Keywords
Child Development
Morphing
Emotional Intensity
How to Cite
Abstract
The ability to recognize emotions in faces is essential to human interaction and occurs since childhood. Hypothesis: research using the morphing technique assume that children require greater or lesser intensity of emotional expression to perceive it. Objective: to examine the emotional recognition of faces in childhood, using a task with emotional intensity variation. Method: it was applied a Test of Facial Emotion Recognition for Children to 28 children between 7 and 11 years, of both sexes, which presented 168 faces manipulated by the morphing technique, of the six basic emotions. Results: age as a trend growth of the likelihood of success at the task; more right answers for happiness and worst performances for fear; and the emotional intensity increasing at 42% the chance of success by every unit of intensity. Conclusion: these findings are relevant because they show the recognition of emotions at different levels as a more sensitive method.
Angelini, A. L., Alves, I. C. B., Custódio, E. M., Duarte, W. F., & Duarte, J. L. M. (1999). Manual matrizes progressivas coloridas de Raven: escala especial. Centro Editor de Testes e Pesquisas em Psicologia. São Paulo.
Batista, N. S., Rodrigues, M. R., & Torro-Alves, N. (2013). Composição e validação de um banco de expressões faciais brasileiro. In XII Congresso Brasileiro de Neuropsicologia e IV Reunião Anual do IBNEC. São Paulo.
Blakemore, S. J. (2008). The social brain in adolescence. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(4), 267–277.
Bordin, I. A. S., Mari, J. J., & Caeiro, M. F. (1995). Validation of the brazilian version of the child behavior checklist (CBCL): preliminary data. Revista ABP-APAL, 17, 55–66.
Brody, L. R. & Harrison, R. H. (1987). Developmental changes in children’s abilities to match and label emotionally laden situations. Motivation and Emotion, 11(4), 347– 365.
Brotman, M. A., Guyer, A. E., Lawson, E. S., Horsey, S. E., Rich, B. A., … Leibenluft, E. (2008). Facial emotion labeling deficits in children and adolescents at risk for bipolar disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 385–389.
Brotman, M. A., Skup, M., Rich, B. A., Blair, K. S., Pine, D. S., … Leibenluft, E. (2008). Risk for bipolar disorder is associated with face processing deficits across emotions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(12), 1455–1461.
Bruce, V. & Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77(3), 305–327.
Chafi, A. (2012). Three patterns of motion which change the perception of emotional faces. Psychology, 3(1), 82–89.
Darwin, C. (1872/2004). A expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais (C. das Letras, Ed.). São Paulo.
Dhall, A., Goecke, R., Joshi, J., Wagner, M., & Gedeon, T. (2013). Emotion recognition in the wild challenge 2013. In Proceedings of the 15th acm on international conference on multimodal interaction (pp. 509–516). ICMI’ 13. Sydney, Australia: ACM.
Ekman, P. & Heider, K. G. (2009). The universality of a contempt expression: a replication. Motivation and Emotion, 12(3), 303–308.
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3/4) 169–200.
Fasel, B. & Luettin, J. (2003). Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey. Pattern Recognition, 36(1), 259–275.
Freitag, C. & Schwarzer, G. (2009). Influence of emotional facial expressions on 3-5-yearolds’ face recognition. Cognitive Development, 26(3), 230–247.
Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Anderson, A. W., Skudlarski, P., & Gore, J. C. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform ‘face area’ increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2(6), 568–573.
Goeleven, E., Raedt, R. D., Leyman, L., & Verschuere, B. (2008). The karolinska directed emotional faces: a validation study. Cognition and Emotion, 22(6), 1094–1118.
Gosselin, P. & Simard, J. (1994). Children’s knowledge of facial expressions of emotions: distinguishing fear and surprise. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160(2), 181– 193.
Haan, M., Belsky, J., Reid, V., Volein, A., & Johnson, M. H. (2004). Maternal personality and infants’ neural and visual responsivity to facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1209–1218.
Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 223–233.
Hess, U., Jr, R. B. A., & Kleck, R. E. (2004). Facial appearance, gender, and emotion expression. Emotion, 4(4), 378–388.
Hoffmann, H., Traue, H. C., Walter, K. L.-E. S., & Kessler, H. (2013). Static and dynamic presentation of emotions in different facial areas: fear and surprise show influences of temporal and spatial properties. Psychology, 4(8), 663–668.
Hofmann, S. G., Suvak, M., & Litz, B. T. (2006). Sex differences in face recognition and influence of facial affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1683–1690.
Hossain, M. S., Muhammad, G., Alhamid, M. F., Song, B., & Al-Mutib, K. (2016). Audio-visual emotion recognition using big data towards 5g. Mobile Networks and Applications, 1, 1–11.
Izard, C., Fine, S., Schultz, D., Mostow, A., Ackerman, B., & Youngstrom, E. (2001). Emotion knowledge as a predictor of social behavior and academic competence in children at risk. Psychological Science, 12(1), 18–23.
Jack, R. E., Garrod, O. G., & Schyns, P. G. (2014). Dynamic facial expressions of emotion transmit an evolving hierarchy of signals over time. Current Biology, 24(2), 187– 192.
Kawasaki, H., Tsuchiya, N., Kovach, C. K., Nourski, K. V., Oya, H., … Adolphs, R. (2011). Processing of facial emotion in the human fusiform gyrus. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(6), 1358–1370.
Kessels, R. P., Montagne, B., Hendriks, A. W., Perrett, D. I., & Haan, E. H. (2014). Assessment of perception of morphed facial expressions using the emotion recognition task: normative data from healthy participants aged 8-75. Journal of Neuropsychology, 8(1), 75–93.
Ku, J., Jang, H. J., Kim, K., Kim, J.-H., Park, S. H., ... Kim, S. I. (2005). Experimental results of affective valence and arousal to avatar’s facial expressions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Society Networking, 8, 493–503.
Lawrence, K., Campbell, R., & Skuse, D. (2015). Age, gender, and puberty influence the development of facial emotion recognition. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00761
LeDoux, J. (2003). The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 23(4-5), 727–738.
Leitzke, B. T. & Pollak, S. D. (2016). Developmental changes in the primacy of facial cues for emotion recognition. Developmental Psychology, 52(4), 572–581.
Machado, P., Veríssimo, M., Torres, N., Peceguina, I., Santos, A. J., & Rolão, T. (2008). Relações entre o conhecimento das emoções, as competências acadêmicas, as competências sociais e a aceitação entre pares. Análise Psicológica, 3(26), 463–478.
Maldonado, J. G., Rus-Calafell, M., & González-Conde, J. (2014). Creation of a new set of dynamic virtual reality faces for the assessment and training of facial emotion recognition ability. Virtual Reality, 18(1), 61–71.
Maxim, L. A. & Nowicki, S. J. (2003). Developmental associations between nonverbal ability and social competence. Facta Universitatis-Series Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology and History, 10, 745–758.
McClure, E. B. (2008). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 3(126), 424–453.
Meletti, S. (2016). Emotion recognition. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Epilepsy, 177–193.
Murtaza, M., Sharif, M., Raza, M., & Shah, J. H. (2013). Analysis of face recognition under varying facial expression: a survey. International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT), 10(4), 378–388.
Paiva-Silva, A. I., Pontes, M. K., Aguiar, J. S. R., & Souza, W. C. (2016). How do we evaluate facial emotion recognition? Psychology & Neuroscience, 9(2), 153-175.
Recio, G., Schacht, A., & Sommer, W. (2014). Recognizing dynamic facial expressions of emotion: specificity and intensity effects in event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology, 96, 111–125.
Rees, E. M., Farmer, R., Cole, J. H., Henley, S. M., Sprengelmeyer, R., … Tabrizi, S. J. (2014). Inconsistent emotion recognition deficits across stimulus modalities in huntington’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 64, 99–104.
Roark, D. A., Barrett, S. E., Spence, M. J., Abdi, H., & O’Toole, A. J. (2003). Psychological and neural perspectives on the role of motion in face recognition. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 2(1), 15–46.
Rodger, H., Vizioli, L., Ouyang, X., & Caldara, R. (2015). Mapping the development of facial expression recognition. Developmental Science, 18(6), 926–939.
Rodrigues, H. & Rocha, F. L. (2016). Uma definição constitutiva de emoções: a constitutive definition of emotions. Revista Húmus, 5(15), 18–32.
Russell, J. A., Bachorowski, J. A., & Fernandez-Dols, J. M. (2003). Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 329–349.
Russell, J. A. & Fernández-Dols, J. M. (1997). A what does a facial expression mean? The Psychology of Facial Expression, 1, 10–30.
Sato, W., Uono, S., & Toichi, M. (2013). A typical recognition of dynamic changes in facial expressions in autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(7), 906–912.
Shahrestani, S., Kemp, A. H., & Guastella, A. J. (2013). The impact of a single administration of intranasal oxytocin on the recognition of basic emotions in humans: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(10), 1929–1936.
Siegman, A. W. & Feldstein, S. (2014). Nonverbal behavior and communication (Second edition). New York: Ed Press.
Stanley, J. T., Zhang, X., Fung, H., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2013). Cultural differences in gaze and emotion recognition: americans contrast more than chinese. Emotion, 13(1), 36.
Suzuki, A., Hoshino, T., Shigemasu, K., & Kawamura, M. (2006). Disgust-specific impairment of facial expression recognition in parkinson’s disease. Brain, 129(3), 707– 717.
Tanaka, A., Akamatsu, N., Yamano, M., Nakagawa, M., Kawamura, M., & Tsuji, S. (2012). A more realistic approach, using dynamic stimuli, to test facial emotion recognition impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy. Psychometrika, 38(1), 116–133.
Torro-Alves, N., Bezerra, I. A. O., Claudino, R. G., & Pereira, T. C. L. (2013). Influences of sex, type and intensity of emotion in the recognition of static and dynamic facial expressions. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 31, 192–199.
Trevarthen, C. (1984). Facial expressions of emotion in mother-infant interaction. human neurobiology. Attachment & Human Development, 4(1), 21–32.
Uljarevic, M. & Hamilton, A. (2013). Recognition of emotions in autism: a formal metaanalysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1517–1526.
Weiner, K. S. & Zilles, K. (2015). The anatomical and functional specialization of the fusiform gyrus. Neuropsychologia, 83, 48–62.
Willis, M. L., Palermo, R., McGrillen, K., & Miller, L. (2014). The nature of facial expression recognition deficits following orbitofrontal cortex damage. Neuropsychology, 28(4), 613–623.
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.