Keywords
Intercultural contact
cultural intelligence
cultural diversity
type of contact
gender
education
cultural intelligence
cultural diversity
type of contact
gender
education
How to Cite
Intercultural Contact as a Predictor of Cultural Intelligence. (2019). Universitas Psychologica, 18(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-2.icpc
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Abstract
With the aim of observing to what extent intercultural contact is a predictor of cultural intelligence, and the relationship between cultural intelligence, type of intercultural contact, gender and education, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using the ANOVA and t-test. With a sample of 661 individuals, results show that intercultural contact is a predictor of cultural intelligence and that men and individuals who possess superior level studies present higher cultural intelligence means. Those who maintain intercultural contact with friends or family present superior cultural intelligence means in metacognitive and motivational dimensions and individuals who maintain an intercultural contact in professional environment present high score at the level of cognitive and behavioral dimensions.
Alon, I., Boulanger, M., Meyers, J. & Taras, V. (2016). The development and validation of the business cultural intelligence quotient. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 23(1), 78-100. Retrieved from https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/V_Taras_Development_2016.pdf
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality Correlates of the Four-Fator Model of Cultural Intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31(1), 100-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275267
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Rockstuhl, T. (2015). Cultural intelligence: Origins, conceptualization, evolution, and methodological diversity. In M. J. Gelfand, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in culture and psychology: Handbook of advances in culture and psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 273-323). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K., Templer, K., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. (2007). Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x
Arasaratnam, L. A. (2012). Intercultural spaces and communication within: an explication. Australian Journal of Communication, 39(3), 135-141.
Brown, K., & Ryan, R. (2003). The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Crowne, K. (2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51(5), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2008.03.010
Dusi, P., Messetti, G., & Steinbach, M. (2014). Skills, Attitudes, Relational Abilities & Reflexivity: Competences for a Multicultural Society. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1200
Earley, P., (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: Moving forward with cultural intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24, 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(02)24008-3
Earley, P., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions across Cultures. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Earley, P., & Mosakowski, E. (2004, October). Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review, 139-153. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2004/10/cultural-intelligence/ar/1
Forbes (2011). Global diversity and inclusion: Fostering innovation through a diverse workforce. Retrieved from http://images.forbes.com/forbesinsights/StudyPDFs/Innovation_Through_Diversity.pdf
Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Gelfand, M., Imai, L., & Fehr, R. (2008). Thinking intelligently about cultural intelligence: The road ahead. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Application (pp. 375-387). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Glass, G. V., & Hopkins K. D. (1996). Statistical methods in education and psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Gonçalves, G., Reis, M., Sousa, C., Santos, J., & Orgambídez-Ramos, A. (2015). The effect of multicultural experience in conflicts management styles: Mediation of cultural intelligence and self-monitoring. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics - Multiculturality in organizational and social space: New challenges, 3(1), 4-21. Retieved from https://www.jsod-cieo.net/journal/index.php/jsod/article/view/39
Gonçalves, G., Reis, M., Sousa, C., Santos, J., Orgambídez-Ramos, A., & Scott, P. (2016). Cultural Intelligence and conflict management styles. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 24(4), 725-742. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2015-0923
Gonçalves, G., Sousa, C., Santos, J., & Orgambídez-Ramos, A. (2013). Differences in cultural intelligence according socio-demographic and context variables. In G. Hertel, C. Binnewies, S. Krumm, H. Holling, & M. Kleinmann (Eds.), Abstract proceedings of the 16th EAWOP Congress 2013 (pp. 702-703). Münster: Universität Münster.
Gudykunst, W. (2002). Intercultural communication. In W. B. Gudykunst, & B. Mody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (pp. 179-182). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gudykunst, W. (2005). Theorizing About Intercultural Communication. USA: Sage Publications.
Hill, M., & Hill, A., (2000). Investigação por questionário. Lisboa: Sílabo.
Isphording, I., & Otten, S. (2014). Linguistic barriers in the destination language acquisition of immigrants. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 105, 30-50.
Kaida, L. (2013). Do host country education and language training help recent immigrants exit poverty? Social Science Research, 42, 726-741.
Khodadady, E., & Ghahari, D. (2011). Validation of the Persian cultural intelligence scale and exploring its relationship with gender, education, travelling abroad and place of living. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research, 11(7), 65-75. Retrieved from https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume11/10-Validation-of-the-Persian-Cultural-Intelligence-Scale.pdf
Kim, K., Kirkman, B. L., & Chen, G. (2008). Cultural Intelligence and International Asignment Effectiveness. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Kurpis, L., & Hunter, J. (2016). Developing Students’ Cultural Intelligence Through an Experiential Learning Activity: A Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior Interview. Journal of Marketing Education, 39(1), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0273475316653337
Lee, J., Crawford, A., Weber, M., & Dennison, D. (2018). Antecedents of Cultural Intelligence Among American Hospitality Students: Moderating Effect of Ethnocentrism. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 30(3), 167-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2018.1444494
Li, M., Mobley, W., & Kelly, A. (2016). Linking personality to cultural intelligence: An interactive effect of openness and agreeableness. Personality and Individual Differences 89, 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.050
Livermore, D. (2011). The cultural intelligence difference: Master the one skill you can’t do without in today’s global economy. New York, NY: AMACOM.
Llopis, G. (2011, December 9). The Most Successful Companies Embrace the Promise of their Culture. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/glennllopis/2011/09/12/the-most-successful-companies-embrace-the-promise-of-their-culture/
Mæland, A., & Wattenberg, P. (2017). The role of education and gender in cultural intelligence (Master thesis). University of Agder, Norway. Retrieved from https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2452976/Mæland%2C%20Arnfinn%20og%20Wattenberg%2C%20Pia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Marôco, J. (2011). Análise Estatística com o SPSS Statistics (5 ed.). Pêro Pinheiro: ReportNumber, Lda.
Mazur, B. (2010). Cultural Diversity in Organisational Theory and Practice. Journal of Intercultural Management, 2(2), 5--15. Retrieved from http://www.joim.pl/pdf/MAZURv2n2.pdf
Mukherji, S., Jain, N., & Sharma, R. (2016). relevance of cultural intelligence and communication effectiveness for global leadership preparedness: study of Indian managers. Journal of International Business Research and Marketing, 1(3), 7-19. https://doi.org/ 10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.13.3001
Ng, K., & Earley, P. (2006). Culture + Intelligence: Old constructs, new frontiers. Group and Organization Management, 31(1), 4-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275251
Ni, L., Wang, Q., & De la Flor, M. (2015). Intercultural communication competence and preferred public relations practices. Journal of Communication Management, 19(2), 167-183. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-07-2012-0061
Nunes, M., Felix, B., & Prates, L. (2017). Cultural intelligence, cross-cultural adaptation and expatriate performance: a study with expatriates living in Brazil. Revista de Administração, 52(3), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rausp.2017.05.010
Pikhart, M. (2014) Implementing New Global Business Trends to Intercultural Business Communication. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152(7), 950–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.348
Presbitero, A., & Attar, H. (2018). Intercultural communication effectiveness, cultural intelligence and knowledge sharing: Extending anxiety-uncertainty management theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 67, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.08.004
Ridley, C. R., & Lingle, D. W. (1996). Cultural empathy in multicultural counseling: A multidimensional process model. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (pp. 21-46). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
Rocha, R. (1991). Gerir em ambiente intercultural: uma gestão diferente, um diferente gestor. Administração, 4(13-14), 477-498. Retrieved from www.safp.gov.mo/safppt/download/WCM_003872
Rose, R., Ramalu, S., Uli, J., & Kumar, N. (2010). Expatriate Performance in International Assignment: The role of Cultural Intelligence as Dynamic Intercultural Competency. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(8), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n8p76
Solomon, A., & Steyn, R. (2017). Leadership styles: The role of cultural intelligence. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 43, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1436
Sousa, C., & Gonçalves, G. (2015). Imigrantes e sociedade de acolhimento – Percepções e realidades: O caso de Portugal. Psicologia e Sociedade, 27(3), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-03102015v27n3p548
Sousa, C., & Gonçalves, G. (in press). Multiculturality as an antecedent to work well-being and work passion. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics.
Sousa, C., Gonçalves, G., & Cunha, M. (2015). Cultural values as a support to the development of intercultural competences. Spatial and Organizational Dynamics - Discussion Papers, 14, 7-22. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ris/cieodp/2015_001.html
Sousa, C., Gonçalves, G., Reis, M., & Santos, J. (2015). Evidências Métricas da Escala de Inteligência Cultural numa amostra Portuguesa. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 28(2), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201528203
Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (1984). Interpersonal Communication Competence. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Sternberg, R. (2000). Handbook of Intelligence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R., & Detterman, D. (1986). What is Intelligence? Contemporary Viewpoints on its Nature and Definition. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Thomas, D. (2006). Domain and development of cultural intelligence: The importance of mindfulness. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 78-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275266
Thomas, D., Liao, Y., Aycan, Z., Cerdin, J. -L., Pekerti, A., Ravlin, E. … van de Vijver, F.(2015). Cultural intelligence: A theory-based, short form measure. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.67
Tuleja, E. (2014). Developing Cultural Intelligence for Global Leadership Through Mindfulness. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 25(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/08975930.2014.881275
Tung, R. (1993). Managing Cross-National and Intra-National Diversity. Human Resource Management, 32(4), 461-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930320404
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Koh, C. (2008). Development and validation of the CQS. In S. Ang, & L. Van Dyne (Orgs.), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence. Theory, measurement and applications (pp.16-38). New York, NY: Sharpe.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Livermore, D. (2010). Cultural Intelligence: A pathway for leading in a rapidly globalizing world. In K. Hannum, B. McFeeters, & L. Booysen (Orgs.). Leading across differences (pp.131-138). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M., & Koh, C. (2012). Sub-Dimensions of the Four Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence: Expanding the Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Intelligence. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6(4), 295-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00429.x
Van Oudenhoven, J., & Ward, C. (2013). Fading Majority Cultures: The Implications of Transnationalism and Demographic Changes for Immigrant Acculturation. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23(2), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2132
Yeke, S., & Semerciöz, F. (2016). Relationships between personality traits, cultural intelligence and intercultural communication competence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.036
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality Correlates of the Four-Fator Model of Cultural Intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31(1), 100-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275267
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Rockstuhl, T. (2015). Cultural intelligence: Origins, conceptualization, evolution, and methodological diversity. In M. J. Gelfand, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in culture and psychology: Handbook of advances in culture and psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 273-323). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K., Templer, K., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. (2007). Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x
Arasaratnam, L. A. (2012). Intercultural spaces and communication within: an explication. Australian Journal of Communication, 39(3), 135-141.
Brown, K., & Ryan, R. (2003). The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Crowne, K. (2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51(5), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2008.03.010
Dusi, P., Messetti, G., & Steinbach, M. (2014). Skills, Attitudes, Relational Abilities & Reflexivity: Competences for a Multicultural Society. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1200
Earley, P., (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: Moving forward with cultural intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24, 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(02)24008-3
Earley, P., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions across Cultures. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Earley, P., & Mosakowski, E. (2004, October). Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review, 139-153. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2004/10/cultural-intelligence/ar/1
Forbes (2011). Global diversity and inclusion: Fostering innovation through a diverse workforce. Retrieved from http://images.forbes.com/forbesinsights/StudyPDFs/Innovation_Through_Diversity.pdf
Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Gelfand, M., Imai, L., & Fehr, R. (2008). Thinking intelligently about cultural intelligence: The road ahead. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Application (pp. 375-387). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Glass, G. V., & Hopkins K. D. (1996). Statistical methods in education and psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Gonçalves, G., Reis, M., Sousa, C., Santos, J., & Orgambídez-Ramos, A. (2015). The effect of multicultural experience in conflicts management styles: Mediation of cultural intelligence and self-monitoring. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics - Multiculturality in organizational and social space: New challenges, 3(1), 4-21. Retieved from https://www.jsod-cieo.net/journal/index.php/jsod/article/view/39
Gonçalves, G., Reis, M., Sousa, C., Santos, J., Orgambídez-Ramos, A., & Scott, P. (2016). Cultural Intelligence and conflict management styles. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 24(4), 725-742. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2015-0923
Gonçalves, G., Sousa, C., Santos, J., & Orgambídez-Ramos, A. (2013). Differences in cultural intelligence according socio-demographic and context variables. In G. Hertel, C. Binnewies, S. Krumm, H. Holling, & M. Kleinmann (Eds.), Abstract proceedings of the 16th EAWOP Congress 2013 (pp. 702-703). Münster: Universität Münster.
Gudykunst, W. (2002). Intercultural communication. In W. B. Gudykunst, & B. Mody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (pp. 179-182). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gudykunst, W. (2005). Theorizing About Intercultural Communication. USA: Sage Publications.
Hill, M., & Hill, A., (2000). Investigação por questionário. Lisboa: Sílabo.
Isphording, I., & Otten, S. (2014). Linguistic barriers in the destination language acquisition of immigrants. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 105, 30-50.
Kaida, L. (2013). Do host country education and language training help recent immigrants exit poverty? Social Science Research, 42, 726-741.
Khodadady, E., & Ghahari, D. (2011). Validation of the Persian cultural intelligence scale and exploring its relationship with gender, education, travelling abroad and place of living. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research, 11(7), 65-75. Retrieved from https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume11/10-Validation-of-the-Persian-Cultural-Intelligence-Scale.pdf
Kim, K., Kirkman, B. L., & Chen, G. (2008). Cultural Intelligence and International Asignment Effectiveness. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Kurpis, L., & Hunter, J. (2016). Developing Students’ Cultural Intelligence Through an Experiential Learning Activity: A Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior Interview. Journal of Marketing Education, 39(1), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0273475316653337
Lee, J., Crawford, A., Weber, M., & Dennison, D. (2018). Antecedents of Cultural Intelligence Among American Hospitality Students: Moderating Effect of Ethnocentrism. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 30(3), 167-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2018.1444494
Li, M., Mobley, W., & Kelly, A. (2016). Linking personality to cultural intelligence: An interactive effect of openness and agreeableness. Personality and Individual Differences 89, 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.050
Livermore, D. (2011). The cultural intelligence difference: Master the one skill you can’t do without in today’s global economy. New York, NY: AMACOM.
Llopis, G. (2011, December 9). The Most Successful Companies Embrace the Promise of their Culture. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/glennllopis/2011/09/12/the-most-successful-companies-embrace-the-promise-of-their-culture/
Mæland, A., & Wattenberg, P. (2017). The role of education and gender in cultural intelligence (Master thesis). University of Agder, Norway. Retrieved from https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2452976/Mæland%2C%20Arnfinn%20og%20Wattenberg%2C%20Pia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Marôco, J. (2011). Análise Estatística com o SPSS Statistics (5 ed.). Pêro Pinheiro: ReportNumber, Lda.
Mazur, B. (2010). Cultural Diversity in Organisational Theory and Practice. Journal of Intercultural Management, 2(2), 5--15. Retrieved from http://www.joim.pl/pdf/MAZURv2n2.pdf
Mukherji, S., Jain, N., & Sharma, R. (2016). relevance of cultural intelligence and communication effectiveness for global leadership preparedness: study of Indian managers. Journal of International Business Research and Marketing, 1(3), 7-19. https://doi.org/ 10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.13.3001
Ng, K., & Earley, P. (2006). Culture + Intelligence: Old constructs, new frontiers. Group and Organization Management, 31(1), 4-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275251
Ni, L., Wang, Q., & De la Flor, M. (2015). Intercultural communication competence and preferred public relations practices. Journal of Communication Management, 19(2), 167-183. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-07-2012-0061
Nunes, M., Felix, B., & Prates, L. (2017). Cultural intelligence, cross-cultural adaptation and expatriate performance: a study with expatriates living in Brazil. Revista de Administração, 52(3), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rausp.2017.05.010
Pikhart, M. (2014) Implementing New Global Business Trends to Intercultural Business Communication. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152(7), 950–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.348
Presbitero, A., & Attar, H. (2018). Intercultural communication effectiveness, cultural intelligence and knowledge sharing: Extending anxiety-uncertainty management theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 67, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.08.004
Ridley, C. R., & Lingle, D. W. (1996). Cultural empathy in multicultural counseling: A multidimensional process model. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Lonner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (pp. 21-46). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
Rocha, R. (1991). Gerir em ambiente intercultural: uma gestão diferente, um diferente gestor. Administração, 4(13-14), 477-498. Retrieved from www.safp.gov.mo/safppt/download/WCM_003872
Rose, R., Ramalu, S., Uli, J., & Kumar, N. (2010). Expatriate Performance in International Assignment: The role of Cultural Intelligence as Dynamic Intercultural Competency. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(8), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n8p76
Solomon, A., & Steyn, R. (2017). Leadership styles: The role of cultural intelligence. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 43, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1436
Sousa, C., & Gonçalves, G. (2015). Imigrantes e sociedade de acolhimento – Percepções e realidades: O caso de Portugal. Psicologia e Sociedade, 27(3), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-03102015v27n3p548
Sousa, C., & Gonçalves, G. (in press). Multiculturality as an antecedent to work well-being and work passion. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics.
Sousa, C., Gonçalves, G., & Cunha, M. (2015). Cultural values as a support to the development of intercultural competences. Spatial and Organizational Dynamics - Discussion Papers, 14, 7-22. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ris/cieodp/2015_001.html
Sousa, C., Gonçalves, G., Reis, M., & Santos, J. (2015). Evidências Métricas da Escala de Inteligência Cultural numa amostra Portuguesa. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 28(2), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201528203
Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (1984). Interpersonal Communication Competence. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Sternberg, R. (2000). Handbook of Intelligence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R., & Detterman, D. (1986). What is Intelligence? Contemporary Viewpoints on its Nature and Definition. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Thomas, D. (2006). Domain and development of cultural intelligence: The importance of mindfulness. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 78-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275266
Thomas, D., Liao, Y., Aycan, Z., Cerdin, J. -L., Pekerti, A., Ravlin, E. … van de Vijver, F.(2015). Cultural intelligence: A theory-based, short form measure. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.67
Tuleja, E. (2014). Developing Cultural Intelligence for Global Leadership Through Mindfulness. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 25(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/08975930.2014.881275
Tung, R. (1993). Managing Cross-National and Intra-National Diversity. Human Resource Management, 32(4), 461-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930320404
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Koh, C. (2008). Development and validation of the CQS. In S. Ang, & L. Van Dyne (Orgs.), Handbook of Cultural Intelligence. Theory, measurement and applications (pp.16-38). New York, NY: Sharpe.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Livermore, D. (2010). Cultural Intelligence: A pathway for leading in a rapidly globalizing world. In K. Hannum, B. McFeeters, & L. Booysen (Orgs.). Leading across differences (pp.131-138). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M., & Koh, C. (2012). Sub-Dimensions of the Four Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence: Expanding the Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Intelligence. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6(4), 295-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00429.x
Van Oudenhoven, J., & Ward, C. (2013). Fading Majority Cultures: The Implications of Transnationalism and Demographic Changes for Immigrant Acculturation. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23(2), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2132
Yeke, S., & Semerciöz, F. (2016). Relationships between personality traits, cultural intelligence and intercultural communication competence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.036
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