed from the need to expand the cultivation hypothesis of fear of crime.
Abdullah, A., Hedayati, M., Bahauddin, A., & Javad, M. (2012). The relationship between territorial functioning and victimization: A comparative study of high and low crime rate estates. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 899-908. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.091
Appel, M. (2008). Fictional narratives cultivate just-world belief. Journal of Communication, 58, 62-83. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00374.x
Bilandzic, H., & Buselle, R. (2008). Transportation and transportability in the cultivation of genre-consistent attitudes and estimates. Journal of Communication, 58, 508-509. http:/doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00397.x
Bilandzic, H., & Buselle, R. (2011). Enjoyment of films as a function of narrative
experience, perceived realism and transportability. Communications, 36, 29-50. http://doi.org/10.1515/COMM.2011.002
Brewer, P., & Ley, B. (2010). Media use and public perceptions of DNA evidence. Science Communication, 32(1), 93-117. http://doi.org/10.1177/1075547009340343
Calderón, R. (2007). Delito y cambio social en Costa Rica: resultados de investigación (Working Paper Series N°12). Miami: Center for Latin American Studies, University of Miami. Retrieved from http://www.sitemason.com/files/ iI93YA/
MALL%20GRANTS%202008%20REPORTSRodolfoCalderon.pdf
Collins, D. (2003). Pretesting survey instruments: An overview of cognitive methods. Quality of Life Research, 12(3), 229-238. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/ stable/4038871
Diefenbach, D., & West, M. (2007). Television and attitudes toward mental health issues: Cultivation analysis and the third-person effect. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(2), 181-195. http://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20142
Doyle, A. (2006). How no to think about crime in the media. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 48(6), 867-885. http://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.48.6.867
Edson, J. (2004). Imagine yourself in the product: Mental simulation, narrative transportation, and persuasion. Journal of Advertising, 33(2), 37-48. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4189256
Eschholz, S., Chiricos, T., & Gertz, M. (2003). Television and fear of crime: Program types, audience traits, and the mediating effect of perceived neighborhood racial composition. Social Problems, 50(3), 395-415. http://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2003.50.3.395
Ferraro, K., & LaGrange, R. (1987). The measurement of fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57, 70-101. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01181.x
Fiske, S. (2004). Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology.
New York: Wiley.
Fiske, S., & Taylor, S. (2013). Social cognition: From brain to culture. London: Sage.
Fonseca, K., & Sandoval, C. (2005). Medios de comunicación e (in)seguridad ciudadana en Costa Rica. San José, CR: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
Frey, B., Benesch, C., & Stutzer, A. (2007). Does watching TV make us happy? Journal of Economic Psychology, 28, 283-313. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.02.001
García-Castro, J. D. (2010). Ideología de la desigualdad: Análisis de la investigación empírica en psicología social. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Política, 8(24), 67-87. Recuperado de http://www.psicopol.unsl.edu.ar/diciembre2010_Nota5.pdf
García-Castro, J. D. (2012). Percepción de criminalidad en Costa Rica: clases sociales, televisión e ideología (Serie Documentos de Trabajo). Becas de Investigación. Buenos Aires: CLACSO. Retrieved from http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/becas/20120509124519/garciacastro.pdf
Green, M., & Brock, T. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701-721. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11079236
Green, M., & Clark, J. (2012). Transportation into narrative worlds: Implications for entertainment media influences on tobacco use. Addiction, 108, 477-484. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04088.x
Gross, K., & Aday, S. (2003). The scary world in your living room and neighborhood crime rates, and personal experience to test agenda setting and cultivation. Journal of Communication, 53, 411-426. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02599.x
Holbert, R., Shah, D., & Kwak, N. (2004). Fear, authority, and justice: Crime-related TV viewing and endorsements of capital punishment and gun ownership. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 18(2), 343-363. http://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100208
Huhn, S. (2009, September). The culture of fear and control in Costa Rica (II): The talk of crime and social changes (Working Paper N° 108). Leibniz, DE: German Institute of Global and Area Studies. Retrieved from https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/the-culture-of-fear-and-control-in-costa-rica-ii-the-talk-of-crime-and-social-changes
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2011, May). X Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Vivienda. Resultados Generales. San José, CR: Author. Retrieved from https://www.cipacdh.org/pdf/Resultados_Generales_Censo_2011.pdf
Jost, J., Banaji, M., & Nosek, B. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881-919. Retrieved from http://www.psych.nyu.edu/jost/Jost,%20Banaji,%20&%20Nosek%20(2004)%20A%20Decade%20of%20System%20Justificati.pdf
Jost, J., Federico, C., & Napier, J. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 307-337. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600
Jost, J., & Kay, A. C. (2005). Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 498-509. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.498
Jost, J., & Thompson, E. (2000). Group-based dominance and opposition to equality as
independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among African American and European Americans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 209-232. http://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1403
Karakus, O., McGarrel, E., & Basibuyuk, O. (2010). Fear of crime among citizens of Turkey. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 174-184. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.02.006
Kay, A., Gaucher, D., Napier, J., Callan, M., & Laurin, K. (2008). God and government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 18-35. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.18
Kohm, S., Waid-Lindberg, C., Weinrath, M., O’Connor, T., & Dobbs, R. (2012). The impact of media on fear of crime among university students: A cross national comparison. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 54(1), 67-100. http://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2011.E.01
Lee, M., Bichard, S., Irey, M., Walth, H., & Carlson, A. (2009). Television viewing and ethnic stereotypes: Do college students from stereotypical perceptions of ethnic groups as a result of heavy television consumption? Howard Journal of Communications, 20(1), 95-110. http://doi.org/10.1080/10646170802665281
McKee, K. J., & Milner, C. (2000). Health, fear of crime and psychosocial functioning in older people. Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 473-486. http://doi.org/10.1177/135910530000500406
Morgan, M., & Shanahan, J. (2010). The state of cultivation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(2), 337-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151003735018
Napier, J., Thorisdottir, H., & Jost, J. (2010). The joy of sexism? A multinational investigation of hostile and benevolent justifications for gender inequality and their relations to subjective well-being. Sex Roles, 62, 405-419. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9712-7
Niederdeppe, J., Franklin, E., Goldstein, K., & Pribble, J. (2010). Does local television news coverage cultivate fatalistic belief about cancer prevention? Journal of Communication, 60, 230-253. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01474.x
Pantazis, C. (2000). Fear of crime, vulnerability, and poverty. British Journal of Criminology, 40, 414-436. http://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.3.414
Pennebaker, J., & Stone, L. (2004). Translating traumatic experiences into language: Implications for child abuse and long-term health. In L. J. Koening, L. Doll, A. O’Leary & W. Pequegnat (Eds.), From child sexual abuse to adult sexual risk: Trauma, revictimization, and intervention (pp. 201-216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Pérez, R., & Torres, D. (2012). Recepción de series televisivas y formación de esquemas cognoscitivos asociados a sus personajes: un estudio con niños y adolescentes costarricenses. Universitas Psychologica, 11(4), 1291-1302. Retrieved from http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/sitio/psychologica/sccs/articulo.php?id=1098
Petty, R. E., Priester, J. R., & Briñol, P. (2002). Mass media attitude change: Implications of the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 155-198). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Presson, P., & Benassi, V. (1996). Illusion of control: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 11(3), 493-510. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240038375_Illusion_of_control_A_meta-analytic_review
Rader, N., Cossman, J., & Porter, J. (2012). Fear of crime and vulnerability: Using a national simple of Americans to examine two competing paradigms. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 134-141. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.02.003
Rankin, L., Jost, J., & Wakslak, C. (2009). System justification and the meaning of life: Are the existential benefits of ideology distributed unequally across racial groups. Social Justice Research, 22, 312-333. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-009-0100-9
Riddle, K. (2010). Always on my mind: Exploring how frequent, recent, and vivid television portrayals are used in the formation of social reality judgments. Media Psychology, 13, 155-179. http://doi.org/10.1080/15213261003800140
Romer, D., Jamieson, K., & Aday, S. (2003). Television news and the cultivation of fear of crime. Journal of Communication, 53, 88-104. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03007.x
Rountree, P., & Land, K. (1996). Perceived risk versus fear of crime: Empirical evidence of conceptually distinct reactions in survey data. Social Forces, 74, 1353-1376. http://doi.org/10.1093/sf/74.4.1353
Ruiz, J. (2007). Cultura ciudadana, miedo al crimen y victimización: un análisis de sus interrelaciones desde la perspectiva del tejido social. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 10(1), 75-64. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.uaemex.mx/pdf/798/79810107.pdf
Ruiz, J., & Turcios, L. (2009). Percepción de seguridad, victimización y cultura ciudadana: sus relaciones en cinco contextos iberoamericanos. Pensamiento Psicológico, 6(13), 193-202. Retrieved from
http://www.redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=80112469013
Salmi, V., Smolej, M., & Kivivuori, J. (2007). Crime victimization, exposure to crime news and social trust among adolescents. Young, 15(3), 255-272. http://doi.org/10.1177/110330880701500303
Scarborough, B., Like-Haislip, T., Novak, K., Lucas, W., & Alarid, F. (2010). Assessing the relationship between individual’s characteristics, neighborhood context and fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 819-226. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.010
Schafer, J., Huebner, B., & Bynum, T. (2006). Fear of crime and criminal victimization: Gender-based contrasts. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 285-301. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.03.003
Shanahan, J., & Morgan, M. (2003). Television and its viewers: Cultivation theory and research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shrum, L. (1996). Psychological processes underlying cultivation effects: Further test of construct accessibility. Human Communication Research, 22(4), 482-509. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00376.x
Smith-Castro, V., & Molina, M. (2011). Cuaderno metodológico 5. La entrevista cognitiva: guía para su aplicación en la evaluación y mejoramiento de instrumentos de papel y lápiz. San José, CR: Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas.
Snyder, J., Fessler, D., Tiokhin, L., Frederick, D., Woo, S., & Navarrete, C. (2011). Trade-off in a dangerous world: Women’s fear of crime predicts preferences for aggressive and formidable mates. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(2), 127-137. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.08.007
Stephens, N., Markus, H., & Townsend, S. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), 814-830. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.814
United Nations Development Program. (UNDP). (2005). Overcoming Fear: Citizen (in)security and human development in Costa Rica (National Human Development Report 2005). San José, CR: Author. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/costa_rica_2005_en.pdf
van Laer, T., de Ruyter, K., Visconti, M., & Wetzels, M. (2014). The extended transportation-imagery model: A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of consumer’s narrative transportation. Journal of Consumer Research, 40, 797-817. http://doi.org/10.1086/673383
van Lidth, M., & Schütte, O. (2010). GAM(ismo). Cultura y desarrollo urbano en la gran área metropolitana de Costa Rica. Cuaderno de Ciencias Sociales, N.° 155. Costa Rica: FLACSO.
Vargas, J., & Rosero, L. (2004). La cultura política de la democracia en Costa Rica. Un estudio del proyecto de opinión pública en América Latina (OPAL). San José, CR: Centro Centroamericano de Población.
Villarreal, A., & Silva, B. (2006). Social cohesion, criminal victimization and perceived risk of crime in Brazilian neighborhoods. Social Forces, 84(3), 1725-1753. http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1353/sof.2006.0073
Weitzer, R., & Kubrin, C. (2004). Breaking news: How local TV news and real-world conditions affect fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 21(3), 497-520. http://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095881
Wyant, B. (2008). Multi-level impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45, 39-64. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022427807309440
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.