Keywords
nonverbal memory
bodybuilders
muscle dysmorphia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
How to Cite
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore and compare Executive Functions (EF) and non-verbal memory of a group of male bodybuilders who have symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) with a group of men who have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder symptoms (OCD) and a control group. It was found by administering neuropsychological tests that the bodybuilders show a limited capacity of EF in the inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, also moderate visuospatial deficits in non-verbal memory, whereas the group with OCD had higher performance deficiencies in the same skills. It is suggested to conduct more studies to avoid fragmented or contradictory knowledge between MD and OCD.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th. ed.) [Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales DSM-5 (C. Garay, Trad.)]. Barcelona: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Arbinaga, F., & Caracuel, J. C. (2006). Perfil socio-deportivo de fisicoculturistas competidores versus no competidores. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 6(1), 7-20. Recuperado de http://revistas.um.es/cpd/article/view/70951/68411
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates
Compte, E., & Sepúlveda, A. (2014). Dismorfia muscular: perspectiva histórica y actualización en su diagnóstico, evaluación y tratamiento. Psicología Conductual, 22(2), 307-326. Recuperado de http://www.fundacionforo.com/pdfs/dismorfia-muscular.pdf
Cortés, S. J. F., Galindo, V. M. G., & Salvador, C. J. (1996). La figura compleja de Rey: propiedades psicométricas. Salud Mental, 19(3), 42-48. Recuperado de http://revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/598/598
Crawford, J. R., Parker, D. M., & McKinlay, W. W. (1992). A handbook of neuropsychological assessment. Hove, UK: Erlbaum.
Escoto, M. C., Álvarez, G. L., Bedolla, G., Velázquez, B., Yáñez, K., & Mancilla, J. M. (octubre, 2007). Consistencia interna y estructura factorial de la Drive for Muscularity Scale. Trabajo presentado en el XV Congreso Mexicano de Psicología, Hermosillo, Sonora.
Golden, C. J. (1994). Stroop. Test de colores y palabras. Madrid: TEA.
González, I. (octubre, 2008). Vigorexia: instrumentos para su detección. Actas del V Congreso de la Asociación Española de Ciencias del Deporte. Universidad de León, España. Recuperado de http://www.cienciadeporte.com/images/congresos/leon/salud,%20ocio%20y%20recreacion/gonzalezvigorexia.pdf
Grieve, F. G. (2007). A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia. Eating Disorders, 15(1), 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260601044535
Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (2001). Test de Clasificación de Tarjetas de Wisconsin (2.ª ed.). Madrid: TEA.
Kouri, E. M., Pope, H. G, Katz, D. L., & Oliva, P. (1995). Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(4), 223-228.
Nicolini, H., Herrera, K., Paéz, F., Sánchez de Carmona, M., Orozco, B., Codeiro, G., & de la Fuente, J. R. (1996). Traducción al español y confiabilidad de la escala Yale-Brown para el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo. Salud Mental, 19(Supl. 3), 13-16. Recuperado de http://revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/629
Maida, D. M., & Armstrong, S. L. (2005). The classification of muscle dysmorphia. International Journal of Men’s Health, 4(1), 73-91. Recuperado de https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ecea/bf57257f4543c8dacedf5d8c387b9087f25e.pdf
Martínez-González, A. E., & Piqueras-Rodríguez, J. A. (2008). Actualización neuropsicológica del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo. Revista de Neurología, 48(10), 625- 625. Recuperado de https://www.neurologia.com/articulo/2008064
Mataix-Cols, D. (2001). Neuroimagen y neuropsicología del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo: avances recientes. Psiquiatría Biológica, 8(2), 54-63. Recuperado de http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-psiquiatria-biologica-46-articulo-neuroimagen-neuropsicologia-del-trastorno-obsesivo-compulsivo-13013326
Mataix-Cols, D., Rauch, S. L., Manzo, P. A., Jenike, M. A., & Baer, L. (1999). Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(9), 1409-1416. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.9.1409
McCreary, D. R., & Sasse, D. K. (2000). An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of American College Health, 48(6), 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480009596271
Moritz, S., Fricke, S., Wagner, M., & Hand, I. (2001). Further evidence for delayed alternation deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(8), 562-564. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200108000-00012
Murray, S., Rieger, E., Hildebrandt, T., Karlov, L., Russell, J., Boon, E. … Touyz, S. W. (2012). A comparison of eating, exercise, shape, and weight related symptomatology in males with muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa. Body Image, 9(2), 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.008
Olivardia, R. (2001). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the largest of them all? The features and phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9(5), 254-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/hrp.9.5.254.259
Perpiñá, S., García, L., Salhi, G., & Llucià, T. (2002). Aspectos neuropsicológicos del trastorno obsesivo compulsivo. Revista de Neurología, 35(10), 959-963. Recuperado de https://www.neurologia.com/articulo/2002117
Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Mangweth, B., Benjamin, B., De Col, C., Jouvent, R., & Hudson, J. I. (2000). Body image perception among men in three countries. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(8), 1297-1301. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1297
Pope, C. G., Pope, H. G., Menard, W., Fay, C., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. (2005). Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 2(4), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.09.001
Rey, A. (1999). Test de Copia y de Reproducción de Memoria de Figuras Geométricas Complejas (7.ª ed.). Madrid: TEA.
Rodríguez-Molina, J. M. (2007). Vigorexia: adicción, obsesión o dismorfia: un intento de aproximación. Salud y Drogas, 7(2), 289-308. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/839/83970205.pdf
Rosenthal, J. A. (1996). Qualitative descriptors of strength of association and effect size. Journal of Social Service Research, 21(4), 37-59. https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v21n04_02
Savage, C. R. (2001). Neuropsicología del TOC: hallazgos científicos e implicaciones terapéuticas. En M. A. Jenike, L. Baer & W. E. Minichello (Eds.), Trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo: manejo práctico (pp. 254-275). Madrid: Editorial Hartcourt Brace.
Savage, C. R., Kuether, N. J., Jenike, M. A., Brown, H. D., Baer, L., Kendrick, A. D., … Albert, M. S. (1999). Recall and recognition memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 8(1), 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.8.1.99
Sherman, B. J., Savage, C. R., Eddy, K. T., Blais, M. A., Deckersbach, T., Jackson, S. C. … Herzog, D. B. (2006). Strategic memory in adults with anorexia nervosa: Are there similarities to obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(6), 468-476. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20300
Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1991). A compendium of neuropsychological test: Administration, norms, and commentary. Nueva York. Oxford University Press.
Veale, D. M., Sahakian, B. J., Owen, A. M., & Marks, I. M. (1996). Specific cognitive deficits in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 26(6), 1261-1269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700035984
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.