Keywords
parental styles
internalizing behavior
externalizing behavior
psychometric study
confirmatory analysis
internalizing behavior
externalizing behavior
psychometric study
confirmatory analysis
How to Cite
Advances on Parental Educational Styles Predictors of Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Children. (2019). Universitas Psychologica, 18(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-5.apes
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Abstract
The purposes of this study were to perform a psychometric analysis of the Parental Educational Styles Questionnaire and to evaluate its predictive validity on externalizing and internalizing problems in Colombian children. Participants were 680 parents (M= 37.34; SD= 9.2) of children aged between 8 and 12 years enrolled in public schools in Bogota, Colombia. The parental educational styles questionnaire and the child behavior checklist -parents format- were applied to the participants. The resulting model presents the best indicators of favorable fit according to confirmatory factorial analyses. These values show an internal consistence of the instrument. The results indicate that dysfunctional reaction to disobedience, communication difficulties and conflicts predicted internalizing and externalizing problems.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA age forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.
Alt, D. (2016). Using structural equation modeling and multidimensional scaling to assess female college students’ academic adjustment as a function of perceived parenting styles. Current Psychology, 35(4), 549–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9320-3
Ang, C., Tan, J., & Fam, S. (2016). Psychometric properties of the training parenting style scale in a Malaysian sample of adolescents: Factor analysis, internal consistency, and measurement invariance. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1505-1514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0333-1
Ballesteros, B. P. (2001). Conductas parentales prevalentes en familias de estratos 1 y 2 de Bogotá. [Prevalent parental behaviors in families of socioeconomic status 1 and 2 in Bogotá]. Suma Psicológica, 8(1), 95-142. http://publicaciones.konradlorenz.edu.co/index.php/sumapsi/article/view/230
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1, Pt2). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
Budd, K. S., Danko, C. M., Li, Y., & Henriquez, S. (2015). Assessing childrearing attitudes: validation of a shortened version of the parenting questionnaire. Parenting: Science and Practice, 15(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15295192.2015.992737
Cenk, D. S., & Demir, A. (2016). The relationship between parenting style, gender and academic achievement with optimism among Turkish adolescents. Current Psychology, 35(4), 720-728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9375-1
Cerezo, F., Ruiz-Esteban, C., Sánchez-Lacasa, C., & Arense-Gonzalo, J. J. (2018). Dimensions of parenting styles, social climate, and bullying victims in primary and secondary education. Psicothema, 30(1), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.360
Chakawa, A., & Hoglund, W. L. G. (2016). Measuring parent cultural socialization practices: Extending the research to diverse racial–ethnic groups in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 48(2), 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000028
Chappel, A. M., Suldo, S. M., & Ogg, J. A. (2014). Associations between adolescents’ family stressors and life satisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9687-9
Chen, F. R., Raineb, A., Rudo-Huttc, A. S., Glennd, A L., Soyfere, L., & Granger, D. A. (2015). Harsh discipline and behavior problems: The moderating effects of cortisol and alpha-amylase. Biological Psychology, 104, 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.005
Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent-child relationships and prevention research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12(3), 255-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-009-0046-3
Estévez, E., Jiménez, T. I., & Moreno, D. (2018). Aggressive behavior in adolescence as a predictor of personal, family, and school adjustment problems. Psicothema 30(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.294
Fernández-Daza, M. P., & Fernández-Parra, A. (2013). Problemas de comportamiento y competencias psicosociales en niños y adolescentes institucionalizados. [Behavior problems and psychosocial skills in institutionalized children and adolescents]. Universitas Psychologica, 12(3), 797-810. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana. UPSY12-3.pccp
Fite, P. J., Rubens, S. L., Preddy, T. M., Raine, A., & Pardini, D. A. (2014). Reactive/proactive aggression and the development of internalizing problems in males: the moderating effect of parent and peer relationships. Aggressive Behavior, 40(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21498
Franco-Nerín, N., Pérez-Nieto, M. A., & de Dios-Pérez, M. J. (2014). Relación entre los estilos de crianza parental y el desarrollo de ansiedad y conductas disruptivas en niños de 3 a 6 años. [Relationship between parenting styles and the development of anxiety and disruptive behaviors in children from 3 to 6 years old]. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 1(2), 149-156. http://www.revistapcna.com/sites/default/files/6-rpcna_vol.2.pdf
Fuentes, M. J., Salas, M. D., Bernedo, I. M., & García-Martín, M. A. (2014). Impact of the parenting style of foster parents on the behaviour problems of foster children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(5), 704-711. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12215
Gómez, I. G., Martínez de Salazar, A. A., García Barranco, R., Cobos, L. S., & Filippo, C. (2012). Validación del cuestionario de estilos educativos parentales: estudio piloto. [Validation of the questionnaire of parental educational styles: pilot study]. Comunicación invitada en el II Symposium Nacional de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud con Niños y Adolescentes. Elche, Alicante.
Jabagchourian, J., Sorkhabi, N., Quach, W., & Strage, A. (2014). Parenting styles and practices of latino parents and latino fifth graders’ academic, cognitive, social, and behavioral outcomes. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 36(2), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986314523289
Kerns, C. E., Comer, J. S., & Zeman, J. (2014). A preliminary psychometric evaluation of a parent-report measure of child emotional awareness and expression
in a sample of anxious youth. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(3), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9596-x
Lakin, R., LeRoy, M., Boxer, P., & Mahoney, A. (2014). Interaction between the parenting alliance and parent–child activities in a clinic-referred sample of 2 to 18-year-olds. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9697-7
Livas, G., & Polo, A. J. (2014). Parent–Child cultural value gaps and depressive symptoms among Mexican American youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9724-3
Malczyk, B. R., & Lawson, H. A. (2017). Parental monitoring, the parent-child relationship and children’s academic engagement in mother-headed single-parent families. Children and Youth Services Review, 73, 274–282. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.019
Manrique, D. L., Ghesquière, P., & Van Leeuwen, K. J. (2014). Evaluation of a parental behavior scale in a Peruvian context. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(5), 885–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9744-z
Ministerio de Salud, Colciencias, & Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (2015). Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental. [National Mental Health Survey] Colombia. http://www.odc.gov.co/Portals/1/publicaciones/pdf/consumo/estudios/nacionales/CO031102015-salud_mental_tomoI.pdf
Molina, M. F., Raimundi, M. J., & Bugallo, L. (2017). La percepción de los estilos de crianza y su relación con las autopercepciones de los niños de Buenos Aires: Diferencias en función del género. [Perceived Parenting Styles and their Relation to Self-perceptions of Children from Buenos Aires: Differences by Gender] Universitas
Psychologica, 16(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-1.pecr
Newland, L. (2015). Family well-being, parenting, and child well-being: Pathways to healthy adjustment. Clinical Psychologist, 19(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12059
Penelo, E., Viladrich, C., & Domènech, J. M. (2010). Perceived parental rearing style in childhood: internal structure and concurrent validity on the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran—Child Version in clinical settings. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(4), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.08.003
Percy, R., Creswell, C., Garner, M., O’Brien, D. & Murray, L. (2016). Parents’ verbal communication and childhood anxiety: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-015-0198-2
Pereira, M., Negrao, M., Soares, I., & Mesman, J. (2013). Predicting harsh discipline in at-risk mothers: the moderating effect of socioeconomic deprivation severity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9883-2
Pilatti, A., Godoy, J. C., & Brussino, S. A. (2012). Análisis de factores que influyen sobre el uso de alcohol de niños: Un path análisis prospectivo. [Analysis of factors that influence alcohol use in children: A Prospective path analysis] Health and Addictions, 12(2), 155-192. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/264/26429848005.pdf
Rescorla, L., Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Begovac, I., Chahed, M., Drugli, M. B., … Zhang, E. (2012). International epidemiology of child and adolescent psychopathology II: Integration and applications of dimensional findings from 44 societies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(12), 1273-1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.012.
Sheffield, A., Waller, G., Emanuelli, F., Murray, J., & Meyer, C. (2006). Links between parenting and core beliefs: Preliminary psychometric validation
of the young parenting inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(6), 787-802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-4291-6
Tan, T. X., Gelley, C. D., & Dedrick, R. F. (2015). Non-child-related family stress, parenting styles, and behavior problems in school-age girls adopted from China. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 2881–2891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0092-4
Uji, M., Sakamoto, A., Adachi, K., & Kitamura, T. (2014). The impact of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles on children’s later mental health in Japan: Focusing on parent and child gender. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9740-3
Young, B. J., Wallace, D. P., Imig, M., Borgerding, L., Brown-Jacobsen, A. M., & Whiteside, S. P. H. (2013). Parenting behaviors and childhood anxiety: A psychometric investigation of the EMBU-C. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(8), 1138–1146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9677-y
Alt, D. (2016). Using structural equation modeling and multidimensional scaling to assess female college students’ academic adjustment as a function of perceived parenting styles. Current Psychology, 35(4), 549–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9320-3
Ang, C., Tan, J., & Fam, S. (2016). Psychometric properties of the training parenting style scale in a Malaysian sample of adolescents: Factor analysis, internal consistency, and measurement invariance. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1505-1514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0333-1
Ballesteros, B. P. (2001). Conductas parentales prevalentes en familias de estratos 1 y 2 de Bogotá. [Prevalent parental behaviors in families of socioeconomic status 1 and 2 in Bogotá]. Suma Psicológica, 8(1), 95-142. http://publicaciones.konradlorenz.edu.co/index.php/sumapsi/article/view/230
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1, Pt2). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
Budd, K. S., Danko, C. M., Li, Y., & Henriquez, S. (2015). Assessing childrearing attitudes: validation of a shortened version of the parenting questionnaire. Parenting: Science and Practice, 15(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15295192.2015.992737
Cenk, D. S., & Demir, A. (2016). The relationship between parenting style, gender and academic achievement with optimism among Turkish adolescents. Current Psychology, 35(4), 720-728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9375-1
Cerezo, F., Ruiz-Esteban, C., Sánchez-Lacasa, C., & Arense-Gonzalo, J. J. (2018). Dimensions of parenting styles, social climate, and bullying victims in primary and secondary education. Psicothema, 30(1), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.360
Chakawa, A., & Hoglund, W. L. G. (2016). Measuring parent cultural socialization practices: Extending the research to diverse racial–ethnic groups in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 48(2), 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000028
Chappel, A. M., Suldo, S. M., & Ogg, J. A. (2014). Associations between adolescents’ family stressors and life satisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9687-9
Chen, F. R., Raineb, A., Rudo-Huttc, A. S., Glennd, A L., Soyfere, L., & Granger, D. A. (2015). Harsh discipline and behavior problems: The moderating effects of cortisol and alpha-amylase. Biological Psychology, 104, 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.005
Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent-child relationships and prevention research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12(3), 255-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-009-0046-3
Estévez, E., Jiménez, T. I., & Moreno, D. (2018). Aggressive behavior in adolescence as a predictor of personal, family, and school adjustment problems. Psicothema 30(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.294
Fernández-Daza, M. P., & Fernández-Parra, A. (2013). Problemas de comportamiento y competencias psicosociales en niños y adolescentes institucionalizados. [Behavior problems and psychosocial skills in institutionalized children and adolescents]. Universitas Psychologica, 12(3), 797-810. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana. UPSY12-3.pccp
Fite, P. J., Rubens, S. L., Preddy, T. M., Raine, A., & Pardini, D. A. (2014). Reactive/proactive aggression and the development of internalizing problems in males: the moderating effect of parent and peer relationships. Aggressive Behavior, 40(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21498
Franco-Nerín, N., Pérez-Nieto, M. A., & de Dios-Pérez, M. J. (2014). Relación entre los estilos de crianza parental y el desarrollo de ansiedad y conductas disruptivas en niños de 3 a 6 años. [Relationship between parenting styles and the development of anxiety and disruptive behaviors in children from 3 to 6 years old]. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 1(2), 149-156. http://www.revistapcna.com/sites/default/files/6-rpcna_vol.2.pdf
Fuentes, M. J., Salas, M. D., Bernedo, I. M., & García-Martín, M. A. (2014). Impact of the parenting style of foster parents on the behaviour problems of foster children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(5), 704-711. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12215
Gómez, I. G., Martínez de Salazar, A. A., García Barranco, R., Cobos, L. S., & Filippo, C. (2012). Validación del cuestionario de estilos educativos parentales: estudio piloto. [Validation of the questionnaire of parental educational styles: pilot study]. Comunicación invitada en el II Symposium Nacional de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud con Niños y Adolescentes. Elche, Alicante.
Jabagchourian, J., Sorkhabi, N., Quach, W., & Strage, A. (2014). Parenting styles and practices of latino parents and latino fifth graders’ academic, cognitive, social, and behavioral outcomes. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 36(2), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986314523289
Kerns, C. E., Comer, J. S., & Zeman, J. (2014). A preliminary psychometric evaluation of a parent-report measure of child emotional awareness and expression
in a sample of anxious youth. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(3), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9596-x
Lakin, R., LeRoy, M., Boxer, P., & Mahoney, A. (2014). Interaction between the parenting alliance and parent–child activities in a clinic-referred sample of 2 to 18-year-olds. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9697-7
Livas, G., & Polo, A. J. (2014). Parent–Child cultural value gaps and depressive symptoms among Mexican American youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9724-3
Malczyk, B. R., & Lawson, H. A. (2017). Parental monitoring, the parent-child relationship and children’s academic engagement in mother-headed single-parent families. Children and Youth Services Review, 73, 274–282. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.019
Manrique, D. L., Ghesquière, P., & Van Leeuwen, K. J. (2014). Evaluation of a parental behavior scale in a Peruvian context. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(5), 885–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9744-z
Ministerio de Salud, Colciencias, & Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (2015). Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental. [National Mental Health Survey] Colombia. http://www.odc.gov.co/Portals/1/publicaciones/pdf/consumo/estudios/nacionales/CO031102015-salud_mental_tomoI.pdf
Molina, M. F., Raimundi, M. J., & Bugallo, L. (2017). La percepción de los estilos de crianza y su relación con las autopercepciones de los niños de Buenos Aires: Diferencias en función del género. [Perceived Parenting Styles and their Relation to Self-perceptions of Children from Buenos Aires: Differences by Gender] Universitas
Psychologica, 16(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-1.pecr
Newland, L. (2015). Family well-being, parenting, and child well-being: Pathways to healthy adjustment. Clinical Psychologist, 19(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12059
Penelo, E., Viladrich, C., & Domènech, J. M. (2010). Perceived parental rearing style in childhood: internal structure and concurrent validity on the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran—Child Version in clinical settings. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(4), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.08.003
Percy, R., Creswell, C., Garner, M., O’Brien, D. & Murray, L. (2016). Parents’ verbal communication and childhood anxiety: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-015-0198-2
Pereira, M., Negrao, M., Soares, I., & Mesman, J. (2013). Predicting harsh discipline in at-risk mothers: the moderating effect of socioeconomic deprivation severity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9883-2
Pilatti, A., Godoy, J. C., & Brussino, S. A. (2012). Análisis de factores que influyen sobre el uso de alcohol de niños: Un path análisis prospectivo. [Analysis of factors that influence alcohol use in children: A Prospective path analysis] Health and Addictions, 12(2), 155-192. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/264/26429848005.pdf
Rescorla, L., Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Begovac, I., Chahed, M., Drugli, M. B., … Zhang, E. (2012). International epidemiology of child and adolescent psychopathology II: Integration and applications of dimensional findings from 44 societies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(12), 1273-1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.012.
Sheffield, A., Waller, G., Emanuelli, F., Murray, J., & Meyer, C. (2006). Links between parenting and core beliefs: Preliminary psychometric validation
of the young parenting inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(6), 787-802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-4291-6
Tan, T. X., Gelley, C. D., & Dedrick, R. F. (2015). Non-child-related family stress, parenting styles, and behavior problems in school-age girls adopted from China. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 2881–2891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0092-4
Uji, M., Sakamoto, A., Adachi, K., & Kitamura, T. (2014). The impact of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles on children’s later mental health in Japan: Focusing on parent and child gender. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9740-3
Young, B. J., Wallace, D. P., Imig, M., Borgerding, L., Brown-Jacobsen, A. M., & Whiteside, S. P. H. (2013). Parenting behaviors and childhood anxiety: A psychometric investigation of the EMBU-C. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(8), 1138–1146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9677-y
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