Keywords
Body satisfaction
Maturity
Old age
Body image
elderly
Maturity
Old age
Body image
elderly
How to Cite
Improving Body Satisfaction at Maturity through Specific Body Image Programs. (2020). Universitas Psychologica, 19, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy19.mscm
Almetrics
Dimensions
Google Scholar
Abstract
The present study compares the improvement achieved by a specific programme about body image versus a social intervention programme for the elderly. The study also analyses the connections found among gender, age and presence or absence of a partner, as features of great significance towards body satisfaction. The objective is to assess whether the specific programmes about body image improve body satisfaction in old age significantly better than social intervention programmes and therefore, whether it is important to improve the intervention on the body satisfaction during the old age to avoid other problems such as depression or low self-esteem. Results show that, although the relevance of body satisfaction during old age is qualitatively different from previous ages, the specific intervention in body image improves participants' body satisfaction significantly more than other preventive programmes or that the experimental maturation.
Abellán, A., Ayala, A., & Pujol, R. (2017). Un perfil de las personas mayores en España, 2017. Indicadores estadísticos básicos (Informe. Envejecimiento en Red N.° 15). Madrid: Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Recuperado de http://envejecimiento.csic.es/documentos/documentos/enred-indicadoresbasicos17.pdf
Baile, J. I., Guillén, F., & Garrido, E. (2002). Insatisfacción corporal en adolescentes medida con el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ): efecto del anonimato, el sexo y la edad. Revista Internacional de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, 2(3), 439-450. Recuperado de http://www.aepc.es/ijchp/articulos_pdf/ijchp-49.pdf
Bailey, K. A., Gammage, K. L., & van Ingen, C. (2019). Designing and implementing a positive body image program: Unchartered territory with a diverse team of participants. Action Research, 17(2), 146-161. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476750318821169
Benton, C., & Karazsia, B. T. (2015). The effect of thin and muscular images on women's body satisfaction. Body Image, 13, 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.11.001
Bratt, C., Abrams, D., Swift, H. J., Vauclair, C. M., & Marques, S. (2018). Perceived age discrimination across age in Europe: From an ageing society to a society for all ages. Developmental Psychology, 54(1), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000398
Cash, T. F. (1997). The body image workbook: An 8-step program for learning to like your looks. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
Cash, T. F. (2015). Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). En T. Wade (Ed.), Encyclopedia of feeding and eating disorders (pp. 1-4). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-087-2_3-1
Cash, T. F. (2017). Body image: A joyous journey. Body Image, 23, A1-A2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.001
Conti, M. A., Cordás, T. A., & Latorre, M. R. D. O. (2009). A study of the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among adolescents. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 9(3), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292009000300012
Cooper, P. J., Taylor, M. J., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (1987). The development and validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(198707)6:4%3C485::aid-eat2260060405%3E3.0.co;2-o
Cundall, A., & Guo, K. (2017). Women gaze behaviour in assessing female bodies: The effects of clothing, body size, own body composition and body satisfaction. Psychological Research, 81(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-015-0726-1
Fernández, J. G., González, I., Contreras, O., & Cuevas, R. (2015). Relación entre imagen corporal y autoconcepto físico en mujeres adolescentes. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 47(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0120-0534(15)30003-0
Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2(2), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/t64315-000
Grogan, S. (2016). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children. Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315681528
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2006). The life course. En L. Reynolds & N. Herman-Kinney (Eds.), Handbook of symbolic interactionism (pp. 835-855). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Halliwell, E., Yager, Z., Paraskeva, N., Diedrichs, P. C., Smith, H., & White, P. (2016). Body image in primary schools: A pilot evaluation of a primary school intervention program designed by teachers to improve children’s body satisfaction. Body Image, 19, 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.002
Homan, K. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2018). Development and exploration of the gratitude model of body appreciation in women. Body Image, 25, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.008
Hudson, N. W., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2016). Getting older, feeling less? A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation of developmental patterns in experiential well-being. Psychology and Aging, 31(8), 847-861. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000138
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2017). Índices de envejecimiento de la población española 2017. Madrid: Autor. Recuperado de http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=1489
Kihlstrom, J. F. (2015). What does the self-look like? En T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Eds.), The mental representation of trait and autobiographical knowledge about the self (pp. 87-98). Nueva York: Psychology Press.
Kilpela, L. S., Blomquist, K., Verzijl, C., Wilfred, S., Beyl, R., & Becker, C. B. (2016). The body project 4 all: A pilot randomized controlled trial of a mixed-gender dissonance-based body image program. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(6), 591-602. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22562
Kvalem, I. L., Træen, B., Markovic, A., & von Soest, T. (2019). Body image development and sexual satisfaction: A prospective study from adolescence to adulthood. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(6), 791-801. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1518400
Kozar, J. M. (2004). Relationship of attitudes toward advertising images and self- perceptions of older women (Tesis doctoral). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 65(8-A), 3116. https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-14309
Longo, M. R. (2015). Implicit and explicit body representations. European Psychologist, 20(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610380700
Maganto, C., del Río, A., & Roiz, O. (2002). Programa preventivo sobre Imagen corporal y Trastornos de la Alimentación (PICTA). Madrid: TEA.
Maganto, C., Garaigordobil, M., & Kortabarria, L. (2017). Eating problems in adolescents and youths: Explanatory variables. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19(E81), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.74
Mangweth‐Matzek, B., Rupp, C. I., Hausmann, A., Assmayr, K., Mariacher, E., Kemmler, G., ... & Biebl, W. (2006). Never too old for eating disorders or body dissatisfaction: A community study of elderly women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(7), 583-586. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20327
Markey, C. N., Markey, P. M., & Birch, L. L. (2005). Interpersonal predictors of dieting practices among married couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.464
McCabe, M. P., Connaughton, C., Tatangelo, G., Mellor, D., & Busija, L. (2017). Healthy me: A gender-specific program to address body image concerns and risk factors among preadolescents. Body Image, 20, 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.10.007
McDermott, E., Mullen, G., Moloney, J., Keegan, D., Byrne, K., Doherty, G. A., … Mulcahy, H. E. (2015). Body image dissatisfaction: Clinical features, and psychosocial disability in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 21(2), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000287
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., & Wertheim, E. H. (2011). A body image and disordered eating intervention for women in midlife: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(6), 751-758. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026094
Mellor, D., Connaughton, C., McCabe, M. P., & Tatangelo, G. (2017). Better with age: A health promotion program for men at midlife. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000037
Raich, R. M., Mora, M., Soler, A., Ávila, C., Clos, I., & Zapater, L. (1996). Adaptación de un instrumento de evaluación de la insatisfacción corporal (BSQ). Clínica y Salud, 7(1), 51- 66. Recuperado de https://journals.copmadrid.org/clysa/art/f2217062e9a397a1dca429e7d70bc6ca
Rodgers, R. F., McLean, S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2015). Longitudinal relationships among internalization of the media ideal, peer social comparison, and body dissatisfaction: Implications for the tripartite influence model. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 706-713. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000013
Rosés-Gómez, M. del R. (2014). Desarrollo y evaluación de la eficacia de dos programas preventivos en comportamientos no saludables respecto al peso y la alimentación. Estudio piloto (Tesis doctoral inédita). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra. Recuperado de https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tesis/2014/hdl_10803_285161/mdrrg1de1.pdf
Sabik, N., & Versey, H. S. (2016). Functional limitations, body perceptions, and health outcomes among older African American women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(4), 594-601. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000106
Sánchez-Cabrero, R. (2012). IMAGINA: programa de mejora de la autoestima y la imagen corporal para adultos. Logroño, ES: Siníndice.
Sánchez-Cabrero, R., Carranza, N., Novillo, M. A., & Pericacho, F. J. (2019). The importance of physical appearance during the ageing process in Spain. Interrelation between body and life satisfaction during maturity and the old age. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 43, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2019.1651187
Sánchez-Cabrero, R., & Maganto, C. (2009). Satisfacción corporal y vital de personas mayores de 50 años en España. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 62(4), 293-302. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejhr.v4i2.105
Schoufour, J. D., de Jonge, E. A., Kiefte-de Jong, J. C., van Lenthe, F. J., Hofman, A., Nunn, S. P., & Franco, O. H. (2018). Socio-economic indicators and diet quality in an older population. Maturitas, 107, 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.10.010
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
Tylka, T. L., & Homan, K. J. (2015). Exercise motives and positive body image in physically active college women and men: Exploring an expanded acceptance model of intuitive eating. Body Image, 15, 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.07.003
Vega, A. V., Ramos, L. M., Barrios, M. L., & Quintero, M. V. (2015). Imagen del cuerpo en adultos mayores. Salud en Movimiento, 7(1), 4-10. Recuperado de http://publicaciones.unisimonbolivar.edu.co/rdigital/ojs/index.php/saludmov/article/view/1337
Voelker, D. K., Reel, J. J., & Greenleaf, C. (2015). Weight status and body image perceptions in adolescents: Current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 6, 149-158. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S68344
World Medical Association. (2013). WMA declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191-2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Zeman, Z., & Zeman, M. G. (2015). “Young” heart in “old” body. Experiences of ageing from older persons’ perspective. Etnološka tribina: Godišnjak Hrvatskog etnološkog društva, 45(38), 72-85. https://doi.org/10.15378/1848-9540.2015.38.03
Baile, J. I., Guillén, F., & Garrido, E. (2002). Insatisfacción corporal en adolescentes medida con el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ): efecto del anonimato, el sexo y la edad. Revista Internacional de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, 2(3), 439-450. Recuperado de http://www.aepc.es/ijchp/articulos_pdf/ijchp-49.pdf
Bailey, K. A., Gammage, K. L., & van Ingen, C. (2019). Designing and implementing a positive body image program: Unchartered territory with a diverse team of participants. Action Research, 17(2), 146-161. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476750318821169
Benton, C., & Karazsia, B. T. (2015). The effect of thin and muscular images on women's body satisfaction. Body Image, 13, 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.11.001
Bratt, C., Abrams, D., Swift, H. J., Vauclair, C. M., & Marques, S. (2018). Perceived age discrimination across age in Europe: From an ageing society to a society for all ages. Developmental Psychology, 54(1), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000398
Cash, T. F. (1997). The body image workbook: An 8-step program for learning to like your looks. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
Cash, T. F. (2015). Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). En T. Wade (Ed.), Encyclopedia of feeding and eating disorders (pp. 1-4). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-087-2_3-1
Cash, T. F. (2017). Body image: A joyous journey. Body Image, 23, A1-A2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.001
Conti, M. A., Cordás, T. A., & Latorre, M. R. D. O. (2009). A study of the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among adolescents. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil, 9(3), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292009000300012
Cooper, P. J., Taylor, M. J., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (1987). The development and validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(198707)6:4%3C485::aid-eat2260060405%3E3.0.co;2-o
Cundall, A., & Guo, K. (2017). Women gaze behaviour in assessing female bodies: The effects of clothing, body size, own body composition and body satisfaction. Psychological Research, 81(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-015-0726-1
Fernández, J. G., González, I., Contreras, O., & Cuevas, R. (2015). Relación entre imagen corporal y autoconcepto físico en mujeres adolescentes. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 47(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0120-0534(15)30003-0
Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2(2), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/t64315-000
Grogan, S. (2016). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children. Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315681528
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2006). The life course. En L. Reynolds & N. Herman-Kinney (Eds.), Handbook of symbolic interactionism (pp. 835-855). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Halliwell, E., Yager, Z., Paraskeva, N., Diedrichs, P. C., Smith, H., & White, P. (2016). Body image in primary schools: A pilot evaluation of a primary school intervention program designed by teachers to improve children’s body satisfaction. Body Image, 19, 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.002
Homan, K. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2018). Development and exploration of the gratitude model of body appreciation in women. Body Image, 25, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.008
Hudson, N. W., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2016). Getting older, feeling less? A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation of developmental patterns in experiential well-being. Psychology and Aging, 31(8), 847-861. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000138
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2017). Índices de envejecimiento de la población española 2017. Madrid: Autor. Recuperado de http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=1489
Kihlstrom, J. F. (2015). What does the self-look like? En T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Eds.), The mental representation of trait and autobiographical knowledge about the self (pp. 87-98). Nueva York: Psychology Press.
Kilpela, L. S., Blomquist, K., Verzijl, C., Wilfred, S., Beyl, R., & Becker, C. B. (2016). The body project 4 all: A pilot randomized controlled trial of a mixed-gender dissonance-based body image program. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(6), 591-602. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22562
Kvalem, I. L., Træen, B., Markovic, A., & von Soest, T. (2019). Body image development and sexual satisfaction: A prospective study from adolescence to adulthood. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(6), 791-801. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1518400
Kozar, J. M. (2004). Relationship of attitudes toward advertising images and self- perceptions of older women (Tesis doctoral). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 65(8-A), 3116. https://doi.org/10.31274/rtd-180813-14309
Longo, M. R. (2015). Implicit and explicit body representations. European Psychologist, 20(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610380700
Maganto, C., del Río, A., & Roiz, O. (2002). Programa preventivo sobre Imagen corporal y Trastornos de la Alimentación (PICTA). Madrid: TEA.
Maganto, C., Garaigordobil, M., & Kortabarria, L. (2017). Eating problems in adolescents and youths: Explanatory variables. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19(E81), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.74
Mangweth‐Matzek, B., Rupp, C. I., Hausmann, A., Assmayr, K., Mariacher, E., Kemmler, G., ... & Biebl, W. (2006). Never too old for eating disorders or body dissatisfaction: A community study of elderly women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(7), 583-586. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20327
Markey, C. N., Markey, P. M., & Birch, L. L. (2005). Interpersonal predictors of dieting practices among married couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.464
McCabe, M. P., Connaughton, C., Tatangelo, G., Mellor, D., & Busija, L. (2017). Healthy me: A gender-specific program to address body image concerns and risk factors among preadolescents. Body Image, 20, 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.10.007
McDermott, E., Mullen, G., Moloney, J., Keegan, D., Byrne, K., Doherty, G. A., … Mulcahy, H. E. (2015). Body image dissatisfaction: Clinical features, and psychosocial disability in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 21(2), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000287
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., & Wertheim, E. H. (2011). A body image and disordered eating intervention for women in midlife: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(6), 751-758. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026094
Mellor, D., Connaughton, C., McCabe, M. P., & Tatangelo, G. (2017). Better with age: A health promotion program for men at midlife. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000037
Raich, R. M., Mora, M., Soler, A., Ávila, C., Clos, I., & Zapater, L. (1996). Adaptación de un instrumento de evaluación de la insatisfacción corporal (BSQ). Clínica y Salud, 7(1), 51- 66. Recuperado de https://journals.copmadrid.org/clysa/art/f2217062e9a397a1dca429e7d70bc6ca
Rodgers, R. F., McLean, S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2015). Longitudinal relationships among internalization of the media ideal, peer social comparison, and body dissatisfaction: Implications for the tripartite influence model. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 706-713. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000013
Rosés-Gómez, M. del R. (2014). Desarrollo y evaluación de la eficacia de dos programas preventivos en comportamientos no saludables respecto al peso y la alimentación. Estudio piloto (Tesis doctoral inédita). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra. Recuperado de https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tesis/2014/hdl_10803_285161/mdrrg1de1.pdf
Sabik, N., & Versey, H. S. (2016). Functional limitations, body perceptions, and health outcomes among older African American women. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(4), 594-601. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000106
Sánchez-Cabrero, R. (2012). IMAGINA: programa de mejora de la autoestima y la imagen corporal para adultos. Logroño, ES: Siníndice.
Sánchez-Cabrero, R., Carranza, N., Novillo, M. A., & Pericacho, F. J. (2019). The importance of physical appearance during the ageing process in Spain. Interrelation between body and life satisfaction during maturity and the old age. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 43, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2019.1651187
Sánchez-Cabrero, R., & Maganto, C. (2009). Satisfacción corporal y vital de personas mayores de 50 años en España. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 62(4), 293-302. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejhr.v4i2.105
Schoufour, J. D., de Jonge, E. A., Kiefte-de Jong, J. C., van Lenthe, F. J., Hofman, A., Nunn, S. P., & Franco, O. H. (2018). Socio-economic indicators and diet quality in an older population. Maturitas, 107, 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.10.010
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
Tylka, T. L., & Homan, K. J. (2015). Exercise motives and positive body image in physically active college women and men: Exploring an expanded acceptance model of intuitive eating. Body Image, 15, 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.07.003
Vega, A. V., Ramos, L. M., Barrios, M. L., & Quintero, M. V. (2015). Imagen del cuerpo en adultos mayores. Salud en Movimiento, 7(1), 4-10. Recuperado de http://publicaciones.unisimonbolivar.edu.co/rdigital/ojs/index.php/saludmov/article/view/1337
Voelker, D. K., Reel, J. J., & Greenleaf, C. (2015). Weight status and body image perceptions in adolescents: Current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 6, 149-158. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S68344
World Medical Association. (2013). WMA declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191-2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Zeman, Z., & Zeman, M. G. (2015). “Young” heart in “old” body. Experiences of ageing from older persons’ perspective. Etnološka tribina: Godišnjak Hrvatskog etnološkog društva, 45(38), 72-85. https://doi.org/10.15378/1848-9540.2015.38.03
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.