Keywords
ego-resiliency
adjustment
vulnerable individuals
well-being
adjustment
vulnerable individuals
well-being
How to Cite
Validation of the Revised Ego-Resiliency Scale in a High-Vulnerable Colombian Population. (2019). Universitas Psychologica, 18(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-3.vrer
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Abstract
The ER89 (Block & Kremen, 1996) is a self-report scale measuring ego-resiliency in community contexts. The present study examined the psychometric properties of a brief version of the ER 89 (ER89-R: Alessandri, Vecchio, Steca, Caprara, & Caprara, 2007) in a Colombian high-vulnerable population. Participants were 947 young and adults (427 males, 520 females), ranging in age from 16 to 66 years (M = 32.4, SD = 11.6), living in fourteen town halls and beneficiaries of four programs for individuals in situations of extreme poverty or victims of violence. CFA supported the presence of the ER second-order factor and two first-order factors, named Optimal regulation (OR) and Openness to life experiences (OL). In addition, results showed full configural invariance of the scales across three age groups (16-25 years, 26-40 years and over 40 years) and partial strict invariance by gender. The construct validity of the ER89-R was further examined by zero-order correlations and multiple regression analyses: significant and positive association of ER, OR and OL with some relevant indicators of adjustment (self-esteem, optimism, and coping strategies) were found. Important implications for intervention programs aimed at people in disadvantaged contexts are discussed.
Alessandri, G., Vecchio, G. M., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G., & Caprara, G. V. (2007). A revised version of Kremen and Block’s Ego Resiliency Scale in an Italian sample. TPM-Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 14(3-4), 165-183. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2fb2/7dcdb46231756ab173b13e1c8c60b71e2e0c.pdf
Alessandri, G., Vecchione, M., Caprara, G. V., & Letzring, T. D. (2012). The Ego Resiliency Scale Revised: A cross-cultural study in Italy, Spain, and the United States. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(2), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000102
Alessandri, G., Zuffianò, A., Eisenberg, N., & Pastorelli, C. (2017). The role of ego-resiliency as mediator of the longitudinal relationship between family socio-economic status and school grades. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 2157-2168. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10964-017-0691-7
Apfel, R. J., & Simon, B. (1996). Psychosocial interventions for children of war: The value of a model of resiliency. Medicine and Global Survival, 3, A2. Retrieved from https://ippnw.org/~ippnwor1/pdf/mgs/3-apfel-simon.pdf
Asís, F. (1999). ¿De quién se predican las competencias profesionales?: una invitación a su investigación. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 15(3), 407-418. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=293291
Bagozzi, R. P., Verbecke, W., & Gavino, J. C., Jr. (2003). Culture moderates the self-regulation of shame and its effects on performance: The case of salespersons in the Netherlands and the Philippines. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.219
Baldwin, D. R., Jackson, D., Okoh, I., & Cannon, R. L. (2011). Resiliency and optimism: An African American senior citizen’s perspective. The Journal of Black Psychology, 37, 24-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798410364394
Barcaccia, B., Pallini, S., Milioni, M., & Vecchio, G. M. (2018). Resentment or forgivingness? The assessment of forgiveness in Italian adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 11, 1407-1423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9483-6
Barcaccia, B., Pallini, S., Pozza, A., Milioni, M., Baiocco, R., Mancini, F., & Vecchio, G. M. (2019). Forgiving adolescents: Far from depression, close to well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1725), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01725
Benard, B. (2004). Resiliency: What we have learned. San Francisco, CA: WestEd.
Betancourt, T. S. (2005). Stressors, supports and the social ecology of displacement: Psychosocial dimensions of an emergency education program for Chechen adolescents displaced in Ingushetia, Russia. Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 29, 309-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-005-9170-9
Block, J., & Block, J. H. (2006). Venturing a 30-year longitudinal study. American Psychologist, 61, 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.315
Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: A systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15(1), 1- 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9
Boyden, J., & de Berry, J. (Eds.). (2004). Children and youth on the front line: Ethnography, armed conflict and displacement. New York: Berghahn Books.
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
Chatty, D., & Lewando-Hundt, G. (2001). Children and adolescents in Palestinian households: Living with the effects of prolonged conflict and forced migration (Lesson Learned Report. Special publication of the RSC and ARC, Oxford and Beirut). Oxford: Refugee Studies Centre.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Crea, T. M. (2016). Refugee higher education: Contextual challenges and implications for program design, delivery, and accompaniment. International Journal of Educational Development, 46, 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.11.005
Earls, F., & Carlson, M. (2001). The social ecology of child health and well-being. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 143-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publ- health.22.1.143
Eisenberg, N., Hernández, M. M., & Spinrad, T. L. (2017). The relation of self-regulation to externalizing and internalizing problems. In C. A. Essau, T. H. Ollendick & S. S. LeBlanc (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology in children and adolescents (pp. 18-42). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fazel, S., & Baillargeon, J. (2011). The health of prisoners. The Lancet, 377(9769), 956-965. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61053-7
Fonzi, A., & Menesini, E. (2005). Strategie di coping e caratteristiche di resilienza in adolescenza. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 3, 437-456. https://doi.org/10.1449/21190
Kim, Y. J., Cho, Y. -A., & Kim, H. A. (2015). A mediation effect of ego resiliency between stresses and mental health of North Korean refugee youth in South Korea. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32, 481-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0385-5
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. New York: Guilford.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1067-1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.1067
Letzring, T. D., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (2005). Ego-control and ego-resiliency: Generalization of self-report scales based on personality descriptions from acquaintances, clinicians, and the self. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 395-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.06.003
Loh, J., Schutte, N., & Thorsteinsson, E. (2014). Be happy: The role of resilience between characteristic affect and symptoms of depression. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(5), 1125-1138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9467-2
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Cai, L. (2006). Testing differences between nested covariance structure models: Power analysis and null hypotheses. Psychological Methods, 11, 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.19
Macksoud, M. S., & Aber, J. L. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67(1), 70–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐8624.1996.tb01720.x
Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. New York: Guilford.
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425-444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005812
Masten, A. S., & Wright, M. O. (2009). Resilience over the lifespan: Developmental perspectives on resistance, recovery, and transformation. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 213-237). New York: Guilford.
Milioni, M., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., & Caprara, G. V. (2016). The role of positivity as predictor of ego-resiliency from adolescence to young adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 306-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.025
Mohamed, S., & Thomas, M. (2017). The mental health and psychological well-being of refugee children and young people: An exploration of risk, resilience and protective factors. Educational Psychology in Practice, 33(3), 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2017.1300769
Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (1998-2018). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Panchal, S., Mukherjee, S., & Kumar, U. (2016). Optimism in relation to well-being, resilience, and perceived stress. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 5(2), 1-6. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ae6c/244ad137bb8a008d20cbec64fa3db235ac80.pdf
Raciti, P., Milioni, M., Uribe, L., Vecchio, G. M., Giraldo Villate, C. I., & Vivaldi Vera, P. (2015). La medición de las competencias transversales en Colombia: una propuesta metodológica. Madrid: Programa Eurosocial. Retrieved from http://sia.eurosocial-ii.eu/files/docs/1444897404-DT34.pdf
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychology, 147, 598-611. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.6.598
Rutter, M. (2003). Genetic influences on risk and protection: Implications for understanding resilience. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 489-509). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063–1078.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8, 23-74. Retrieved from http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~snijders/mpr_Schermelleh.pdf
Shaheen, M. M., & Oppenheim, S. (2016). Youth resilience makes a difference in mitigating stress: Teacher mediated school intervention in Bethlehem. Intervention, 14(3), 305-319. Retrieved from https://www.interventionjournal.com/sites/default/files/Youth_resilience_makes_a_difference_in_mitigating.13.pdf
Shoshani, A., & Slone, M. (2016). The resilience function of character strengths in the face of war and protracted conflict. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2015.02006
Steca, P., Caprara, G. V., Tramontano, C., Vecchio, G. M., & Roth, E. (2009). Young adults’ life satisfaction: The role of self-regulatory efficacy beliefs in managing affects and relationships across time and across cultures. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(7), 824-861. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.7.824
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Alessandri, G., Vecchione, M., Caprara, G. V., & Letzring, T. D. (2012). The Ego Resiliency Scale Revised: A cross-cultural study in Italy, Spain, and the United States. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(2), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000102
Alessandri, G., Zuffianò, A., Eisenberg, N., & Pastorelli, C. (2017). The role of ego-resiliency as mediator of the longitudinal relationship between family socio-economic status and school grades. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 2157-2168. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10964-017-0691-7
Apfel, R. J., & Simon, B. (1996). Psychosocial interventions for children of war: The value of a model of resiliency. Medicine and Global Survival, 3, A2. Retrieved from https://ippnw.org/~ippnwor1/pdf/mgs/3-apfel-simon.pdf
Asís, F. (1999). ¿De quién se predican las competencias profesionales?: una invitación a su investigación. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 15(3), 407-418. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=293291
Bagozzi, R. P., Verbecke, W., & Gavino, J. C., Jr. (2003). Culture moderates the self-regulation of shame and its effects on performance: The case of salespersons in the Netherlands and the Philippines. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.219
Baldwin, D. R., Jackson, D., Okoh, I., & Cannon, R. L. (2011). Resiliency and optimism: An African American senior citizen’s perspective. The Journal of Black Psychology, 37, 24-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798410364394
Barcaccia, B., Pallini, S., Milioni, M., & Vecchio, G. M. (2018). Resentment or forgivingness? The assessment of forgiveness in Italian adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 11, 1407-1423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9483-6
Barcaccia, B., Pallini, S., Pozza, A., Milioni, M., Baiocco, R., Mancini, F., & Vecchio, G. M. (2019). Forgiving adolescents: Far from depression, close to well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1725), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01725
Benard, B. (2004). Resiliency: What we have learned. San Francisco, CA: WestEd.
Betancourt, T. S. (2005). Stressors, supports and the social ecology of displacement: Psychosocial dimensions of an emergency education program for Chechen adolescents displaced in Ingushetia, Russia. Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 29, 309-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-005-9170-9
Block, J., & Block, J. H. (2006). Venturing a 30-year longitudinal study. American Psychologist, 61, 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.315
Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: A systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15(1), 1- 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9
Boyden, J., & de Berry, J. (Eds.). (2004). Children and youth on the front line: Ethnography, armed conflict and displacement. New York: Berghahn Books.
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
Chatty, D., & Lewando-Hundt, G. (2001). Children and adolescents in Palestinian households: Living with the effects of prolonged conflict and forced migration (Lesson Learned Report. Special publication of the RSC and ARC, Oxford and Beirut). Oxford: Refugee Studies Centre.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Crea, T. M. (2016). Refugee higher education: Contextual challenges and implications for program design, delivery, and accompaniment. International Journal of Educational Development, 46, 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.11.005
Earls, F., & Carlson, M. (2001). The social ecology of child health and well-being. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 143-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publ- health.22.1.143
Eisenberg, N., Hernández, M. M., & Spinrad, T. L. (2017). The relation of self-regulation to externalizing and internalizing problems. In C. A. Essau, T. H. Ollendick & S. S. LeBlanc (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology in children and adolescents (pp. 18-42). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fazel, S., & Baillargeon, J. (2011). The health of prisoners. The Lancet, 377(9769), 956-965. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61053-7
Fonzi, A., & Menesini, E. (2005). Strategie di coping e caratteristiche di resilienza in adolescenza. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 3, 437-456. https://doi.org/10.1449/21190
Kim, Y. J., Cho, Y. -A., & Kim, H. A. (2015). A mediation effect of ego resiliency between stresses and mental health of North Korean refugee youth in South Korea. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32, 481-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0385-5
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. New York: Guilford.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1067-1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.1067
Letzring, T. D., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (2005). Ego-control and ego-resiliency: Generalization of self-report scales based on personality descriptions from acquaintances, clinicians, and the self. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 395-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.06.003
Loh, J., Schutte, N., & Thorsteinsson, E. (2014). Be happy: The role of resilience between characteristic affect and symptoms of depression. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(5), 1125-1138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9467-2
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Cai, L. (2006). Testing differences between nested covariance structure models: Power analysis and null hypotheses. Psychological Methods, 11, 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.19
Macksoud, M. S., & Aber, J. L. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67(1), 70–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐8624.1996.tb01720.x
Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. New York: Guilford.
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425-444. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005812
Masten, A. S., & Wright, M. O. (2009). Resilience over the lifespan: Developmental perspectives on resistance, recovery, and transformation. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 213-237). New York: Guilford.
Milioni, M., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., & Caprara, G. V. (2016). The role of positivity as predictor of ego-resiliency from adolescence to young adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 306-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.025
Mohamed, S., & Thomas, M. (2017). The mental health and psychological well-being of refugee children and young people: An exploration of risk, resilience and protective factors. Educational Psychology in Practice, 33(3), 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2017.1300769
Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (1998-2018). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Panchal, S., Mukherjee, S., & Kumar, U. (2016). Optimism in relation to well-being, resilience, and perceived stress. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 5(2), 1-6. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ae6c/244ad137bb8a008d20cbec64fa3db235ac80.pdf
Raciti, P., Milioni, M., Uribe, L., Vecchio, G. M., Giraldo Villate, C. I., & Vivaldi Vera, P. (2015). La medición de las competencias transversales en Colombia: una propuesta metodológica. Madrid: Programa Eurosocial. Retrieved from http://sia.eurosocial-ii.eu/files/docs/1444897404-DT34.pdf
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychology, 147, 598-611. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.6.598
Rutter, M. (2003). Genetic influences on risk and protection: Implications for understanding resilience. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 489-509). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063–1078.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8, 23-74. Retrieved from http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~snijders/mpr_Schermelleh.pdf
Shaheen, M. M., & Oppenheim, S. (2016). Youth resilience makes a difference in mitigating stress: Teacher mediated school intervention in Bethlehem. Intervention, 14(3), 305-319. Retrieved from https://www.interventionjournal.com/sites/default/files/Youth_resilience_makes_a_difference_in_mitigating.13.pdf
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