Keywords
acculturation strategies
adaptation
intercultural contact
perceived discrimination
Ukrainian migrants
adaptation
intercultural contact
perceived discrimination
Ukrainian migrants
How to Cite
Intercultural Relations among Ukrainian Immigrants Living in Portugal. (2019). Universitas Psychologica, 18(5), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-5.irau
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Abstract
The purpose of this research was to test specific predictions based on three general hypotheses: the integration hypothesis, the contact hypothesis, and the multiculturalism hypothesis. The sample included 218 Ukrainian immigrants with an average of 39 years. The average length of time residing in Portugal was 10 years. As regards the integration hypothesis, psychological adaptation and intercultural adaptation were predicted by integration, while sociocultural adaptation was only predicted by marginalization. Thus, the integration hypothesis was partially supported for Ukrainian immigrants living in Portugal. The contact hypothesis tended to be supported, as intercultural contact was predicted by higher positive attitudes toward Portuguese, and assimilation. However, integration has not emerged as a significant predictor of intercultural contact. This sample displayed a relatively low level of perceived discrimination. In line with the multiculturalism hypothesis, perceived discrimination was negatively related to tolerance, attitude towards Portuguese, attitude towards other immigrants, and positively related to preference for separation and marginalization. Findings are discussed considering the existing literature.
Abu-Raya, H. M., & Sam, D. L. (2016). Is integration the best way to acculturate? A reexamination of the bicultural-adaptation relationship in the “ICSEY” data set” using the bilinear method. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(3), 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116685846
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
Berry, J. W. (1984). Multicultural policy in Canada: A social psychological analysis. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 16(3), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080859
Berry, J. W. (2006). Mutual attitudes among immigrants and ethnocultuaal groups in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(6), 719-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.004
Berry, J. W. (2013). Research on multiculturalism in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(6), 663-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.09.005
Berry, J. W. (2015). Intercultural adaptation to acculturation. Paper presented at Annual Conference, Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, June.
Berry, J. W. (2017). Mutual intercultural relations in plural societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316875032
Berry, J. W., Power, S., Young, M., & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 38(2), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1989.tb01208.x
Berry, J. W., & Kalin, R. (1995). Multicultural and ethnic attitudes in Canada: An overview of the 1991 national survey. Canadian Journal of Behavioural and Science, 27(3), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0008-400X.27.3.301
Berry, J. W., & Sabatier, C. (2010). Acculturation, discrimination, and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(3), 191-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.11.007
Berry, J. W., & Ward, C. (2016). Acculturation. In D. Sam & J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (2nd ed., pp. 441-463). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (Eds.) (2006). Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity and adaptation across national contexts. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415963619
Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T., Mummendy, A., … Lyens, J. P. (2009). Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact. A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three European countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 843-856. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013470
Brown, C. M., Gibbons, J. L., & Hughes, H. M. (2013). Acculturation clusters and life satisfaction. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 3(2), 1108-1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2007-4719(13)70955-4
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Fernândez, I., Silván-Ferrero, P., Molero, F., Gaviria, E., & Garcia-Ael, C. (2015). Perceived discrimination and well-being in Romanian immigrants: The role of social support. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 857-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9537-0
Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen.
Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Horenczyk, G., & Kinunen, T. (2011). Time and context in the relationship between acculturation attitudes and adaptation among Russia-speaking immigrants in Finland and Israel. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(9), 1423-1440. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2011.623617
Lee, D. L., & Ahn, S. (2011). Discrimination against Latina/os: A meta-analysis of individual-level resources and outcomes. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(1), 28-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000011403326
Marques, J., & Góis, P. (2008). Imigrantes altamente qualificados em Portugal: uma tipologia. Migrações, 2, 73-94. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/995a/ef022e9115056907a972b06e93a8f9ae2c21.pdf
Neto, F. (2002). Acculturation strategies among adolescents from immigrant families in Portugal. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(1), 17-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(01)00036-0
Neto, F. (2006). Psycho-social predictors of perceived discrimination among adolescents of immigrant background: A Portuguese study. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(1), 89-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830500335507
Neto, F. (2009). Are attitudes of young Portuguese towards immigration also hardening? A comparison between 1999 and 2006. In A. Gari & K. Mylonas (Eds.), Quod erat demonstrandum: From Herodotus’ ethnographioc journeys to cross-cultural research (pp. 255- 264). Athens: Pedio Books Publishing.
Neto, F. (2010). Portugal intercultural: Aculturação e adaptação de jovens de origem imigrante. Porto: Livpsic.
Neto, F. (2019). Acculturation, adaptation and saudade among Portuguese migrants. The Journal of Psychology, 153(7), 667-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1590298
Neto, F. (in press). Intercultural relations among Cape Verdean immigrants living in Portugal. Journal of International Migration and Integration, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00679-8
Neto, F., & Fonseca, A. C. (2016). The Satisfaction with Migration Life Scale. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 54, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.07.004
Neto, F., Pinto, M. C., & Mullet, E. (2019). Can music reduce national prejudice? A test of a cross-cultural musical education programme. Psychology of Music, 47(5), 747-756. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735618774867
Neto, F., & Wilks, D. (2017). Predictors of psychological adaptation of Cape Verdean students in Portugal. Journal of College Student Development, 58(7), 1087-1100. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2017.0085
Neto, F., Wilks, D. C., & Fonseca, A. (2019). Job-related well-being of immigrants. Social Indicators Research, 141, 463-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1849-8
Nguyen, A. M., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2013). Biculturalilsm and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), 122-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111435097
Orthy, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414
Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531-554. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059
Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(3), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.12.002
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. (2011). When groups meet. London: Psychology Press.
Recker, C., Milfont, T. L., & Ward, C. (2017). A dual-process motivational model of acculturation behaviors and adaptation outcomes. Universitas Psychologica, 1-15. 16(5). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-5.dmma
Rosenberg, M. (1986). Conceiving the self. Melbourne: Krieger.
Rosenberg, M., & Kaplan, H. B. (1982). Social psychology of the self-concept. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson.
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2010). Acculturation: When individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 472-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610373075
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2016). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316219218
Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 921-948. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035754
Sequeira Neto, J. (2014). Cultural competence among Ukrainian economic immigrants living in Portugal (Unpublished master dissertation). Faculdade de Economia: Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (SEF). (2015). Relatório de Imigração, Fronteira e Asilo 2014. Lisboa: SEF.
Suh, H. N., Flores, L. Y., & Wang, K. T. (2019). Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental distress among Asian international students in Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(8), 991-1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119874433
van Geel, M., & Vedder, P. (2009). Peceived discrimination and psychological adjustment of immigrants: A review of research. In I. Jasinskaja-Lahti & T. A. Mähönen (Eds.), Identities, intergroup relations and acculturation: The cornerstones of intercultural encounters. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
Ward, C., & Geeraert, N. (2016). Advancing acculturation theory and research: The acculturation process in its ecological context. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.021
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(4), 659-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00014-0
Ward, C., & Rana-Deuba, A. (1999). Acculturation and adaptation revised. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(4), 422-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022199030004003
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock (2nd ed.). Hove, UK: Routledge.
Wilson, J., Ward, C., & Fisher, R. (2013). Beyond culture learning theory: What can personality tell us about cultural competence? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(6), 900-927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113492889
Wylie, R. (1979). The self-concept. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Zhou, S., Page-Gould, E., Aron, A., Moyer, A., & Hewstone, M. (2019). The extended contact hypothesis: A meta-analysis on 20 years of research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(2), 132-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318762647
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
Berry, J. W. (1984). Multicultural policy in Canada: A social psychological analysis. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 16(3), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080859
Berry, J. W. (2006). Mutual attitudes among immigrants and ethnocultuaal groups in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(6), 719-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.06.004
Berry, J. W. (2013). Research on multiculturalism in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(6), 663-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.09.005
Berry, J. W. (2015). Intercultural adaptation to acculturation. Paper presented at Annual Conference, Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, June.
Berry, J. W. (2017). Mutual intercultural relations in plural societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316875032
Berry, J. W., Power, S., Young, M., & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 38(2), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1989.tb01208.x
Berry, J. W., & Kalin, R. (1995). Multicultural and ethnic attitudes in Canada: An overview of the 1991 national survey. Canadian Journal of Behavioural and Science, 27(3), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0008-400X.27.3.301
Berry, J. W., & Sabatier, C. (2010). Acculturation, discrimination, and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(3), 191-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.11.007
Berry, J. W., & Ward, C. (2016). Acculturation. In D. Sam & J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (2nd ed., pp. 441-463). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (Eds.) (2006). Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity and adaptation across national contexts. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415963619
Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T., Mummendy, A., … Lyens, J. P. (2009). Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact. A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three European countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 843-856. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013470
Brown, C. M., Gibbons, J. L., & Hughes, H. M. (2013). Acculturation clusters and life satisfaction. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 3(2), 1108-1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2007-4719(13)70955-4
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Fernândez, I., Silván-Ferrero, P., Molero, F., Gaviria, E., & Garcia-Ael, C. (2015). Perceived discrimination and well-being in Romanian immigrants: The role of social support. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 857-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9537-0
Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen.
Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Horenczyk, G., & Kinunen, T. (2011). Time and context in the relationship between acculturation attitudes and adaptation among Russia-speaking immigrants in Finland and Israel. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(9), 1423-1440. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2011.623617
Lee, D. L., & Ahn, S. (2011). Discrimination against Latina/os: A meta-analysis of individual-level resources and outcomes. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(1), 28-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000011403326
Marques, J., & Góis, P. (2008). Imigrantes altamente qualificados em Portugal: uma tipologia. Migrações, 2, 73-94. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/995a/ef022e9115056907a972b06e93a8f9ae2c21.pdf
Neto, F. (2002). Acculturation strategies among adolescents from immigrant families in Portugal. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(1), 17-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(01)00036-0
Neto, F. (2006). Psycho-social predictors of perceived discrimination among adolescents of immigrant background: A Portuguese study. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(1), 89-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830500335507
Neto, F. (2009). Are attitudes of young Portuguese towards immigration also hardening? A comparison between 1999 and 2006. In A. Gari & K. Mylonas (Eds.), Quod erat demonstrandum: From Herodotus’ ethnographioc journeys to cross-cultural research (pp. 255- 264). Athens: Pedio Books Publishing.
Neto, F. (2010). Portugal intercultural: Aculturação e adaptação de jovens de origem imigrante. Porto: Livpsic.
Neto, F. (2019). Acculturation, adaptation and saudade among Portuguese migrants. The Journal of Psychology, 153(7), 667-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1590298
Neto, F. (in press). Intercultural relations among Cape Verdean immigrants living in Portugal. Journal of International Migration and Integration, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00679-8
Neto, F., & Fonseca, A. C. (2016). The Satisfaction with Migration Life Scale. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 54, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.07.004
Neto, F., Pinto, M. C., & Mullet, E. (2019). Can music reduce national prejudice? A test of a cross-cultural musical education programme. Psychology of Music, 47(5), 747-756. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735618774867
Neto, F., & Wilks, D. (2017). Predictors of psychological adaptation of Cape Verdean students in Portugal. Journal of College Student Development, 58(7), 1087-1100. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2017.0085
Neto, F., Wilks, D. C., & Fonseca, A. (2019). Job-related well-being of immigrants. Social Indicators Research, 141, 463-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1849-8
Nguyen, A. M., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2013). Biculturalilsm and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), 122-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111435097
Orthy, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414
Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531-554. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059
Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(3), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.12.002
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
Pettigrew, T., & Tropp, L. (2011). When groups meet. London: Psychology Press.
Recker, C., Milfont, T. L., & Ward, C. (2017). A dual-process motivational model of acculturation behaviors and adaptation outcomes. Universitas Psychologica, 1-15. 16(5). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-5.dmma
Rosenberg, M. (1986). Conceiving the self. Melbourne: Krieger.
Rosenberg, M., & Kaplan, H. B. (1982). Social psychology of the self-concept. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson.
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2010). Acculturation: When individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 472-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610373075
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2016). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316219218
Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 921-948. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035754
Sequeira Neto, J. (2014). Cultural competence among Ukrainian economic immigrants living in Portugal (Unpublished master dissertation). Faculdade de Economia: Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (SEF). (2015). Relatório de Imigração, Fronteira e Asilo 2014. Lisboa: SEF.
Suh, H. N., Flores, L. Y., & Wang, K. T. (2019). Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental distress among Asian international students in Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(8), 991-1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119874433
van Geel, M., & Vedder, P. (2009). Peceived discrimination and psychological adjustment of immigrants: A review of research. In I. Jasinskaja-Lahti & T. A. Mähönen (Eds.), Identities, intergroup relations and acculturation: The cornerstones of intercultural encounters. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
Ward, C., & Geeraert, N. (2016). Advancing acculturation theory and research: The acculturation process in its ecological context. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.021
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(4), 659-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00014-0
Ward, C., & Rana-Deuba, A. (1999). Acculturation and adaptation revised. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(4), 422-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022199030004003
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock (2nd ed.). Hove, UK: Routledge.
Wilson, J., Ward, C., & Fisher, R. (2013). Beyond culture learning theory: What can personality tell us about cultural competence? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(6), 900-927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113492889
Wylie, R. (1979). The self-concept. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Zhou, S., Page-Gould, E., Aron, A., Moyer, A., & Hewstone, M. (2019). The extended contact hypothesis: A meta-analysis on 20 years of research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(2), 132-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318762647
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